Regional economic development strategies such as cluster-based development are becoming increasingly popular with policymakers. Yet, the role of government in cluster development and sustainability is not clearly understood. However, network governance theory provides an ideal framework to better understand this role. This research attempts to fill the gap between cluster theory and public administration by testing a political/institutional context model developed by Miller (2006) that attempts to explain the extent of cluster-based economic development policies considering the political/institutional context. A collective case study focusing on the shipbuilding cluster in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi was conducted. A total of 24 in-depth interviews were completed with key informants from economic development organizations, government institutions, and the shipbuilding industry. The major findings of the study indicate that (1) civic entrepreneurs, tax structures, and elected officials are not correlated with the extent of cluster-based policies; (2) the traditionalistic political subculture in the region is a major limiting factor for the development of governance structures suitable for cluster-based economic development and upgrading; (3) participants were highly satisfied with workforce and infrastructure development policies while government activities and programs had the lowest satisfaction; (4) the findings of this study show no support for a clear factor policy grouping as argued by Porter; and (5) network governance theory provides an ideal framework to build governance structures focused on linkages and formal/informal relationships that are more suitable for cluster-based development ameliorating the effects of a traditionalistic political culture. The contributions of this study become more important because of recent threats to the shipbuilding cluster in the Gulf Coast. The ability of government to adapt and facilitate the development and upgrading of the cluster will prove critical for the overall economic and social vitality of the region.

In this thesis I investigate the potentials for regional authorities to make use of Europe and discuss in what ways these efforts can initiate Europeanization of a top-down, horizontal, and cyclical nature. The empirical material that the analysis is based upon was gathered during my participant observation period at the City of Malmö EU office. Both working practically with European affairs and conducting interviews with other regional representatives provided me an opportunity to receive a first-hand experience of the way Swedish local and regional representatives are working to receive advantages from their presence in Brussels. The network governance concept is in the thesis introduced to explain how policy making is organized and in the light of these observations I reflect on to what extent the regional presence and activities in Brussels is leading to a process of Europeanization. The findings suggest that there are many ways in which the Swedish regional representatives are able to receive advantages from their presence in Brussels. The thesis also reveals various ways in which the regions become influenced by Europe, especially from participating in partnerships and networks that are making use of the EU as a platform for interaction and learning.

This is an exploratory study that applies the dominant theories of the community power structure literature to the trend of regional cluster-based economic development policy in order to develop a conceptual framework of the political/institutional context of this "new" approach. In order to develop a framework that can be utilized by practitioners, field studies were conducted in Austin, Texas; Portland, Oregon; Greenville/Spartanburg, South Carolina; Lynchburg, Virginia; and Roanoke, Virginia. The findings are that the major community power structure theories (i.e., market model, economic forces, civic culture, regime theory, the growth machine, and civic entrepreneurs) all provide important insights for the adoption of cluster-based policies. Other important factors that need to be considered are the importance of public administrators, performance metrics, state context, institutional arrangements, elected officials, tax structure, and historical path dependency. The implication for public administration is that the role of public administrators is contingent on the nature of the network governance structure. / Ph. D.

Bakgrund: Utifrån det förändrade och förvärrade säkerhetsläget i Europa har frågan om livsmedelsberedskap aktualiserats i den svenska politiska diskussionen. Ansvar och utformande av en sådan beredskap saknar idag tydlig organisation. Livsmedelverket, Jordbruksverket och Statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt nämner i en utredning avseende underlag för beredskap att bland annat de regionala livsmedelsstrategierna bör adressera livsmedelsberedskap. Den aktuella studien fokuserar på hur de regionala livsmedelsstrategierna förhåller sig till livmedelsberedskap i nuläget, samt hur de beskriver ansvarsfördelning av teman i relation till detta.Metod: Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av regionernas livsmedelsstrategier undersöks hur strategierna ser på livsmedelsproduktion i relation till livsmedelsberedskap och lokalisering av ansvar för detta. Analysen har ett deduktivt förhållningssätt där teman från tidigare forskning som relaterar till livmedelsberedskap ligger till grund för vilka fynd som eftersöks vid analysen.Slutsats: Hälften av strategierna nämner livsmedelsberedskap, vilket kan tyda på att det varken ses som självklart att det hör ihop med de regional livsmedelsstrategierna eller ej. Strategierna visar på en splittrad bild av livsmedelsproduktionen som dels en samhällsviktig verksamhet och dels en näringsgren med ekonomisk tillväxt som incitament. Uppfattningen om ansvar för livsmedelsproduktionen som samhällsviktig verksamhet kan tolkas som en fråga om altruism där frivilligt deltagande utifrån solidaritet ses som eftersträvansvärt. / Background: The growing political insecurity in Europe has made food preparedness a current discussion in the political discussion is Sweden. Accountability for and shaping such preparedness is today not clearly organized. The Swedish Food Agency, The Swedish Agency for Agriculture and The Swedish Veterinary Medical Institute has mentioned in an investigation regarding prerequisites for food preparedness that the regional food production strategies (among other instances) should address the achieving of food preparedness. The aim of this study is to describe how the current regional food strategies relates to food preparedness and how they describe division and location of responsibility for themas related to this.Method: The regional food production strategies is analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The study has a deductive approach where previous research structured into themes related to food preparedness has formed a base for which findings to search for in the analysis.Conclusion: Half of the strategies mentions food preparedness, which could be a sign of food preparedness not being seen as an obvious theme to address in the food production strategies but also not an obviously irrelevant one. The strategies display a shattered attitude toward food production as both a vital societal function and an industry with economical growth as primary incentive. Responsibility for food production as a vital societal function can be viewed as altruistic with solidarity and voluntary participation as aspirational ideals.

The public service ethos (PSE) has spent thirty years - since the advent of New Public Management - in flux. In the late 1990s, partnership working appeared to offer an alternative to NPM, as part of a perceived shift to network governance. What impact has partnership and network governance had on the PSE? This study looked at two case studies of Community Safety Partnerships (CSPs) operating under different local governance conditions. It interviewed public servants within these CSPs on their experiences of partnership working, and perceptions around public service itself. What emerged is a picture of partial network governance, with each case study taking a different approach and yielding different structures and outcomes. While the public servants were professional and committed, they were loyal to their field of work and individual clients. In the recent decades, public interest and consideration of wider societal impact has been removed from everyday working; what remains is a vacuum. The neo-liberal view – that satisfying individual client need creates societal benefit when aggregated – has taken root. PSE is now a partial concept: it remains altruistic but without the core of wider, deeper thinking required. While network governance could ameliorate this trend, the partial and limited implementation of the concept by government means that it hinders PSE as much as it fosters it.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze local Corporate Social Responsibility and how this relates to local political priorities in Denver, Colorado to provide insights both in the US context but also in the midst of the Swedish debate regarding the role of private provision of welfare. The research questions are threefold: 1. Are private engagements addressing welfare issues as identified by the public sector?, 2. What is the interaction between public and private sector in social engagements in Denver? and 3. What expressions of a governance network prevails in the cross-sector interactions in social provisions in this case study? The empirical material used in this case study consist of data collected by conducting semi-structured interviews from Denver-based corporations and individuals working for the City and County of Denver. Theories of governance; network governance and interactive governance have been applied in structuring and in the analysis of the empirical data. The results indicate that due to the internal incapacity as a result of the fiscal- and spending restrictions of the public sector in the provision of social services, the public sector lacks the capacity in providing social services for the constituents. This has opened up for a need of nontraditional governance solutions which includes a dependence of private-sector provision of welfare. Furthermore, there are expressions which indicate that CSR does play a role in the local provision of social services by filling the gap of provision which is left as a result of the institutional incapacity of the public sector. However, there are indicators of large variations in the connectedness of the linkages within the network, varying from close connections and comanagement between CSR and public initiatives to activities expressed as the self-governance of corporations in the provision of social services, making top-down goal sharing such as incentives crucial for the public sector to get corporations to address local priorities. Keywords: governance, interactive governance, network governance, welfare provision, cross-sector, CSR

Esta pesquisa situa-se no âmbito dos estudos sobre redes de negócios. Em especial, tem por objetivo geral contribuir à compreensão sobre a relação entre governança em rede e a confiança interorganizacional, dois constructos considerados na literatura como fundamentais para a competitividade das redes de negócios. A despeito da importância desta relação, não há uma consolidação teórica quanto à influência do emprego de mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança em rede sobre a confiança interorganizacional. Em especial, resta inconcluso se os mecanismos formais e relacionais atuam como substitutos ou como complementares na governança de transações em rede, lacuna teórica que se configura no problema de pesquisa deste estudo. A partir desta situação, este estudo estabelece como objetivos específicos identificar a influência do emprego de mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança em rede sobre a confiança, bem como verificar se, nesta relação, mecanismos formais e relacionais atuam como substitutos ou complementares. Com suporte no referencial teórico constituído pela teoria dos custos de transação e pela teoria da imersão social e estrutural, bem como por seus respectivos desenvolvimentos no campo das redes de negócios, o estudo adota uma abordagem metodológica descritiva e quantitativa, com a realização de levantamento junto a uma amostra composta por 35 empresas imobiliárias que atuam em redes de negócios. Após análise dos resultados empregando métodos estatísticos não paramétricos, o estudo verifica que, no contexto pesquisado, os mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança se complementam em sua influência sobre a confiança, resultado aderente aos estudos mais recentes. Nas redes imobiliárias, foi observado que mecanismos formais possibilitam um maior compartilhamento de recursos e uma maior integração entre os participantes da rede, sem prejudicar a atuação dos mecanismos relacionais. O estudo contribui à teoria das redes interorganizacionais ao sustentar empiricamente o argumento da possibilidade de atuação complementar dos mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança. Informa ainda a necessidade de uma abordagem multidimensional na manipulação dos constructos da governança em rede e da confiança, uma vez que foi identificada uma associação positiva no emprego de mecanismos formais com a dimensão interorganizacional da confiança, enquanto que o emprego de mecanismos relacionais se mostra positivamente associado, ainda que mais fracamente, à dimensão interpessoal da confiança. Considerando as limitações da pesquisa social, novos estudos, em contextos distintos, são indicados para complementar os resultados obtidos, possibilitando uma maior generalização das conclusões. / This research lies in the context of studies on business networks. It aims to contribute for a better understanding of the relationship between network governance and inter-organizational trust, both essential constructs to the business networks\' competitiveness. Despite the importance of this relationship, there is not a theoretical consolidation about the influence of use of formal and relational mechanisms of governance in inter-organizational trust. In particular, it remains inconclusive whether the formal and relational mechanisms act as substitutes or as complements in the governance of network transactions, theoretical gap that sets the research problem of this study. From this problem, this study aims to identify the specific influence of the use of formal and relational governance on trust and verify, in this relationship, if formal and relational mechanisms act as substitutes or complements. Supported by the integration of transaction cost theory and the theory of social and structural embeddedness, as well as their developments in the field of study of business networks, the study adopts a descriptive and quantitative methodological approach, by means of a survey with a sample of 35 real estate companies that operate in business networks. After analysis using non-parametric statistical methods, the study finds that, in the context of research, the formal and relational governance are complementary in their influence on trust, results that are adherent to recent studies. In real estate networks it was observed that formal mechanisms enable a greater sharing of resources and greater integration between the network participants, without impairing the performance of relational mechanisms. The study contributes to the theory of inter-organizational networks by supporting empirically the argument of the complementary role of formal and relational governance. It also stresses the need for a multidimensional approach in handling the constructs of network governance and trust, since a positive association was identified in the use of formal mechanisms to the size of inter-organizational trust, while the use of relational mechanisms shown positive association, albeit weakly, to interpersonal trust. Considering the limitations of social research, new studies, in different contexts, could complement the results of this research, allowing a greater generalization of its findings.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-23T21:55:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Aline_Kochhann_Governanca_de_redes_de_economia_solidária.pdf: 1224193 bytes, checksum: 35261830a3623a765b0a38f63b563916 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-08-28T21:00:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Aline_Kochhann_Governanca_de_redes_de_economia_solidária.pdf: 1224193 bytes, checksum: 35261830a3623a765b0a38f63b563916 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T21:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Aline_Kochhann_Governanca_de_redes_de_economia_solidária.pdf: 1224193 bytes, checksum: 35261830a3623a765b0a38f63b563916 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Sem bolsa / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os modos e as dimensões encontradas em redes solidárias da região Sul do Brasil. Para realizar as análises, foi feita uma aproximação entre a teoria de Governança de Redes e a teoria que trata da Economia Solidária. Os objetos de análise deste trabalho foram as redes Bem da Terra e ARPA-SUL. A partir da análise entre as duas teorias e as duas redes estudadas, foram elencadas quatro proposições teóricas: o modo de governança das redes de Economia Solidária é participativo e com características de autogestão em redes pequenas; considerando que redes maiores são mais complexas, outros modos de governança de redes de Economia Solidária podem surgir como dos tipos organização líder, com organização administrativa específica ou híbrida; no processo de constituição ou adaptação das redes de Economia Solidária são definidos elementos estruturantes da rede, subjetivos ou objetivos, envolvendo centralização, formalização, especialização e ativação de redes; o processo de governança de redes de Economia Solidária envolve aplicação de procedimentos instrumentais associados à mobilização, harmonização, comunicação, troca de conhecimento, relacionamento com os stakeholders e incentivos materiais e imateriais, organização dos processos produtivos e controle. As quatro proposições foram corroboradas através de pesquisa qualitativa que incluía a aplicação de entrevistas através de um roteiro, realizadas entre junho e setembro de 2016, de documentos fornecidos por ambas as redes e por observação participante. O tratamento dos dados obtidos foi realizado através do software NVivo com a elaboração de categorias, divididas em: modos de governança, dimensão estrutural e dimensão instrumental. Os resultados corroboraram uma comunalidade teórica no que diz respeito aos modos de governança, remetendo o conceito de autogestão ao modo de governança participativa. A Teoria da Governança de Redes complementa a teoria sobre a Economia Solidária com dois modos mais verticalizados de governança. Também foi constatado que a Teoria da Governança de Redes pode complementar a Economia Solidária com maior detalhamento dos elementos estruturais de governança. As teorias da Governança de Redes e da Economia Solidária demonstraram que ambas se assemelham em aspectos instrumentais. Ao se analisar conjuntamente as redes, observaram-se modos de governança distintos. As limitações desta pesquisa foram: as redes analisadas se situam na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul e apenas duas redes foram analisadas. Como sugestão de pesquisa futura, propõe-se compreender como estes modos, estruturas e instrumentos interagem, com vistas ao melhor desempenho destas redes. Neste último caso, a pesquisa precisaria ser conduzida através de uma survey com redes de Economia Solidária do Brasil. Métodos de estudos de configurações organizacionais poderiam contribuir para este entendimento. / The present work aims to analyze modes and dimensions found in solidarity networks of the South region of Brazil. In order to accomplish these analysis, an approximation was made between the Network Governance’s theory and the theory that delas with Solidarity Economy. The objects of analysis of this work were the networks Bem da Terra and ARPA-SUL. From the analysis between the two theories and the two networks studied, four theoretical propositions were listed: the governance mode of Solidarity Economy networks is participatory and selfmanagement features in small networks; whereas larger networks are more complex, other Solidary Economy networks governance modes networks may emerge as the leading organization with specific or hybrid administrative organization; in the process of creation or adaptation of the Solidarity Economy networks are defined structuring elements of the network subjectives or objectives envolving centralization, formalization, specialization and network activation; the governance process of Solidarity Economy networks involves the application of instrumental procedures associated with mobilization, harmonization, communication, knowledge exchange, the relationship with the stakeholders and the material and imaterial incentives, production processes organization and control. The four propositions ere corroborated through a qualitative research that included the application of interviews through a script, held between June and September 2016, of documents provided by both networks and by participant observation. The treatment of the obtained data was done through the software NVivo with the elaboration of categories, divided in: modes of governance, structural dimension and instrumental dimension. Commonality was observed regarding modes of governance, referring the concept of self-management to participatory governance. Network governance's theory complements Solidarity Economy's governances with two more verticalized modes. It was also found that networks’ governance theory could add Solidarity Economy theory with greater detail of structuring elements of governance. Network governance and Solidarity Economy theories demonstrated that both resemble in instrumental aspects. When analysed together the two networks, different modes of governance were observed. The limitations of this research were: analyzed networks are located in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and only two networks were analyzed. As a suggestion of future research it is proposed to understand how these modes, structures and instruments interact, with a view to the best performance of these networks. In this last case, the research would need to be conducted through a survey of Brazilian Solidarity Economy networks. Methods of studying organizational configurations could contribute to this understanding.

As much as urban areas are centres of greenhouse gas emissions, cities hold a unique position in tackling climate change as they have legal authority over key sectors such as buildings, transportation, and urban planning. Recognising the benefit of coordinating activities on the local level, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) unite local governments across borders, providing particular services to its members. In Europe, there are several TMNs focusing on issues related to climate protection. This study examines four of these networks (ICLEI, Climate Alliance, Energy Cities, EUROCITIES) and the functions they hold available. Interviews were conducted with representatives from the networks and a sample of German cities in order to depict both their perspectives. In terms of functions provided by the TMNs as a whole, lobbying for needs and concerns of the municipalities was considered as one of the networks’ main task. Further, two forms of lobbying were identified that varied depending on the respective network: lobbying, including mayoral support; and lobbying on a technical level. In addition, interviewees valued the exchange of information and experiences that these networks enable and foster. Lastly, their role in project management was stated as an important reason for network membership. A TMN-specific analysis revealed that ICLEI’s main strength was seen in lobbying on international level for its members’ concerns by also involving its member cities’ mayors. Municipalities seemed to turn to Energy Cities and EUROCITIES with regard to lobbying concentrated at EU decision-making, project cooperation, and the exchange of information. Climate Alliance’s unique selling point – since none of the other networks was associated with this function – appeared to be in organising awareness raising events and campaigns in cooperation with its members.

Esta pesquisa situa-se no âmbito dos estudos sobre redes de negócios. Em especial, tem por objetivo geral contribuir à compreensão sobre a relação entre governança em rede e a confiança interorganizacional, dois constructos considerados na literatura como fundamentais para a competitividade das redes de negócios. A despeito da importância desta relação, não há uma consolidação teórica quanto à influência do emprego de mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança em rede sobre a confiança interorganizacional. Em especial, resta inconcluso se os mecanismos formais e relacionais atuam como substitutos ou como complementares na governança de transações em rede, lacuna teórica que se configura no problema de pesquisa deste estudo. A partir desta situação, este estudo estabelece como objetivos específicos identificar a influência do emprego de mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança em rede sobre a confiança, bem como verificar se, nesta relação, mecanismos formais e relacionais atuam como substitutos ou complementares. Com suporte no referencial teórico constituído pela teoria dos custos de transação e pela teoria da imersão social e estrutural, bem como por seus respectivos desenvolvimentos no campo das redes de negócios, o estudo adota uma abordagem metodológica descritiva e quantitativa, com a realização de levantamento junto a uma amostra composta por 35 empresas imobiliárias que atuam em redes de negócios. Após análise dos resultados empregando métodos estatísticos não paramétricos, o estudo verifica que, no contexto pesquisado, os mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança se complementam em sua influência sobre a confiança, resultado aderente aos estudos mais recentes. Nas redes imobiliárias, foi observado que mecanismos formais possibilitam um maior compartilhamento de recursos e uma maior integração entre os participantes da rede, sem prejudicar a atuação dos mecanismos relacionais. O estudo contribui à teoria das redes interorganizacionais ao sustentar empiricamente o argumento da possibilidade de atuação complementar dos mecanismos formais e relacionais de governança. Informa ainda a necessidade de uma abordagem multidimensional na manipulação dos constructos da governança em rede e da confiança, uma vez que foi identificada uma associação positiva no emprego de mecanismos formais com a dimensão interorganizacional da confiança, enquanto que o emprego de mecanismos relacionais se mostra positivamente associado, ainda que mais fracamente, à dimensão interpessoal da confiança. Considerando as limitações da pesquisa social, novos estudos, em contextos distintos, são indicados para complementar os resultados obtidos, possibilitando uma maior generalização das conclusões. / This research lies in the context of studies on business networks. It aims to contribute for a better understanding of the relationship between network governance and inter-organizational trust, both essential constructs to the business networks\' competitiveness. Despite the importance of this relationship, there is not a theoretical consolidation about the influence of use of formal and relational mechanisms of governance in inter-organizational trust. In particular, it remains inconclusive whether the formal and relational mechanisms act as substitutes or as complements in the governance of network transactions, theoretical gap that sets the research problem of this study. From this problem, this study aims to identify the specific influence of the use of formal and relational governance on trust and verify, in this relationship, if formal and relational mechanisms act as substitutes or complements. Supported by the integration of transaction cost theory and the theory of social and structural embeddedness, as well as their developments in the field of study of business networks, the study adopts a descriptive and quantitative methodological approach, by means of a survey with a sample of 35 real estate companies that operate in business networks. After analysis using non-parametric statistical methods, the study finds that, in the context of research, the formal and relational governance are complementary in their influence on trust, results that are adherent to recent studies. In real estate networks it was observed that formal mechanisms enable a greater sharing of resources and greater integration between the network participants, without impairing the performance of relational mechanisms. The study contributes to the theory of inter-organizational networks by supporting empirically the argument of the complementary role of formal and relational governance. It also stresses the need for a multidimensional approach in handling the constructs of network governance and trust, since a positive association was identified in the use of formal mechanisms to the size of inter-organizational trust, while the use of relational mechanisms shown positive association, albeit weakly, to interpersonal trust. Considering the limitations of social research, new studies, in different contexts, could complement the results of this research, allowing a greater generalization of its findings.