Forty-two springer Holstein heifers were grouped in threes by sire, body weight, and due date. One of each group served as a control (no exercise). One of each group was exercised at 5.5 kilometers per hour for 1.6 kilometers per day, 5 days per week beginning 4 weeks before expected calving date . The third member of each group was exercised the same as the second member, but exercise was continued for 10 days after calving. Exercise was in a circular lane with a motor driven gate. Prepartum exercise increased ease of parturition and reduced the length of time from calving to release of the placenta. Exercise resulted in smaller uterine horn diameters at 42 days postpartum, but had no significant effect on measures of fertility such as days open or services per conception . Exercise did not appear to reduce severity of udder edema, but edema was first noticeable in control heifers. Milk production for the first 50 days after calving showed no affect from prepartum exercise, but continuing exercise after calving reduced milk production 2.4 kg per day (P< .05). Grain was fed according to production, hence grain consumption was also significantly lower for the postpartum exercise group. Hay consumption for the prepartum exercise group was significantly lower than for controls. Prepartum exercise significantly increased feed utilization efficiency as compared to postpartum exercise.

Currently, simulation predictions of the Orion Crew Module (CM) dynamics with drogue parachutes deployed are under-predicting the amount of damping as seen in free-flight tests.  The Apollo Legacy Chute Damping model has been resurrected and applied to the Orion system. The legacy model has been applied to predict CM damping under drogue parachutes for both Vertical Spin Tunnel free flights and the Pad Abort-1 flight test.  Comparisons between the legacy Apollo prediction method and test data are favorable.  A key hypothesis in the Apollo legacy drogue damping analysis is that the drogue parachutes' net load vector aligns with the CM drogue attachment point velocity vector.  This assumption seems reasonable and produces good results, but has never been experimentally verified.  The wake of the CM influences the drogue parachutes, which makes performance predictions of the parachutes difficult.  Many of these effects are not currently modeled in the simulations. A forced oscillation test of the CM with parachutes was conducted in the NASA LaRC 20-Ft Vertical Spin Tunnel (VST) to gather additional data to validate and refine the Apollo legacy drogue model.  A second loads balance was added to the original Orion VST model to measure the drogue parachute loads independently of the CM.  The objective of the test was to identify the contribution of the drogues to CM damping and provide additional information to quantify wake effects and the interactions between the CM and parachutes.  The drogue parachute force vector was shown to be highly dependent on the CM wake characteristics.  Based on these wind tunnel test data, the Apollo Legacy Chute Damping model was determined to be a sufficient approximation of the parachute dynamics in relationship to the CM dynamics for preliminary entry vehicle system design.  More wake effects should be included to better model the system. These results are being used to improve simulation model fidelity of CM flight with drogues deployed, which has been identified by the project as key to a successful Orion Critical Design Review. / Master of Science

[pt] Abreu (1967) estudou o problema do escoamento bi-dimensional viscoso, incomprenssível, com vorticidadade constante, aplicado ao escoamento simético em torno de uma cunha infinita. Este trabalho adorda o problema de Abreu para acaso em que o fluido em escoamento acha-se a uma temperatura constante e a superfície da cunha é não-isotérmica, ocorrendo o surgimento de uma camada limite térmica. Foi aplicado o método das expressões assintóticas acopladas. Existem quatro problemas a serem resolvidos: dois externos e dois internos. A solução desses problemas conduz a solução assintótica do problema para altos valores do número de Reynolds. Foi resolvido o sistema composto pelas equações de Navier-Stokes, continuide e energia. É apresentada a solução geral para semi-ângulos de cunha entre 0 grau e 90 graus, e a solução numérica para casos particulares de semi-ângulos de 0 grau, 18 graus, 72 graus e para valores de Prandtl iguais a 0.7, 1 e 10. / [en] Abreu (1967) studied the two-dimensional ,inconpressible, constant vorticity flow past an infinite wedge. In the present work the problem solved by Abreu is considered for the case where a constant temperature fluid flows past an infinite wedge with non-isothernal surface, thus given rise to a thermal boundary layer. The matched asyntotic expansion netod,as present in Van Dyke(1962), was applied to the solution of the problem. According to Van Dyke there are four problems leads to the desired asynpotic solution for large values of the Reynolds number. The solution defines a system forned by the Navier Strokes, continuity and energy equations. The asym ptotic expansions found by Abreu (1967) for the hydrodynamic problem i.e for the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations were used in our solution. Although a general analytical solution was found for any angle of the wedge between 0 degree and 90 degrees numerical solutions are show for the particular semi-angle values of 0 degree, 18 degrees and 72 degrees and Prandt 1 numbers values of 0.7,1.0 and 10.

Arbetet är en källstudie över inlägg publicerade på skolverkets hemsida. Studien undersöker reaktioner gentemot förändringar i det samhällsvetenskapliga programmet gällande ämnena religionskunskap, filosofi och psykologi. Skolverkets förslag att slå samman filosofi med psykologi kritiserades utifrån administrativa problem. Ämnena ansågs dessutom vara alltför olikartade för att slås ihop med hänsyn till deras vetenskapliga metoder, innehåll och historik. Resultatet är i linje med Lindes begrepp ämnesprofessionell kod och Hargreaves begrepp påtvingad kollegialitet. Religionskunskapens förstärkta ställning och filosofin och psykologins försvagade ställning kritiserades utifrån en mängd olika synvinklar. Religionsämnets vetenskaplighet och konfessionslöshet ifrågasattes. Kursplanen i religion kritiserades för att vara alltför omfattande, och religionslärarnas kompetens att undervisa i etik ifrågasattes. Filosofin försvarades utifrån dess nära koppling till styrdokument, och psykologin försvarades utifrån mänskliga behov och intresse. Studien fann en stark vilja bland lärarna att avgränsa sina egna ämnen gentemot andra ämnen. / The study is based on contributions to discussion that was published on the homepage of the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket). It examine reactions on the proposals for the Social Science program. The proposal to put together philosophy and psychology in to a single subject was criticized on administrative grounds (problems with assessment, teacher competence etc). The two subjects were also considered to be to different in method, content and history. The result is in line with Andy Hargreaves concept of forced collegiality and Lindes concept of subject specific code. The proposal to increase hours for religious studies (religionskunskap) was criticized from different viewpoints. Religious studies was accused of being to unscientific bound to theological discourse. Its curricula was blamed of being to wide intruding on other subjects, and the teachers competence to educate their pupils in ethics were put in to question. The the proposal to decrease hours for philosophy was criticized on the ground that the subjects curricula was strongly connected to the official goals of the Social Science program. The proposal to decrease hours for psychology was criticized by appeling to its popularity among pupils and that its knowledge was important to satisfy basic human needs. The study discovered a tendency among teachers to classify their own subject in relations to other subjects.

Striving to improve performance and lower weight of aircraft engines, modern compressor blades become thinner and lighter but higher loaded resulting in an increased vulnerability towards flutter. This trend is further aggravated through blisk designs that diminish structural damping and therewith flutter margin. Modern 3D wide-chord blade designs result in complex structural behaviors that add to the difficulty of correctly predicting flutter occurrence. To counteract above tendencies by driving the physical understanding of flutter and thereby helping to improve aero engine design tools, free flutter as well as forced response will be investigated in the 1.5 stage transonic compressor at TU Darmstadt. Aim of the forced response campaign is to determine the system damping in the stable compressor regime. Hence a novel excitation system capable of dynamically exciting specific rotor blade modes is needed. It is aim of the present work to find a promising concept for such a system. In the present work, the requirements for an excitation system to be used in the TUD compressor are defined with respect to achievable frequency, phase controllability, transferred excitation level, mechanical robustness, integrability and cleanliness. Different excitation system concepts, i.e. oscillating VIGVs, rotating airfoils, tangential and axial air injection are investigated numerically. An evaluation of the results obtained through 2D numerical studies proposes axial air injection as the most favorable concept. / Master of Science

<p> Forced convection mass transfer rates from single gas bubbles, with accompanying chemical reaction, were determined experimentally in the intermediate Reynolds number range. The reacting system carbon dioxide-monoethanolaminc was chosen for this study. </p> <p> A mathematical model, describing forced convection mass transfer from a single sphere with accompanying first or second order reaction, was developed and solved using finite-difference techniques. Hydrodynamic conditions in the intermediate Reynolds number region were described using Kawaguti-type velocity profiles. </p> <p> The numerical solutions of the model have been compared with the experimental results of this study as well as with previous theoretical and experimental results. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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