PAF26 is a synthetic hexapeptide that has been shown to be highly effective at killing filamentous fungi whilst showing low toxicity against human and bacterial cells. Unlike membrane permeabilising antimicrobials, PAF26 at low fungicidal concentrations is endocytically internalised by fungal cells and accumulates in the vacuole, which undergoes expansion. At a certain point, PAF26 is transported out of the vacuole into the cytoplasm and this is followed by cell death. Previously, cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) has been shown to exhibit a dose-dependent increase in response to PAF26 but the significance of this was not understood. The main objective of my PhD research was to analyse what role(s) Ca2+ signalling has in the mode-of-action of PAF26 using Neurospora crassa as an experimental model. In the first part of my research, evidence for Ca2+ signalling having a significant role in the PAF26 mode-of-action was obtained by testing the PAF26 sensitivity of deletion mutants defective in different components of their Ca2+ signalling machinery. The Deltacch-1, Deltayvc-1 and Deltanca-2 strains were found to exhibit the greatest resistance against PAF26. Screening of a range of vacuolar fusion mutants provided evidence for PAF26-induced vacuolar expansion involving the fusion of small vacuoles. Evidence was also obtained for PAF26-induced programmed cell death occurring via the pathway involved in HET-C-mediated heterokaryon incompatibility. In the second part of my research, I used live-cell imaging with fluorescently labelled PAF26 to investigate the pattern and kinetics of peptide interaction, internalization and distribution within the cells of the Deltacch-1, Deltayvc-1 and Deltanca-2 PAF26-resistant strains compared with the parental wild type. From these studies I obtained evidence for: CCH-1 being required for endocytic internalization of PAF26; YVC-1 being required for PAF26-induced vacuolar expansion; NCA-2 being involved in PAF26 binding to the cell envelope and subsequent endocytic cell internalization and transport to vacuoles; and cell death not being simply induced by PAF26 making contact with the cytoplasm. In the third part of my research I used the genetically encoded bioluminescent Ca2+ reporter aequorin to investigate differences in the average [Ca2+]cyt responses to PAF26 in cell populations of the Deltacch-1, Deltayvc-1 and Deltanca-2 mutant strains compared to that of the wild type. The Ca2+ signatures of the dose-dependent [Ca2+]cyt increases of each mutant were significantly different to each other and to the wild type, and external Ca2+ was required to initiate the [Ca2+]cyt responses. Evidence was obtained for an as yet unknown mechanism of Ca2+ entry into the fungal cell that was independent of the Ca2+ channels, CCH-1 and YVC-1.In the fourth part of my research, I used the genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ reporter GCaMP6 to visualise the Ca2+ signatures within individual cells in response to a low fungicidal concentration (3.5 M) of PAF26. This peptide treatment resulted in [Ca2+]cyt spiking at irregular intervals within all cells but there was considerable heterogeneity in the Ca2+ signatures of individual cells of a germling population. Furthermore, subcellular regions within which transient [Ca2+]cyt increases occurred were spatially correlated with increased membrane fusion events between vacuolar-like structures. In the fifth part of my research, YVC-1 and CCH-1 were labelled with GFP. Whilst YVC-1 was consistently associated with the vacuolar membrane, CCH-1 was harder to visualise. CCH-1 appeared to localise to intracellular membranes in conidia and germlings and to the plasma membrane in mature hyphae. In the final part of my thesis I investigated the hypothesis, based on previous evidence, that PAF26 disrupts pH homeostasis by using live cell imaging with the fluorescent, ratiometric pH dye, carboxy SNARF-1. PAF26 treatment was found to cause acidification of the cytoplasm.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-03. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:24:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857370_20170430.pdf: 809498 bytes, checksum: 80b75f84f1c54021e456991ff49e7ef9 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-05-05T11:53:10Z: 000857370_20170430.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-05-05T11:53:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857370.pdf: 3326185 bytes, checksum: 3f22efb9b253d3c96ffa4aefe4751ed0 (MD5) / O fungo Neurospora crassa tem sido amplamente utilizado como organismo modelo para o estudo de alguns aspectos da biologia em eucariotos. O sequenciamento de seu genoma permitiu analisar funcionalmente diversos fatores de transcrição e, portanto, atribuir função a proteínas anotadas como hipotéticas. Neste estudo, está sendo investigado o papel funcional do produto de ORF NCU01629, um fator de transcrição que pertence à família zinc-finger sem homólogos funcionais nos bancos de dados de fungos filamentosos. Análises de interação DNA-proteína in vitro foram previamente realizadas por pesquisadores colaboradores, permitindo a identificação do seu motif de ligação ao DNA, bem como os genes provavelmente regulados por este fator de transcrição. A partir destes dados, estes genes foram classificados pelo FunCat. Os resultados revelaram o envolvimento do fator de transcrição em eventos celulares relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, bem como morte celular, entre outros processos celulares. Análises do crescimento radial do fungo foram realizadas em placas de Petri contendo agentes indutores de diferentes tipos de estresse, tais como osmótico, térmico e oxidativo. A linhagem mutante mostrou crescimento semelhante à linhagem selvagem, em condições de estresse osmótico (NaCl 0,1-1,5M e sorbitol 1-1,5M), pH (4,2 e 7,8) e térmico (45ºC). Entretanto, o crescimento da linhagem mutante foi influenciado quando a linhagem foi exposta a diferentes agentes indutores de EROs, como o paraquat (10 μM), menadiona (50 μM), H2O2 (2 mM) e farnesol (10 μM). A linhagem mutante mostrou crescimento radial reduzido, quando comparado à linhagem selvagem no tratamento com diferentes concentrações de paraquat e farnesol e aumento da resistência quando expostos a H2O2 e menadiona. A expressão de genes relacionados a EROs (cat-1, cat-2, cat-3, gst-1, gst-2, sod e nox) e genes apoptóticos... / The fungus Neurospora crassa has been widely used as a model organism for the study of some aspects of biology in eukaryotes. The sequencing of its genome has enabled functionally analyze various transcription factors and therefore, assign function to hypothetical proteins. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the ORF NCU01629 product, a transcription factor that belongs to the zinc-finger protein family without functional homologues in fungi database. In vitro analysis of DNA-protein interaction, allowed the identification of its DNA binding motif and, as a consequence, the most likely genes regulated by this transcription factor. The genes were classified by FunCat. The results revealed the involvement of the transcription factor in multiple cellular processes including the response to oxidative stress and cell death. Analyses of radial growth were performed in Petri dishes containing agents that induce different types of stress such as osmotic, thermal and oxidative. The knockout strain showed similar growth to the wild type strain when exposed to osmotic (NaCl 0,1-1,5M and sorbitol 1-1,5M), pH (4.2 and 7.8) and heat (45°C) stresses. However, growth of the knockout strain was influenced when the strain was exposed to different ROS inducing agents, such as paraquat (10 μM), menadione (50 μM), H2O2 (2mM) and farnesol (10 μM). The knockout strain showed reduced radial growth, compared to the wild-type strain, when exposed to different concentrations of paraquat and farnesol and increased resistance to H2O2 and menadione. The expression of genes related to ROS (cat-1, cat-2, cat-3, gst-1, gst-2, sod, and nox) and apoptotic genes (bax, metascaspases, and p53) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the transcription factor is involved in the regulation of the oxidative stress response, controlling the expression of all genes. The gene encoding glutathione-S-transferase...

Circadian clocks are internal timekeepers that allow organisms to anticipate and exploit predictable daily changes in their environment, aiding survival. Clock-driven rhythms, such as asexual spore development (conidiation) in Neurospora crassa, show temperature compensated periodicity that persists in constant conditions and can be reset by environmental time cues. This ability of circadian clocks to maintain a constant period and phase of behaviour over a range of temperatures is important, and whilst much of the machinery making up the circadian clock is known, the mechanism that underpins temperature compensation is not well understood. Further, it is unknown how the clock can control conidiation in the face of changing temperatures. To investigate possible mechanisms underlying temperature compensation, I first explored how compensation may arise within the central clock machinery using a comprehensive dynamic model of the Neurospora crassa circadian clock. This clock incorporates key components of the clock, and I introduced known temperature-sensitive component changes based on experimental observations. This analysis indicated that temperature-dependent changes in the binding of CK-1a to the FRQ-FRH complex may be pivotal in the temperature compensation mechanism. Previous work has highlighted the importance of the blue-light photoreceptor VIVID (VVD), as VVD knockout strains show a temperature-dependent delay in the phase of peak conidiation. Next I explored this potential role using a theoretical output model. By incorporating regulation of this pathway by VVD, I found that VVD may contribute to phase control by increasing expression of genes or proteins that peak early on in the output pathway. RNA-Seq experiments were carried out to assess the contribution of VVD to the overall transcriptomic profile of Neurospora. The analysis highlighted several key genes through which VVD may regulate the conidiation pathway, including the clock-controlled genes eas and ccg-9, which both show temperature- and strain-dependent changes in expression patterns over the time course of conidiation. In conclusion, VVD may indeed have an important role in the temperature compensation of output pathways, though further work is needed to assess the specific
contributions of genes highlighted by my RNA-Seq analysis to the compensatory mechanism.

Submitted by Jonatas Erick Maimoni Campanella null (jemcampanella@gmail.com) on 2018-03-23T19:20:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FINAL.pdf: 3123007 bytes, checksum: 93be4f3b9e7d1e13ef2550b233a4fa94 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Carolina Gonçalves Bet null (abet@iq.unesp.br) on 2018-03-26T20:34:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 campanella_jem_me_araiq_int.pdf: 3024672 bytes, checksum: 3aeefce6e97b29e1c03b4f8d62b6146c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T20:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 campanella_jem_me_araiq_int.pdf: 3024672 bytes, checksum: 3aeefce6e97b29e1c03b4f8d62b6146c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Trabalhos anteriores realizados pelo nosso grupo levaram à identificação da proteína RVB-1 de Neurospora crassa como capaz de se ligar a um fragmento de DNA contendo o motif STRE (Stress Responsive Element). Este elemento de DNA, em Saccharomyces cerevisiae, é descrito estar presente na região promotora de genes responsivos a estresse, incluindo o estresse térmico. Uma busca nos bancos de dados de proteínas mostrou que a RVB-1 apresenta homologia estrutural à proteína RuvBL1 de humanos. Além disso, esta proteína é descrita possuir uma proteína paráloga, RuvBL2 ou Rvb2 de humano e S. cerevisiae, respectivamente, cuja proteína ortóloga em N. crassa foi denominada RVB-2. As proteínas RuvBLs foram encontradas estarem associadas a vários processos celulares, muito provavelmente devido as suas capacidades de formar grandes complexos proteicos e possuírem atividade ATPásica. Neste trabalho, estas proteínas foram parcialmente caracterizadas do ponto de vista funcional, bioquímico e biofísico. Os resultados obtidos por microscopia de fluorescência mostraram que ambas apresentam localização nuclear quando o fungo foi exposto a estresse térmico. A análise da expressão da proteína RVB-V5 mostrou estar aumentada, nessa mesma condição ambiental, quando analisada por Western blot. As duas proteínas foram produzidas na forma recombinante em Escherichia coli, tanto isoladamente quanto juntas, e a análise da expressão mostrou alta estabilidade em solução quando ambas foram produzidas em uma mesma célula de bactéria. Ambas mostraram interagir in vitro por análise de pulldown e o complexo RVB-1/2 mostrou ser formado principalmente por α-hélices através de espectropolarimetria de dicroísmo circular. Análise em gel filtração analítica sugeriu que o complexo apresenta diferentes estruturas oligoméricas, quando analisado na ausência e na presença de ATP. O complexo apresentou atividade ATPásica in vitro, o que fortemente sugere que ambas pertencem à família AAA+. Resultados de retardamento em gel de agarose (EMSA), mostraram que tanto separadamente, como na forma de complexo, essas proteínas são capazes de se ligar a fragmentos de DNA dupla fita independentemente de ATP. / Previous work by our group identified the Neurospora crassa RVB - 1 protein as able of binding to a DNA fragment containing the Stress Responsive Element (STRE). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this element is present in the promoter region of genes responsive to stress, including heat stress. RVB - 1 shows structural homology to human RuvBL1 protein, and is described to have a paralog, the RuvBL2 or Rvb2 protein in human and S. cerevisiae , respect ively. The N. crassa orthologous protein was identified and named RVB - 2. The RuvBLs proteins have been found to be associated with diverse cellular processes, most likely due to their ability to form large protein complexes and to have ATPase activity. In this work, these proteins were functional, biochemical and biophysically characterized. The fluorescence microscopy results showed that both proteins present nuclear localization in the fungus exposed to heat stress. Analyses of protein expression by Weste rn blot showed an increased expression of the RVB - 1 - v5 protei n in this same condition . The two proteins were produced in Escherichia coli, and expression analyses showed higher stability in solution when both were produced together. Both proteins showed in vitro interaction by pulldown analysis. The RVB - 1/2 complex has the secondary structure mostly formed by α - helices as analysis by CD. The size - exclusion chromatography suggested that the complex present different oligomeric structures when analyzed in the absence and presence of ATP. They present in vitro ATPase activity, which strongly suggest that both belong to the AAA + family. Electrophoresis Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) showed that both proteins are able to bind to dsDNA fragments, in an ATP - independently manner.

Submitted by THIAGO DE SOUZA CANDIDO null (thiago.s.candido@gmail.com) on 2016-09-30T14:48:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Thiago de Souza Candido.pdf: 8667516 bytes, checksum: a5ceff1a03a2f39c134a0633e677f4df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-04T14:33:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 candido_ts_dr_araiq.pdf: 8667516 bytes, checksum: a5ceff1a03a2f39c134a0633e677f4df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T14:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 candido_ts_dr_araiq.pdf: 8667516 bytes, checksum: a5ceff1a03a2f39c134a0633e677f4df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-15 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O fungo Neurospora crassa tem sido amplamente usado como um organismo modelo para os aspectos fundamentais da biologia dos eucariotos. Neste trabalho, foi investigado o papel funcional de uma ciclina de N. crassa (PCL-1), codificada pela ORF NCU08772 e ortóloga a Pcl10 de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Na levedura, a proteína Pcl10, em conjunto com a proteína quinase dependente de ciclina Pho85, fosforila a enzima glicogênio sintase, a enzima regulatória da síntese de glicogênio. A fosforilação resulta na inativação da enzima e, portanto, em diminuição do acúmulo de glicogênio. A linhagem pcl-1 de N. crassa apresentou um atraso na germinação dos conídios e um retardo na progressão do ciclo celular quando comparado com a linhagem selvagem, sugerindo que esta ciclina pode regular o desenvolvimento e a divisão celular. Além disto, a linhagem nocauteada acumulou níveis mais elevados de glicogênio que a linhagem selvagem indicando o papel na regulação do metabolismo deste carboidrato. A fosforilação da enzima glicogênio sintase de N. crassa (GSN) foi analisada na linhagem nocaute através de análises de atividade enzimática, e os resultados mostraram que a GSN apresentou baixo índice de fosforilação, portanto alta atividade durante o crescimento, um resultado que pode explicar o alto acúmulo de glicogênio observado. Este resultado foi confirmado por análise de 2D-PAGE seguida por western blot, utilizando anticorpos anti-GSN. GSN apresentou na linhagem mutante isoformas menos fosforiladas que a enzima presente na linhagem selvagem. As proteínas recombinantes PHO85, PCL-1 foram utilizadas em ensaios de fosforilação in vitro da enzima GSN e os resultados mostraram que a enzima GSN foi fosforilada pelo complexo PHO85/PCL-1 no sítio putativo Ser636. O papel da ciclina na resposta ao cálcio foi investigado, e os resultados mostraram que a linhagem pcl-1 mostrou uma resistência ao estresse provocado por altas concentrações de cálcio quando comparada com a linhagem selvagem. Análises de expressão gênica por RT-qPCR foram realizadas e a linhagem pcl-1 mostrou estar envolvida na regulação de genes do metabolismo do cálcio. Os resultados indicam que a proteína PCL1 de N. crassa pode ser uma ciclina multifuncional e pode estar envolvida na regulação de vários processos celulares essenciais dependendo do ambiente. / The fungus Neurospora crassa has been widely used a model organism for the fundamental aspects of eukaryotes biology. This work investigated the functional role of a N. crassa cyclin (PCL-1), encoded by the ORF NCU08772, and orthologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pcl10 cyclin. In yeast, Pcl10 protein, together with the Pho85 cyclin-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylates the glycogen synthase enzyme, the regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis. Phosphorylation results in enzyme inactivation and therefore in decreased glycogen accumulation. The N. crassa pcl-1 strain showed a delay in conidia germination and in the progression of the cell cycle compared to the wild-type strain, suggesting that the cyclin may regulate development and cell division. Furthermore, the mutant strain accumulated higher glycogen levels than wild-type strain indicating its role in the regulation of the carbohydrate metabolism. The phosphorylation rate of the N. crassa glycogen synthase (GSN) was analyzed in the mutant strain by enzymatic activity assays, and the results showed that GSN was less phosphorylated during growth; therefore, high activity, and this result may explain the high glycogen accumulation observed in the mutant strain. This result was confirmed by 2D-PAGE gels followed by western blot using anti-GSN antibodies. The GSN isoforms presented in the mutant strain were less phosphorylated than the enzyme present in the wild-type strain. The recombinant proteins PHO85 and PCL-1 were used in in vitro phosphorylation assays of GSN enzyme, and the results showed that the enzyme was phosphorylated by the PHO85/PCL-1 complex at the putative site Ser636. The role of the cyclin in the response to calcium was investigated, and the results showed that the pcl-1 strain is more resistant than the wild-type strain to the stress caused by high calcium concentration. Gene expression analysis by RTqPCR was performed to analyze genes involved in calcium metabolism, and the pcl-1 strain showed to regulate the expression of some calcium metabolism genes. The results indicate that the N. crassa PCL1 cyclin may be multifunctional and may be involved in the regulation of several cellular processes depending on the environment. / FAPESP: 2012/08652-4

Orientador: Maria Célia Bertolini / Co-orientador: Rodrigo Duarte Gonçalves / Banca: Iran Malavazi / Banca: Márcia Eliana da Silva Ferreira / Resumo: O fungo Neurospora crassa tem sido amplamente utilizado como organismo modelo para o estudo de alguns aspectos da biologia em eucariotos. O sequenciamento de seu genoma permitiu analisar funcionalmente diversos fatores de transcrição e, portanto, atribuir função a proteínas anotadas como hipotéticas. Neste estudo, está sendo investigado o papel funcional do produto de ORF NCU01629, um fator de transcrição que pertence à família zinc-finger sem homólogos funcionais nos bancos de dados de fungos filamentosos. Análises de interação DNA-proteína in vitro foram previamente realizadas por pesquisadores colaboradores, permitindo a identificação do seu motif de ligação ao DNA, bem como os genes provavelmente regulados por este fator de transcrição. A partir destes dados, estes genes foram classificados pelo FunCat. Os resultados revelaram o envolvimento do fator de transcrição em eventos celulares relacionados ao estresse oxidativo, bem como morte celular, entre outros processos celulares. Análises do crescimento radial do fungo foram realizadas em placas de Petri contendo agentes indutores de diferentes tipos de estresse, tais como osmótico, térmico e oxidativo. A linhagem mutante mostrou crescimento semelhante à linhagem selvagem, em condições de estresse osmótico (NaCl 0,1-1,5M e sorbitol 1-1,5M), pH (4,2 e 7,8) e térmico (45ºC). Entretanto, o crescimento da linhagem mutante foi influenciado quando a linhagem foi exposta a diferentes agentes indutores de EROs, como o paraquat (10 μM), menadiona (50 μM), H2O2 (2 mM) e farnesol (10 μM). A linhagem mutante mostrou crescimento radial reduzido, quando comparado à linhagem selvagem no tratamento com diferentes concentrações de paraquat e farnesol e aumento da resistência quando expostos a H2O2 e menadiona. A expressão de genes relacionados a EROs (cat-1, cat-2, cat-3, gst-1, gst-2, sod e nox) e genes apoptóticos... / Abstract: The fungus Neurospora crassa has been widely used as a model organism for the study of some aspects of biology in eukaryotes. The sequencing of its genome has enabled functionally analyze various transcription factors and therefore, assign function to hypothetical proteins. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the ORF NCU01629 product, a transcription factor that belongs to the zinc-finger protein family without functional homologues in fungi database. In vitro analysis of DNA-protein interaction, allowed the identification of its DNA binding motif and, as a consequence, the most likely genes regulated by this transcription factor. The genes were classified by FunCat. The results revealed the involvement of the transcription factor in multiple cellular processes including the response to oxidative stress and cell death. Analyses of radial growth were performed in Petri dishes containing agents that induce different types of stress such as osmotic, thermal and oxidative. The knockout strain showed similar growth to the wild type strain when exposed to osmotic (NaCl 0,1-1,5M and sorbitol 1-1,5M), pH (4.2 and 7.8) and heat (45°C) stresses. However, growth of the knockout strain was influenced when the strain was exposed to different ROS inducing agents, such as paraquat (10 μM), menadione (50 μM), H2O2 (2mM) and farnesol (10 μM). The knockout strain showed reduced radial growth, compared to the wild-type strain, when exposed to different concentrations of paraquat and farnesol and increased resistance to H2O2 and menadione. The expression of genes related to ROS (cat-1, cat-2, cat-3, gst-1, gst-2, sod, and nox) and apoptotic genes (bax, metascaspases, and p53) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the transcription factor is involved in the regulation of the oxidative stress response, controlling the expression of all genes. The gene encoding glutathione-S-transferase... / Mestre

Orientador: Maria Célia Bertolini / Banca: Ana Paula Ulian de Araujo / Banca: Julio Cesar Borges / Resumo: Trabalhos anteriores realizados pelo nosso grupo levaram à identificação da proteína RVB-1 de Neurospora crassa como capaz de se ligar a um fragmento de DNA contendo o motif STRE (Stress Responsive Element). Este elemento de DNA, em Saccharomyces cerevisiae, é descrito estar presente na região promotora de genes responsivos a estresse, incluindo o estresse térmico. Uma busca nos bancos de dados de proteínas mostrou que a RVB-1 apresenta homologia estrutural à proteína RuvBL1 de humanos. Além disso, esta proteína é descrita possuir uma proteína paráloga, RuvBL2 ou Rvb2 de humano e S. cerevisiae, respectivamente, cuja proteína ortóloga em N. crassa foi denominada RVB-2. As proteínas RuvBLs foram encontradas estarem associadas a vários processos celulares, muito provavelmente devido as suas capacidades de formar grandes complexos proteicos e possuírem atividade ATPásica. Neste trabalho, estas proteínas foram parcialmente caracterizadas do ponto de vista funcional, bioquímico e biofísico. Os resultados obtidos por microscopia de fluorescência mostraram que ambas apresentam localização nuclear quando o fungo foi exposto a estresse térmico. A análise da expressão da proteína RVB-V5 mostrou estar aumentada, nessa mesma condição ambiental, quando analisada por Western blot. As duas proteínas foram produzidas na forma recombinante em Escherichia coli, tanto isoladamente quanto juntas, e a análise da expressão mostrou alta estabilidade em solução quando ambas foram produzidas em uma me... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Previous work by our group identified the Neurospora crassa RVB - 1 protein as able of binding to a DNA fragment containing the Stress Responsive Element (STRE). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this element is present in the promoter region of genes responsive to stress, including heat stress. RVB - 1 shows structural homology to human RuvBL1 protein, and is described to have a paralog, the RuvBL2 or Rvb2 protein in human and S. cerevisiae, respect ively. The N. crassa orthologous protein was identified and named RVB - 2. The RuvBLs proteins have been found to be associated with diverse cellular processes, most likely due to their ability to form large protein complexes and to have ATPase activity. In this work, these proteins were functional, biochemical and biophysically characterized. The fluorescence microscopy results showed that both proteins present nuclear localization in the fungus exposed to heat stress. Analyses of protein expression by Weste rn blot showed an increased expression of the RVB - 1 - v5 protei n in this same condition . The two proteins were produced in Escherichia coli, and expression analyses showed higher stability in solution when both were produced together. Both proteins showed in vitro interaction by pulldown analysis. The RVB - 1/2 complex has the secondary structure mostly formed by α - helices as analysis by CD. The size - exclusion chromatography suggested that the complex present different oligomeric structures when analyzed in the absence a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The understanding of basic cellular processes has been greatly facilitated through investigation of the behaviour of mutant forms. In a similar way the mechanisms of genetic recombination may be clarified by a study of strains which are known to show inherited differences in recombination behaviour at meiosis. The haploid fungus Neurospora crassa is particularly well suited to such an investigation since recombination frequency heterogeneity has been extensively reported in that organism, and the differences are believed to be, to a large extent, under genetic control. Strains showing recombination frequency heterogeneity over a marked genetic region have been extensively analysed in the present work and the mode of action of the factors controlling recombination frequency has been investigated by combining differing strains in heterokaryons. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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