A routine non-destructive test method based on Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) has been developed and applied for the inspection of the first 11 T dipole prototype magnet half shell welds, and the test results are compared with the radiography and visual inspection results of the same welds. A manual scanner and alignment system have been developed and built to facilitate the inspection of the 5.5 m long welds, and to assure reproducibility of the PAUT results. Through the comparison of distance readings and signal amplitude for different focus lengths, a focal law with focus at 25 mm sound path has been selected for the routine inspection of the 15 mm thick austenitic stainless steel 11 T dipole welds. The defocusing properties (beam spread) due to the cylindrical geometry of the half shells and the sound path distance to the area of interest were taken into account. Dedicated sensitivity calibration weld samples with artificial defects (side-drilled-holes) have been designed and produced from 11 T dipole prototype austenitic stainless steel half shell welds. These provide representative calibration for the strongly attenuating and scattering austenitic stainless steel weld material. One scan with two phased array probes aligned parallel to the weld in 2 mm distance from the weld cap edge, and one scan with the probes aligned parallel to the weld in 12 mm distance from the weld cap edge are sufficient to show if the inspected welds fulfil the requirements of weld quality level B according to ISO 5817. The standard test duration for the two scans of the two 5.5 m long horizontal welds of the 11 T dipole magnets is about one day, provided that no defects are found that need to be characterized in more detail.

Orientador: Carmen Maria Bueno Neme / Banca: Heron Fernando de S. Gonzaga / Banca: Sandra Leal Calais / Resumo: A escoriação psicogênica tem sido abordada em estudos médicos que a associam a diversos transtornos ou doenças ou que buscam identificar a eficácia de diferentes tipos de tratamentos e medicamentos, além de outras questões afeitas à área. Embora a literatura a relacione a fatores afetivo-emocionais, há escassez de pesquisas no campo da psicologia sobre esta psicodermatose. A Escoriação Psicogênica é mais comumente encontrada em mulheres que, ao agredirem a própria pele, causam uma perceptível desifiguração provocada pelas lesões. A literatura, sistematicamente revisada neste trabalho, aponta fatores desencadeantes como a dificuldade em lidar com os próprios impulsos e a compulsão, pois o paciente admite ser o causador das lesões, porém, de maneira involuntária. A pele, o maior órgão do corpo humano, tem a mesma origem embrionária que o sistema nervoso e é frequentemente associada a processos psicológicos. Quando lesionada, leva a sofrimento emocional e a afastamento afetivo e social. o presente estudo abordou os aspectos psicológicos e fatores de personalidade associados à escoriação psicogênica a partir de relatos de pacientes em processo de diagnóstico e/ou tratamento dermatológico do Instituto Lauro Souza Lima - Bauru e de resultados do IFP - Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade, aplicado em dois grupos de mulheres: 20 com e 20 sem escoriação psicogênica, sendo este útlimo, composto por trabalhadoras da prefeitura municipal da cidade do interior paulista. Este estudo investigou a história de vida, os aspectos psicológicos e os fatores de personalidade possivelmente relacionados à escoriação psicogênica em vinte mulheres com esse diagnóstico, comparando-se os resultados obtidos no IFP com os de mulheres sem a psicodermatose. Foi realizada entrevista de anamnese com as mulheres com escoriação psicogênica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Psychogenic excoriation has been approached on medical studies, which both associate it to several disorders or diseases or try to identify the efficacy of distintic treatment methods, besides other themes on such area. Even though the specific literature includes it on affetive-emotional reasons, there is a lack of researchers on Psychology field on this psychodermatosis. Psychogenic excoriation is a disorder mos commonly found on women who picks - scratches - their own skin, causing them a noticeable disfiguration due to the wounds. Literature on the subject has been systematically referred to in order to produce this paper. It points out reasons such as difficulty to deal with one's own impulses and compulsion, since the patient admits being the one who causes the wounds in an involuntary manner, though. The skin, largest organ of the human body, has the same Embryo origin of the nervous system and is frequently associated to psychological processes. The wounded skin causes suffering and affective / social seclusion. In this study, the psychological aspects and the personality treat associated to psychogenic excoriation have been studied. The data has been collected from reports of patients during dermatological diagnosis or treatment on 'Instituto Lauro Souza Lima, in Bauru, and from results of a test called IFP (Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade or Personality Factorial Inventory), applied on two groups of women: the first one having twenty women suffering from psychogenic excoriation and the second one having healthy women (groups A and B). The latter has been composed from civil servers in a small town. In order to prepare this study, the psychological aspects and the personality treat possibly related to psychogenic excoriation in twenty women having such diagnosis, comparing them with the results of the Personality Factorial Inventory of the healthy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A aplicação de Ensaios Não Destrutivos (END) é considerada uma alternativa para monitorar o estado das estruturas de concreto armado, principalmente quando ocorrem falhas de projeto, erros de dosagem, problemas na mistura, transporte ou lançamento do concreto. A medida da Velocidade de Pulso Ultrassônico (VPU) é um END que vem sendo usado comumente em diversas áreas da engenharia civil, devido à facilidade da operação, ao seu baixo custo, à rapidez na execução dos testes e à ausência de danos ao material analisado. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em apresentar o resultado de uma pesquisa experimental, que visou estudar a influência que determinadas variáveis operacionais exercem sobre os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de VPU e qual a real capacidade de penetração e detecção de defeitos de diversas magnitudes. As medições foram realizadas utilizando o ultrassom pelo modo de transmissão indireta, pois esta é a alternativa que mais se adapta às condições verificadas no exame de estruturas reais de concreto armado. Primeiramente, foram moldados em laboratório dois blocos de concreto, com dimensões próximas às encontradas em estruturas reais de grande porte: um com armadura nas duas faces e outro sem armadura. Em ambos os elementos foram introduzidos objetos para simular possíveis falhas de concretagem. Em uma segunda etapa, foram realizadas perfurações visando identificar a capacidade de detecção de vazios da técnica de VPU para diferentes profundidades. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de imagens geradas através de software e por meio de analises estatísticas. Este estudo verificou que a escolha dos parâmetros de ensaio é um fator determinante para permitir a interpretação correta dos resultados, salientando-se que a experiência do operador e as dimensões de grid são os parâmetros que mais interferem na interpretação dos dados. / The use of Non-destructive Testing (NDT) methods is considered an alternative to monitor the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures, especially when there are design problems or errors related to concrete mixing, transport, placement and casting errors. The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) method is a Non-Destructive Test that is gaining acceptance. The test has been commonly used in various civil engineering areas due to the fact that it is easy to operate and rapid to perform, and to the low cost and lack of damage to the tested material. The objective of this work is to present the results of an experimental research that aimed to study the influence of certain technological variables on the measurements obtained from UPV tests. The work also aims to gather data to assess the penetration capacity of the US waves and their ability to detect defects of various dimensions. The measurements were performed using the indirect transmission mode, to simulate real work conditions on large structures. Firstly, two massive concrete blocks were cast in the laboratory, with dimensions close to real life structures: one with steel reinforcement on both sides and the other without reinforcement. Objects were introduced in both elements to simulate possible defects due to casting. In a second stage, perforations were conducted in the concrete elements to identify the void detection capability of the UPV technique for different depths. The results are presented by images generated by specific software and by using statistical analysis. This study found that the test parameters influence significantly the correct interpretation of the results. The operator experience and the grid dimensions are the parameters that most influence UPV data analysis.

Le contrôle non destructif in-situ de durabilité des matériaux cimentaires est essentiel à la prédiction et la prévention des défauts de fonctionnement des constructions. Alors que les dégradations, et donc la perte de durabilité, des matériaux cimentaires sont déclenchées et contrôlées par les caractéristiques et les évolutions de leur microporosité, il n'existe pas à notre connaissance de méthode non destructive d'instrumentation in-situ de la microporosité elle-même. Nous proposons un concept innovant d'évaluation de la durabilité des matériaux cimentaires fondé sur l'instrumentation in-situ de leur microstructure. La méthode repose sur l'investigation ultrasonore haute fréquence de micropores individuels au moyen de micro-transducteurs ultrasoniques capacitifs (μ-cMUT) immergés en grand nombre dans le matériau. Le dispositif proposé pour répondre aux multiples contraintes applicatives et technologiques est un μ-cMUT dont la plaque vibrante est constituée d'une couche mince de nanotubes de carbone monoparoi densément alignés. Nous avons traité la question de la pertinence de ce principe d'instrumentation en modélisant par un problème élasto-acoustique microfluidique l'interaction entre la plaque vibrante d'un μ-cMUT et le fluide, air ou eau, contenu dans un pore de taille micrométrique. La spécificité du modèle réside dans la prise en compte du comportement dissipatif du fluide. La résolution de ce problème couplé a nécessité le développement d'une méthode numérique ad-hoc. Nous avons constaté numériquement que la dissipation cause une diminution des fréquences de résonance. La couche limite a une épaisseur importante par rapport à la taille du domaine. Les amplitudes de vibration des plaques sont particulièrement sensibles au contenu des pores et à la géométrie des pores remplis d'eau. Nous en avons déduit que les μ-cMUT proposés pourraient être pertinents dans les matériaux cimentaires pour le suivi de l'hydratation, pour la détection des dégradations et le suivi de leur évolution. Pour étudier la faisabilité d'un μ-cMUT à nanotubes opérationnel à haute fréquence dans l'air et l'eau, nous avons tout d'abord réalisé par diélectrophorèse des dépôts denses et minces de nanotubes bien alignés. Un des dépôts est monocouche, ce qui constitue une performance remarquable pour un dépôt par diélectrophorèse. Nous avons ensuite suspendu les nanotubes, obtenant ainsi des membranes rigides et longues. L'épaisseur de ces membranes suspendues est particulièrement faible et leur facteur de forme particulièrement élevé par rapport à l'état de l'art des cMUT. Nous avons enfin montré par vibrométrie laser que les membranes vibrent à basse fréquence avec des amplitudes atteignant 5 nm pic-à-pic. Il s'agit à notre connaissance de la première mise en évidence de vibrations de nanotubes de carbone monoparoi par vibrométrie laser. Ces résultats démontrent une brique de base essentielle de l'étude complète de faisabilité du dispositif imaginé. Ils indiquent aussi la faisabilité à court terme de microdétecteurs d'air pour le suivi de la microporosité gazeuse des matériaux cimentaires. En regroupant ainsi une étude numérique de pertinence et une étude technologique de faisabilité, la thèse constitue une contribution significative à la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de suivi de durabilité de matériaux cimentaires fondé sur l'immersion au coeur du matériau d'un grand nombre de microcapteurs intégrant des nanotechnologies / In-situ non-destructive testing of durability in cementitious materials is essential to the early prediction and prevention of structural failures. Whereas degradations in cementitious materials, and henceforth durability loss, are brought about and controlled by the characteristics and evolutions of microporosity, there isn't to our knowledge any method for the in-situ non-destructive testing of microporosity itself. To evaluate in-situ the durability of cementitious materials, we put forward an innovative concept based on in-situ instrumentation of their microstructure. Individual micropores are to be probed by high-frequency ultrasonic waves generated and detected by capacitive ultrasonic microtransducers (μ-cMUT) embedded in large number within the material. The vibrating plate of the μ-cMUT devices is to be made of a thin layer of densely aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes, in order for the devices to satisfy the applicative and technological requirements. Relevance of this instrumentation method has been studied : we have used an elasto-acoustical model to describe the interaction between the vibrating plate of a μ-cMUT device and the fluid (water or air) filling a pore of micrometric size. The specificity of this model lies in the integration of fluid viscosity. It has required us to develop ad-hoc solving techniques. We have found out numerically that in this problem dissipation leads to a decrease in resonance frequency compared to non-visquous acoustics. The boundary layer is large compared to the domain size. The vibration amplitudes of the plate are very sensitive to pore content and to water-filled pore geometry. We have deduced from these results that the μ-cMUT devices we envision may be relevant to study hydration and to monitor degradations in cementitious materials. Feasibility of a high-frequency, nanotubes-based μ-cMUT device operating in water or air has also be evaluated : using first a dielectrophoretic deposition technique, we have made thin, dense membranes of well-aligned nanotubes. One of our deposition reaches mono-layer thickness, which is remarkable for dielectrophoretic depositions. We have suspended the nanotubes, thus obtaining long and rigid membranes. They are very thin and have a high form factor compared to state-of-the-art cMUT devices. Finally, we have used laser vibrometry to observe membrane vibrations. Membrane vibration amplitudes reach 5 nm at low frequency. As far as we know, it is the first time vibrations of carbon nanotubes have been successfully observed with laser vibrometry. These results prove that we have overcome one of the most significant technological bottle-neck of the whole feasibility study. Moreover, they indicate short-term feasibility of air microdetectors that could be valuably employed to monitor gaseous microporosity in cementitious materials. By associating a numerical study on relevance and a technological study on feasibility, this work contributes significantly to the development of a new durability monitoring method for cementitious materials. Central to this method is the use of a large number of embedded microsensors integrating nanotechnologies

Submitted by Fernando Cunha (fjpc@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-11T03:23:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE TRABALHO DOCENTE.pdf: 1499780 bytes, checksum: 0771a1ea72cfe456aab21fdf1b5f76ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2016-08-11T16:43:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE TRABALHO DOCENTE.pdf: 1499780 bytes, checksum: 0771a1ea72cfe456aab21fdf1b5f76ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T16:43:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE TRABALHO DOCENTE.pdf: 1499780 bytes, checksum: 0771a1ea72cfe456aab21fdf1b5f76ec (MD5) / Capes / O propósito da presente tese foi investigar como as transformações ocorridas no trabalho docente no âmbito das Universidades Federais, nesse contexto de mudanças operadas pelas políticas educacionais neoliberais, têm ampliado a destruição das forças produtivas dentro da universidade a partir do processo de precarização do trabalho docente calcado no pressuposto do produtivismo acadêmico. Para tanto, utilizamos um estudo de caso partindo do processo do trabalho docente na pós-graduação em Educação Física, na Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Fundamentada no materialismo-histórico-dialético enquanto método e teoria, a pesquisa teve como base as seguintes hipóteses: 1) o trabalho docente foi submetido a um processo de transformação que se caracteriza por uma tendência destrutiva do capital dentro das universidades, ampliando a precarização decorrente do direcionamento aos interesses do livre comércio; 2) os impactos da precarização do trabalho docente, além de estarem assentados nos contratos de trabalhos de forma jurídica, também estão relacionados a outros aspectos, como o aumento da produtividade e dos níveis de exigências institucionais, e a captação da subjetividade dos professores; 3) mesmo considerando que o trabalho docente na atualidade vem sendo montado a serviço do enquadramento do novo tipo de trabalhador demandado pelo capital, na intenção da conformação técnica e ideológica da mundialização da educação, o processo do trabalho traz em si elementos contraditórios que apontam para possibilidades superadoras da precarização do trabalho docente. Por ser um estudo de caso, utilizamos uma abordagem qualitativa com seleção intencional dos sujeitos entrevistados e análise de conteúdo das informações coletadas. As considerações finais, advindas da mediação entre os referenciais teóricos estudados e do estudo de caso com professores da UFPB, têm o objetivo de explicitar que existem evidências de que a crise estrutural do capital vem gerando impacto direto no trabalho, no sentido de mantê-lo subsumido ao capital; e de que a política educacional é mediadora entre os interesses mais gerais de exploração do trabalhador para manter as taxas de lucros e a exploração dos trabalhadores. Os detalhes desse processo podem ser constatados nas medidas adotadas, tanto pelo MEC, como pelas próprias universidades, que reformulam estatutos e regimentos visando a esse processo; o que resulta na intensificação do trabalho docente nas formas do produtivismo e, consequentemente, suas nefastas sequelas na vida dos docentes. Os resultados da pesquisa comprovam que as mudanças estruturais no mundo do trabalho têm seus rebatimentos na subjetividade dos docentes; e que, mesmo que estes percebam a lógica das mudanças estruturais no seu dia a dia, no sentido da mercantilização do ensino, da intensificação do trabalho e do produtivismo acadêmico, a reação a essa lógica não é explicada em suas últimas determinações. / Abstract Our purpose with this thesis was to investigate how the changes in the teaching work within the Federal Universities in the context of the changes wrought by neoliberal educational policies have increased the destruction of productive forces within the university from the process of casualization of teaching, based the assumption of the academic productivism, therefore , we use a case study from the process of teaching in postgraduate degree in Physical Education at the Federal University of Paraiba. Grounded in historical and dialectical materialism - as theory and method, we set the following assumptions : 1 ) the teacher's work underwent a transformation process that is characterized by a destructive tendency of capital within universities by increasing the instability arising from targeting the interests of free trade ; 2 ) the impact of casualization of teaching , besides being seated on the legal form of business contracts, are also related to other aspects such as increased productivity and levels of institutional requirements and capture the subjectivity of teachers ; 3 ) even considering that the teacher's work today is being mounted to the frame of the new service type demanded by capital , the intent of the technical and ideological shaping of globalization of education , work the work process itself brings contradictory elements that point to possibilities to overcome them casualization of teaching . Being a case study, we used a qualitative approach with intentional selection of interviewees and analyze the content of information provided. Finally our final considerations arising from the mediation between the theoretical framework and studied the case study with teachers UFPB in order to explain that there is evidence that the structural crisis of capital is generating direct impact with work to keep it subsumed to capital; that educational policy is mediating between more general interests in the exploitation of the worker to maintain profit rates and worker exploitation. The details of this process can be observed in the measures adopted by both the MEC , as the universities themselves revising statutes and regulations targeting this process; that intensification of teachers' work in the forms of productivism and thus its harmful consequences in the lives of teachers . Prove that the structural changes in the working world have their repercussions on the subjectivity of teachers; that even the teachers realizing the logic of structural changes they feel in their daily lives, towards the commodification of education, work intensification and academic productivism. The reaction to this logic is not explained in their latest determinations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_m_dr_botfca.pdf: 1692230 bytes, checksum: 9f3d4ea1e577719bc503399ced136ac4 (MD5) / A classificação e padronização da madeira serrada é uma atividade de rotina, desenvolvida por países que se apresentam como grandes consumidores deste material. O Brasil não pratica a classificação dos materiais à base de madeira, em geral. Essa afirmação é particularmente verdadeira para o caso da madeira serrada. Em outros segmentos de mercado, em que o país ocupa posição de destaque como fornecedor internacional, tem-se visto forçado a estabelecer padrões mínimos de qualidade e a atingir marcas de conformidade, para continuidade dos fornecimentos. O Centro Virtual de Pesquisas em Madeiras - CEVEMAD, através do Laboratório de Ensaios de Materiais - FCA/UNESP tem desenvolvido pesquisas com o intuito principal de avaliar a sensibilidade dos ensaios não-destrutivos na avaliação de alguns defeitos potenciais presentes correntemente nas madeiras de rápido crescimento (notadamente pinus e eucalipto). No enfoque dado pelo CEVEMAD - Centro Virtual de Pesquisas em Madeiras, os ensaios não-destrutivos são encarados como ferramenta alternativa e/ou complementar no processo de classificação das madeiras (classificações quanto às classes de resistência e categorias de qualidade). Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a sensibilidade dos principais métodos não-destrutivos como ferramentas alternativas e/ou complementares no processo classificatório de vigas (6cm x 12cm x 280 cm) de Eucalyptus sp. As madeiras empregadas no programa experimental foram obtidas a partir de material genético disponibilizado por empresas de reflorestamento da região do cerrado do Estado de Minas Gerais - MG. Foram amostradas 296 vigas de dimensões estruturais (6cm x 12cm x 280cm) de 10 clones distintos de Eucalyptus, que foram ensaiadas não-destrutivamente... / The classification and standardization of the sawn wood is an usual activity, developed by countries that come as great consumers of this material. Brazil does not practice the classification of wood base materials, in general. This is particularly true for the case of the sawn wood. In other segments, in which Brazil occupies prominente position as international supplier, it has been forced to establish minimum patterns of quality and to reach conformity marks. The Virtual Center of Researches on Wood - CEVEMAD, through the Laboratory of Testing Materials - FCA/UNESP - Sao Paulo State University - Brazil has carried out researches with the main objective of evaluating the sensibility of non-destructive tests in the evaluation of potential defects in wood from fast grown plantation (especially Pinus and Eucalyptus). In its peculiar focus, non-destructive tests are considered as alternative and/or complementary tool in the sawn wood classification process (either mechanical and visual classification). This work had the main objective of evaluating the sensibility of most common non-destructive tests in the classification of dimension lumber of from fast grown Eucalyptus plantation. Wood was obtained from genetic material supplied cultivated at Curvelo region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. 296 beams of structural dimensions (6 cm x 12 cm x 280 cm) from 10 different clones of Eucalyptus were sampled. Beams were non-destructively (stress wave, ultrasound and resonance methods) and destructively (static bending and compression parallel to grain) tested. The results of tests were correlated, being considered the present defects in each one of the studied pieces and the non-destructive tests showed sensibility in the classification of pieces of structural dimensions of the sawn wood of Eucalyptus when framed in strips of velocity, both in the green condition and in the equilibrium moisture... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’inspection en service des soudures des réacteurs nucléaires de génération IV, en vue de contribuer à la démonstration de sûreté. La structure anisotrope et hétérogène des soudures multipasses en acier inoxydable austénitique rend leur contrôle ultrasonore difficile. Ainsi, afin d'interpréter correctement les signaux mesurés et de caractériser les défauts potentiels, une description de la soudure est utilisée. Elle constitue la connaissance a priori introduite dans la méthode de l'Energie Topologique. L’étude réalisée se décline en deux temps : le développement de la méthode en milieu borné et sa comparaison avec le Matched Field Processing, puis son application au cas de soudures réelles. L'extension de la méthode de l'Energie Topologique aux milieux bornés isotropes et homogènes vise à tirer parti des réflexions multiples. Plusieurs solutions du problème numérique de propagation, obtenues pour différentes conditions aux frontières, sont judicieusement associées afin de sélectionner les échos de diffraction porteurs d'information. Selon le type de défaut à imager des énergies topologiques spécifiques sont définies. La technique est introduite analytiquement avant d'être validée numériquement puis expérimentalement.Dans un second temps, la méthode est appliquée au milieu complexe de la soudure. La procédure est testée expérimentalement sur des soudures réelles afin d'évaluer les performances en localisation. Cependant, en raison de la variabilité de la structure, la qualité de l'image peut se dégrader selon les cas d'étude. La possibilité de générer des sources arbitraires permet de pallier en grande partie cette difficulté. / The present study has been done as part of the in-service inspection of weld structure belonging to generation IV nuclear reactors. It aims at checking both the safety and integrity of these components. The anisotropic and heterogeneous structure of austenitic stainless steel welds disturbs the ultrasonic non destructive testing. Thus, a weld description model is necessary to properly analyze the ultrasonic measured signals and to characterize potential flaws. The weld model makes a priori knowledge up in the Topological Energy method. The study is divided into two parts: development of the method in a bounded medium and comparison with the Matched Field Processing method, and then its application to real weld structures.The work firstly focuses on expanding the Topological Energy method to isotropic and homogeneous bounded medium to take advantage of multiple reflections between the flaw and edges. For that, different conditions are numerically applied to boundaries. By adding up these conditions it becomes possible to select the appropriate scattering signal. Modified topological energies are defined according to the type of analyzed flaws. The approach is analytically demonstrated before being validated firstly from synthetical data and then from experimental data.The second part deals with the application of the method to the complex weld structure. The process is experimentally tested on welds in order to evaluate efficiency of flaws localization. However, the image's quality can be deteriorated because of variability of the structure. By generating arbitrary ultrasonic source this difficulty is mostly overcame.

L'imagerie de la proche surface est essentielle en géotechnique car la caractérisation et l'identification des premiers mètres du sol interviennent dans de nombreuses applications de l'aménagement du territoire. Les méthodes classiques d'imagerie sismique sont appréciées car elles sont simples de mise en oeuvre et d'interprétation. Utilisés en génie civil, ces outils ont généralement été développés initialement en prospection pétrolière. La problématique que nous abordons dans ce travail intéresse réseau de transport d'électricité (RTE) ; il s'agit d'identifier la géométrie des fondations de pylônes électriques très haute tension en utilisant des méthodes d'imagerie sismique qui ont fait leurs preuves dans le contexte de la géophysique de gisement. En particulier, nous évaluons les performances de l'inversion de la forme d'onde (FWI) et de la migration par retournement temporel. Nous présentons le principe de ces méthodes que nous mettons ensuite en oeuvre avec un outil basé sur une modélisation de la propagation d'ondes en milieu élastique 2D ; dans ce cadre, le temps de calcul de l'inversion est aujourd'hui raisonnable, ce qui est loin d'être le cas lorsqu'on considère un milieu élastique 3D. Ensuite, nous présentons les résultats d'imagerie sur données synthétiques puis réelles. Concernant les données synthétiques 2D, l'inversion permet d'identifier les dimensions de la fondation à condition que le rapport de vitesse entre la fondation et l'encaissant ne dépasse pas 3. La migration permet quant à elle d'imager de façon satisfaisante des contrastes beaucoup plus élevés. Sur données réelles, les tests que nous avons faits ne permettent pas d'identifier la géométrie de la fondation avec ces méthodes ; en réalisant l'inversion de données synthétiques 3D avec notre outil 2D, nous montrons que le caractère 3D des données est un obstacle important à l'utilisation de notre outil sur des données réelles contenant une forte signature 3D de la structure à imager. / Near surface imaging is essential for geotechnics purpose. Characterization and identification of the first layers - between 0 and 10m - of the ground is necessary for many applications of national and regional development. Classical methods of imagery arouse a great interest as they are easy to use. In general, these numerical tools used in civil engineering have been first developped by seismic petroleum companies. The issue we are tackling comes to identifying the geometry of the foundations of very high voltage electric pylons using seismic imagery methods for french electricity transport and network. In particular, we assess the performances of the full waveform inversion and the reverse time migration. First, we explain the principle of these methods and then we implement them with a tool based on 2D modelisation which involves a reasonable computing time, contrary to 3D inversion carried out with today's means. Next, we show imagery results on synthetic and real data. Concerning, synthetic data, inversion makes it possible to identify the dimensions of the foundation as long as the velocity ratio between the foundation and the bedrock does not exceed 3. As to migration, it has good results with even much higher contrasts. Concerning real data, these two methods don't succeed in identifying the geometry of the foundation ; we inverted 3D synthetical data with our tool and show that the 3D property of data is prohibitive to 2D-inversion of real data with such an important 3D signature as the one we get on the foundation data.

Studien handlar om självskadebeteende. Syftet med undersökningen var att få reda på vilka yttre faktorer som påverkade tre unga tjejer att börja skada sig själva. Forskningen på området anser att personer börjar skada sig själva pågrund av sexuella övergrepp i ung ålder, men det framgår tydligt i resultatet att sexuella övergrepp i detta fall inte påverkade tjejerna i studien. Till grund för tjejernas destruktiva beteende ligger traumatiska händelser i deras uppväxt både i lågstadieålder samt högstadieålder. Metoden som användes i studien var semistrukturerade intervjuer eftersom intervjuaren då kan rikta sin fulla uppmärksamhet mot respondenten. Resultatet är utformat på ett narrativt sätt vilket gjorde att resultatet kunde presenteras i berättelseform. I resultatet framkom vilka yttre påverkansfaktorer som påverkade tjejerna att börja skada sig, som till exempel föräldrars skilsmässa, eller plötslig död i deras nära omgivning.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Martins.pdf: 7177519 bytes, checksum: b45e0db2f27a3c198d3ed77145efa51c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the production of automotive parts and components, nondestructive testing is of great importance for the estimation of physical and mechanical properties such as the detection of defects. This study aims the evaluation of two non-destructive tests (ultrasound and resonance frequency) by determining the elastic modulus and damping capacity in samples with different graphite morphology and also in thin wall sections of engine blocks. These techniques were also used to identify the presence of solidification microporosity. It was found that these methods allow estimating values of elastic modulus very accurately, better to that obtained with tensile test. Also the correlation between microstructure and mechanical and physical properties are better with ultrasonic and resonance frequency than with tensile test. Those tests also enable to characterize the influence of microporosities on the elastic behavior, as well as the response and sensitivity of damping capacity with the increase of interfaces in the microstructure. the resonant frequency test provide better results when compared with ultrasound, mainly for the characterization of the microstructure, the presence of defects and determination of modulus of elasticity and damping at specimens with regular geometry, since the results resonant test is affected by the total microstructure of the sample, not only by local microstructure, as in the ultrasonic testing. The study of the thin sections in cylinder blocks enabled to correlate microstructures with the thickness of the sections for both materials (gray and compacted graphite iron) and the modulus of elasticity. It also showed the influence of the graphite (morphology and nodularization) on the damping.. Due to geometric limits, the ultrasound test stood out to be more effective in the local measurement of modulus of elasticity for these samples. Thus, for the conditions of microstructure characterization, evaluation of properties and identification and determination of defects, ultrasound set to be more effective technique for scientific studies (samples with regular geometry) and direct application in the industry (thin sections of engine blocks ). / Para a produção de peças e componentes automobilísticos, a utilização de ensaios não destrutivos é de grande importância, tanto para a estimativa de propriedades físicas e mecânicas como na detecção de defeitos. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar dois métodos de ensaios não destrutivos (ultrassom e frequência de ressonância) através da determinação do módulo de elasticidade e do amortecimento de vibrações para amostras com variação de morfologia da grafita e seções de parede fina dos blocos de motor. Essas técnicas também foram empregadas para identificar a presença de microporosidades de contração na solidificação. Verificou-se que essas metodologias permitem estimar valores de módulo de elasticidade com bastante precisão, superior à obtida com ensaios de tração e estabelecem melhores correlações entre as microestruturas e as propriedades mecânico-físicas. Esses ensaios, ainda, possibilitam caracterizar a influência dos microrechupes sobre o comportamento elástico, bem como a resposta e sensibilidade da capacidade de amortecimento com o aumento de interfaces na microestrutura do material. Através dessas avaliações observou-se uma maior eficácia do ensaio de frequência de ressonância quando comparado com o ultrassom, pois através desse pode-se obter melhores resultados para a caracterização das condições da microestrutura, da presença de defeitos e na determinação do módulo de elasticidade e amortecimento em corpos de prova de geometria regular. O estudo das seções finas possibilitou correlacionar as microestruturas com as espessuras das seções para ambos os materiais (ferro fundido cinzento e vermicular). Ainda possibilitou verificar a influência da grafita (morfologia e grau de nodularização) sobre o amortecimento. Para essas análises, verificaram-se as condições e dificuldades dos ensaios não destrutivos quanto à geometria e acabamento dos corpos de prova e fatores ligados à microestrutura. Durante esse estudo, o ensaio de ultrassom destacou-se por ser mais eficaz na medição local do módulo de elasticidade para essas amostras. Assim, para as condições de caracterização de microestrutura, avaliação das propriedades, e identificação e determinação de defeitos, o ultrassom configura ser a técnica mais eficaz para estudos científicos (amostras com geometria regular) e aplicação direta na indústria (seções finas dos blocos de motor).