Les nanomatériaux magnétiques sont des matériaux prometteurs en raison de leurs applications potentielles dans l'enregistrement magnétique à haute densité. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons développé la première synthèse mono-tope de nanocristaux (NCs) de cobalt de forme sphérique et de structure hexagonale-compact (hc), ferromagnétiques à température ambiante. La stratégie suivie est basée sur la simple combinaison de l’oléylamine et du précurseur organométallique de cobalt [CoCl(PPh3)3]. Nous avons mis évidence que la variation de la quantité de précurseur favorise le contrôle de la taille des NCs et obtenu des NCs sphériques de 9,2 nm, 7,8 nm et 2,5 nm de diamètre avec une faible polydispersité. De plus, la modification des temps de réaction a permis de contrôler la forme des NCs et de réaliser une transition de morphologie des sphères vers des nanobâtons hc. Ainsi, la variation d’autres paramètres, comme la quantité d’amine et la température, a conduit au mécanisme réactionnel se produisant lors de la formation de NCs de cobalt, mécanisme gouverné par la réaction de dismutation du précurseur Co(I). Ce protocole de synthèse monotope a ensuite été étendu à l’élaboration d’autres NCs mono et bimétalliques (platine, palladium et les alliages CoPt). En variant la quantité du précurseur [CoCl(PPh3)3], différentes morphologies de NCs de platine, de palladium et des nanoalliages de CO33Pt67 ont été obtenues. Par ailleurs, par recuit dirigé de nanoparticules de Co50Pt50 dans des nanopores d’une membrane d’alumine (Al2O3), des nanofils de CoPt équi-atomiques avec une forte anisotropie magnétique ont été élaborés. Pour cela, nous avons détourné le phénomène de coalescence des NCs lors de recuit haute température. / Magnetic nanomaterials are promising materials due to their potential applications in high density magnetic recording. This is in this context that we have developed the first one-pot synthesis of spherical hcp cobalt nanocrystals (NCs), ferromagnetic at room temperature. The followed strategy is based on the simple combination of oleylamine and an organometallic cobalt precursor [CoCl(PPh3)3]. Thus, variation of the precursor amount has allowed to control the NCs size and to obtain spherical NCs of 9.2 nm, 7.8 nm and 2.5 nm in diameter with a low polydispersity. The change of reaction times has led to control of the NCs shape in order to get a morphology transition from spheres towards hcp nanorods. Subsequently, an experimental study based on the variation of several parameters, namely, the amine and the temperature, has highlighted a reaction mechanism of cobalt NCs formation, governed by the disproportionation reaction of the Co(I) precursor. The one-pot synthesis procedure was then extended to the development of other mono and bi-metal NCs (platinum, palladium and CoPt alloys). Then, by varying the amount [CoCl(PPh3)3].precursor, different morphologies of platinum NCs and palladium, and similarly, CO33Pt67 nanoalloys, have been obtained. Another strategy was followed to develop equi-atomic CoPt nanowires, with a high magnetic anisotropy, by annealing of Co50Pt50 nanoparticles in nanopores of alumina membrane (Al2O3). For this, we diverted the NCs coalescence during the annealing time.

abstract: This dissertation presents a new hybrid fault current limiter (FCL) topology that is primarily intended to protect single-phase power equipment. It can however be extended to protect three phase systems but would need three devices to protect each individual phase. In comparison against the existing fault current limiter technology, the salient fea-tures of the proposed topology are: a) provides variable impedance that provides a 50% reduction in prospective fault current; b) near instantaneous response time which is with-in the first half cycle (1-4 ms); c) the use of semiconductor switches as the commutating switch which produces reduced leakage current, reduced losses, improved reliability, and a faster switch time (ns-µs); d) zero losses in steady-state operation; e) use of a Neodym-ium (NdFeB) permanent magnet as the limiting impedance which reduces size, cost, weight, eliminates DC biasing and cooling costs; f) use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to control the magnitude of the fault current to a user's desired level. g) experi-mental test system is developed and tested to prove the concepts of the proposed FCL. This dissertation presents the proposed topology and its working principle backed up with numerical verifications, simulation results, and hardware implementation results. Conclu-sions and future work are also presented. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2013

Com o crescimento populacional e a demanda energética crescente, a sociedade contemporânea têm enfrentado novos desafios para se manter. A aplicação da robótica em diversas áreas está cada vez mais comum, contribuindo para suprir estes novos desafios. Contudo, ainda existem casos em que o uso da robótica convencional é proibitivo, como em ambientes com campos elétricos e/ou magnéticos intensos, encontrado, por exemplo, nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica e em máquinas de ressonância magnética. Isto porque os componentes condutores e ferromagnéticos utilizados podem oferecer perigos, causando queimaduras, curtos-circuitos e até lançamento de componentes. Em vista destas dificuldades, este trabalho propõe a construção de um manipulador robótico capaz de atuar nestas condições de campos elétricos e magnéticos elevados. Na construção de tal dispositivo, entretanto, é necessário o estudo da estrutura mecânica, dos atuadores, dos sensores e do controlador. No caso da estrutura mecânica e dos sensores, existem alternativas não condutoras disponíveis. O controlador geralmente é um microcomputador ou um dispositivo eletrônico, portanto condutor. Uma alternativa é manter o controlador distante e isolado do ambiente de risco. Mas para que esta hipótese seja testada, é necessário um atuador não condutor e não ferromagnético. Por isso, este trabalho propõe a construção de um atuador livre de materiais ferromagnéticos e condutores baseado no músculo artificial pneumático de McKibben. Músculos artificiais pneumáticos são disponíveis comercialmente, entretanto possuem materiais metálicos. Além disso, o controle preciso destes atuadores é dificultado pela sua alta não linearidade. Para verificar a viabilidade da aplicação de músculos artificiais em um manipulador não condutor, foram realizados testes com protótipos de músculos artificiais construídos com materiais compatíveis. O projeto e o dimensionamento do músculo artificial é abordado. Finalmente, é realizado o controle PID do músculo para avaliar sua controlabilidade e viabilidade de aplicação para tarefas de precisão em posicionamento. / With the population growth and the evergrowing energy dependency, the contemporary society have been facing new challenges to maintain yourself. The use of robotics in various fields is each time more common, contributing to surpass these new challenges. However, there are still cases where applying conventional robotics is prohibitive, such as in high electric and magnetic field environments, found, for example, in electric energy distribution systems and in magnetic resonance imaging machines. That\'s because conductive and ferromagnetic components can cause serious problems, like burns, short-cuts and even be throwed at high velocities. Knowing these difficulties, this work proposes the construction of a robotic manipulator capable of acting in these high electric and magnetic field environments. To build such manipulator, however, it\'s necessary to study the mechanic structure, the actuators, the sensors and the controller. In the case of the mechanic structure and sensors, there exists non-conductive and non-magnetic alternatives available. The controller is, in general, a microcomputer or an electric device, therefore, conductive. One alternative is to keep the controller far away from the risk environment. But to test this hypothesis, it\'s necessary to have a non-conductive and non-ferromagnetic actuator. Because of that, this work proposes the construction of an actuator free of conductive and magnetic materials, based on the McKibben pneumatic artificial muscle. Pneumatic artificial muscles are available commercially, but they have metallic components. Besides, the accurate control of these actuators is difficult for their high non-linearities. To verify the viability of applying artificial muscles on a non-conductive manipulator, tests were conducted with artificial muscle prototypes built with compatible materials. The design and dimensioning of the artificial muscle are covered. Finally, the PID controller is implemented to evaluate the muscle\'s controllability and its viability for tasks that need position accuracy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10893.pdf: 14774524 bytes, checksum: 8546584bc4571566ee6628fd4e1e4914 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adisserta.pdf: 620282 bytes, checksum: 42737bbc61b6415b2b23fa4670060fd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-14 / The Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) technique was used to study the magnetic anisotropy of NiFe/Ru multilayers. The FMR spectra and absorption fields of multilayers with Ru layers thickness bellow 20 Å are the same as that of single monolayer films. Evidence of the coupling between the magnetic layers also is given by the fact that for the sample with Ru thickness equal to 7 Å, in normal configuration of the applied static field, spin-wave resonance modes also are excited by the microwave field. The interlayer coupling constant obtained is equal to 1, 1 £ 10¡7 erg/cm. For the set of samples with different NiFe thicknees, the analysis of the effective magnetic anisotropy in terms of volume and surface contributions, gives KV = 3, 4 £ 106 erg/cm3 and KS = 1, 2 erg/cm2. / A técnica de Ressonância Ferromágnética (RFM) foi aplicada para estudar a anisotropia magnética de multicamadas NiFe/Ru. Os espectros de RFM e os campos de absorção das multicamadas com espessura da camada de Ru abaixo de 20 Å são os mesmos daqueles obtidos para um filme monocamada. Uma evidência do acoplamento entre as camadas magnéticas destas amostras é dada pelo fato de que para a multicamada com espessura de Ru igual a 7 Å, na configuração perpendicular ao campo estático aplicado, modos de ressonância de ondas de spin são também excitados pelo campo de microondas. A constante de acoplamento inter-camadas obtida é igual a 1, 1 £ 10¡7 erg/cm. Para o conjunto de amostras com espessura variável da camada de NiFe, a análise da anisotropia magnética efetiva em termos das contribuições de volume e superfície resultou em KV = 3, 4 £ 106 erg/cm3 e KS = 1, 2 erg/cm2

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T17:15:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Márcio Solino Pessoa - 2013.pdf: 3016321 bytes, checksum: 0475321bc8fda0cf44f37f4a946b3725 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-16T17:30:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Márcio Solino Pessoa - 2013.pdf: 3016321 bytes, checksum: 0475321bc8fda0cf44f37f4a946b3725 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T17:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Márcio Solino Pessoa - 2013.pdf: 3016321 bytes, checksum: 0475321bc8fda0cf44f37f4a946b3725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work reports the study of magnetic anisotropy of Fe/Mn bilayers, and Fe/Mn/Fe and Fe/Mn/Co trilayers, grown by molecular beam epitaxy onto monocrystalline MgO(001) substrates. Samples were produced with the Fe layer grown at a temperature of 175 ° C, with a thickness of 5 or 10 nm, the Co layer grown at 50 ° C, with a thickness of 2 or 5 nm, and the Mn layer grown at temperatures of 50 ° C, 150 ° C or 175 ° C, with thicknesses in the range from 0.80 to 2.20 nm. The angular variations of the in-plane absorption field, at Q-band (33.9 Ghz) microwave frequency, reveal the presence of a large four-fold magnetic anisotropy in all studied films. In samples with thicker Mn layers, two uniform resonance modes of bcc-Fe and bcc-Co layers are excited by the microwave field. The angular variations of the in-plane absorption field reveal for both layers the presence of fourth order cubic magnetic anisotropy. Films with the Mn layer thickness exceeding 1.16 nm exhibits, however, only a single absorption mode due to the overlapping of Fe-bcc and Co-bcc uniform resonance modes. Experiments at X-band (9.4 GHz) microwave frequency reveal the excitation of non-aligned and non-resonant modes, suggesting, for samples with the Mn layer grown at low temperature, a non-collinear coupling between the magnetic layers in the presence of low-intensity magnetic fields. Four-fold magnetic anisotropy constants in the range from 3.0 x 105 to 4.8 x 105 erg/cm3 for the Fe layer, and from 2.0 x 105 to 6.4 x 105 erg/cm3, for the Co layer, are given by the experiments. The magnetic parameters deduced from the in-plane measurements at Q-band microwave frequency are used to fit the in-plane and out-of-plane angular variations of resonance fields at X-band frequency. / Este trabalho relata o estudo da anisotropia magnética em bicamadas Fe/Mn, e tricamadas Fe/Mn/Fe e Fe/Mn/Co, crescidas por epitaxia de feixe molecular sobre substratos monocristalinos de MgO (001). As amostras foram produzidas com a camada de Fe crescida à temperatura de 175°C, com espessura de 5 ou 10 nm, a camada de Co crescida à temperatura de 50°C, com espessura de 2 ou 5 nm, e a camada de Mn crescida a temperaturas de 50°C, 150°C ou 175°C, com espessuras na faixa de 0.80 a 2.20 nm. As variações angulares do campo de ressonância no plano dos filmes, em banda-Q (33.9 GHz) de frequência de micro-ondas, revelam a presença de anisotropia magnética cúbica de quarta ordem em todas as amostras estudadas. Para as tricamadas Fe/Mn/Co com menores espessuras da camada de Mn, os modos uniformes de ressonância de Fe e de Co, são excitados pelo campo oscilante de micro-ondas. As variações angulares de campo de ressonância no plano dos filmes revelam a presença de anisotropia magnética de quarta ordem nas duas camadas. Filmes com camada de Mn com espessura superior a 1.16 nm apresentam, entretanto, apenas um modo uniforme de ressonância, atribuído à sobreposição dos modos uniformes de ressonância das camadas de Fe-bcc e de Co-bcc, como resultado de efeitos de interface que reduzem a diferença entre as magnetizações efetivas das duas camadas. Experimentos em banda-X (9.4 GHz) de frequência de micro-ondas revelam a presença de modos não alinhados e não ressonantes, sugerindo, para amostras com camada de Mn crescida em baixa temperatura, um acoplamento não colinear entre as camadas magnéticas na presença de campo magnético de baixa intensidade. Constantes de anisotropia cúbica de 3.0 x 105 a 4.8 x 105 erg/cm3 para a camada de Fe, e de 2.0 x 105 a 6.4 x 105 erg/cm3, para a camada de Co, são deduzidos dos experimentos. Os parâmetros magnéticos deduzidos das variações angulares do campo de ressonância no plano das amostras, em banda-Q de frequência de micro-ondas, são usados para simular em banda-X as variações angulares do campo de ressonância no plano e fora do plano dos filmes.

Orientador: Marcelo Knobel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duque_JoseGerivaldodosSantos_D.pdf: 2802085 bytes, checksum: 3e11d0645c4b8e47c4e251b671065013 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

The non-contact nature of magnetic actuation makes it useful in a variety of microscale applications, from microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices to classical MEMS or even microrobotics. Ferromagnetic materials like nickel are particularly attractive, because they can be easily deposited and patterned using traditional lithography-based microscale fabrication methods. However, the response of ferromagnetic materials in a magnetic field can be difficult to predict. When placed in a magnetic field, high magnetization is induced in these ferromagnetic materials, which in turn generates force and/or torque on the ferromagnetic bodies. The magnitude and direction of these forces are highly dependent on the type of material used, the volume and aspect ratio of the ferromagnetic material, as well as the spatial distribution and magnitude of the magnetic field. It is important to understand these complex interactions in order to optimize force and torque generated, particularly given common limitations found in microfabrication, where it is often challenging to deposit large volumes of ferromagnetic material using conventional microdeposition methods, and power availability is also often limited, which in turn limits the ability to generate strong electromagnetic fields for actuation. This work represents a theoretical analysis and experimental validation in macro scale to determine best practices when designing ferromagnetic actuators for microscale applications. Specifically, the use of nickel thin film prisms actuated in spatially uniform electromagnetic fields. These constraints were chosen because uniform magnetic fields can be readily generated with a simple and inexpensive Helmholtz coil design, and the uniformity makes actuation force independent of location, minimizing the need for spatial precision in devices. Nickel can also be easily deposited using evaporation or sputtering, generally in forms of thin-films.

La mise en évidence d’effets de polarisation d’échange (“exchange bias”, EB) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine émergeant de la spintronique organique. Dans une première partie de la thèse, on étudie l’EB des systèmes Co/MPc et Py/MPc (M=Mn, Co, Fe, Zn) par magnétométrie. Pour tous ces systèmes, l’EB est observé avec des températures de blocage de 100K environ. Ces études sont complétées par des mesures de résonance ferromagnétique confirmant les valeurs du champ de polarisation. Dans une troisième partie, on étudie les propriétés magnétiques des tricouches Co/Pc/Co. Les cycles d’hystérèse présentent des marches indiquant un renversement séquentiel des couches de cobalt. A basse température, on observe de l’anisotropie unidirectionnelle pour les deux couches mais leurs champs de polarisation diffèrent. / Observation of exchange bias (EB) phenomenon by using molecular materials as a pinninglayer open the horizon for tremendous perspective in the field of organic spintronics. Thefirst part of the thesis is devoted to the study of EB of Co/MPc and Py/MPc (M=Mn, Co, Fe,Zn) by static magnetometry. The existence of EB is evidenced in all Pc molecules with block-ing temperature around 100K. The second part is devoted to the study of EB by dynamicFMR measurements. The values of EB measured by this method are compatible with staticmagnetometry measurements. The third part is devoted to study magnetic properties of thetrilayer Co/Pc/Co systems. Hysteresis loops exhibit a stepped shape indicative of successivereversal of each layer. Low temperature loops show that both Co layers experience unidi-rectional anisotropy after field cooling, with differing bias fields.

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have gained considerable interest due to their excellent soft magnetic properties with high saturation magnetization, high electrical resistivity, very good corrosion resistance, low materials cost, extremely high mechanical strength and hardness. In spite of having excellent strength, Fe-based BMGs are not used as structural materials in service, so far. The major obstacle is their inherent brittleness under mechanical loading, once a crack is developed the material fails catastrophically. Owing to the ever growing industrial demand for the materials with outstanding properties, aside from exploring new alloy compositions, it is pertinent to understand why or why-not the existing system work and how to improve their properties. Recent reports suggested that the plastic deformability can be enhanced by introducing different microstructural heterogeneities such as free volume enhanced regions, separated phases, nano-crystals, atomic clusters caused by for instance additions of small amount of soft elements. Understanding the effect of addition of soft elements to Fe-based BMGs on thermal stability, structural evolution, magnetic and mechanical properties are the main point which this work addresses. In this work, a study on two different soft ferromagnetic Fe-based glass forming alloys are presented, both of them known to have very high mechanical strength and excellent soft magnetic properties but so far have not been used in any industrial applications. The important issue is with the brittle behavior of this BMGs, particularly under mechanical loading. In each glass forming alloys, the aim was to find out the optimum quantity of the soft elements (Cu and Ga), which can be added to improve their room temperature plastic deformability without affecting the glass forming ability (GFA) and soft magnetic properties. The first glass forming alloy that is studied is Fe36Co36B19.2Si4.8Nb4. This glass forming alloy is highly sensitive to the impurities, only pure elements were used to form this alloy. The addition of only 0.5 at.% Cu completely changes the thermal stability and structural evolution but it also improves the mechanical properties. In case of Ga addition up to 1.5 at.% the crystallization behavior remains unaltered and the thermal stability improves marginally. The addition of Ga improves the plastic deformability of the glass by forming soft zones, whose melting point is much lower compared to rest of the alloy. These soft zones are responsible for the plastic deformation of this glass. Thus addition of Ga is very beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of this Fe-based BMG. In the second part, Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2 glass forming alloy is studied. Unlike the aforementioned alloy, this glass forming alloy is not very sensitive to the impurities, industrial grade alloy elements can also be used to form this alloy. In this alloy addition of Cu is beneficial only up to 0.5 at.%, beyond that Cu addition deteriorates GFA and magnetic properties. In case of Ga addition up to 2 at.% the crystallization behavior remains unaltered and the thermal stability improves marginally. Similar to the FeCoBSiNb glass, the addition of Ga in FeMoPCBSi glass also improves the plastic deformability of the glass by formation of soft zones. Addition of small at.% Ga proved be an viable solution to improve the plastic deformability in the ferromagnetic Fe-based metallic glasses without compromising on thermal and magnetic properties of the glass. In the final part we tried to cast the Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2 glass in a complex shape using an industrial high pressure die casting (HPDC) set up. The important issues were with the casting alloy temperature, casting speed and die material. The aim of our work was to optimize the die material suitable for casting the BMGs and then address the issues with casting temperature and casting speed. We have thus attempted to gain a basic knowledge in casting the Fe-based BMG in industrial scale. Our effort was tremendously successful, we were able to produce fully amorphous complex shaped samples with excellent surface finish. We have thus made a considerable advancement towards understanding the basics behind improving the room temperature plastic deformability in Fe36Co36B19.2Si4.8Nb4 and Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2 ferromagnetic BMGs. We have also made a considerable progress in industrialization of bulk ferromagnetic BMGs.