Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Laredo.pdf: 49101782 bytes, checksum: 13c61a26c161e1172dffdd2878f055d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-21 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This research approaches the implementation of Praça Victor Civita (Victor Civita Square), situated in Pinheiros district, in São Paulo. The area, once environmentally degraded, was rehabilitated through a funding and management modality called public-private partnership . By researching concepts that define what is public and what is private, we try to determine if the public space created through the partnership between the government and the private sector is actually public and made for the public, and its meaning. We use examples of international experiences to compare the situation observed in São Paulo, aiming at recognizing the differences that make partnerships more effective, when we consider not only the private business, but also society as a partner in shaping the public space. This work offers an overview of the partnership, including its conception, processes, project and deployment of Praça Victor Civita. / Esta pesquisa aborda a implantação da Praça Victor Civita, localizada no bairro de Pinheiros, na cidade de São Paulo. Em uma área marcada pela degradação ambiental, surge a possibilidade de reabilitação por meio da modalidade de financiamento e gestão denominada parceria público-privada . Ao levantar conceitos que definem o que é público e o que é privado, tentamos verificar se o espaço público, criado por meio da parceria entre o poder público e o setor privado, é de fato público e feito para o público, e o seu real significado. Utilizamos alguns exemplos de experiências internacionais para traçar um paralelo com a situação observada na cidade de São Paulo com o objetivo de reconhecer as diferenças que tornam as parcerias mais efetivas, considerando não só a iniciativa privada, mas também a sociedade, como parceiras na construção do espaço público. Este trabalho oferece um panorama de como foi o processo da parceria, concepção, projeto e implantação da Praça Victor Civita.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Corres Melachos.pdf: 25409881 bytes, checksum: f5a393eea11e9a0554d84ad71e415eab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-23 / This Master´s Dissertation has the city of São Paulo‟s upscale downtown hotels as its research object, although limited by the chronological restraints of 1954 and 2004. Its objective is the analysis of the transformations underwent by upper scale downtown hotels in São Paulo, focusing its scope in those hotels‟ specific programmatic distribution. The incongruence amongst the downtown hotel‟s importance to the city of Sao Paulo and the scarcity of studies regarding this kind of architecture was the catalyst for this Dissertation. Furthermore, one of the aspiring contributions of this research is to gather enough bibliographical references regarding the theme in order to foster and aid future related research efforts. Fundamental concepts regarding upscale downtown hotels‟ architecture are discussed in this research, which later verifies these concepts by means of analysis and confrontations of conspicuous case studies: Hotel Jaraguá and Hotel Caesar Park, part of the multipurpose Continental Square. The main contribution of this research resides upon the projectual analysis of these two study cases of this kind of architecture under the scope of the concepts gathered by means of the study of the bibliography, since analysis of this nature are indeed rare when pertaining to this architectural niche. The analysis and confrontation of these two case studies resulted in the verification of the transformations underwent in the architecture of upscale downtown hotels in São Paulo, between 1954 and 2004. These transformations were produced by the changes in these hotels‟ guest profile, which became business travellers instead of governmental authorities and public personalities, as due the technological and social advances in the globe during these 50 years, and the uprising of the service‟s sector in the city‟s economy. The demands of this new guest profile reflected themselves by means of the inclusion of much more public and social áreas in these hotels, especially function spaces, and consequently, the virtual duplication of their back-of-housing just so these hotels could operate properly. / A presente Dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa o Hotel Central de padrão superior em São Paulo, limitado pelo recorte cronológico de 1954 a 2004. Seu objetivo principal é analisar as transformações da arquitetura de hotéis centrais de padrão superior em São Paulo, sob a luz de sua característica programática, no recorte cronológico acima. A incongruência entre a importância econômica do turismo de negócios para a cidade de São Paulo, e consequentemente de seus hoteis centrais, e a escassez de estudos referentes a este nicho de arquitetura foi a força motriz por trás deste estudo. Assim, uma das principais contribuições almejadas por parte desta dissertação, e também objetivo secundário desta pesquisa, é reunir bibliografia especializada no assunto e deste modo auxiliar e incentivar futuras pesquisas. Nesta pesquisa são definidos e analisados conceitos fundamentais sobre a arquitetura de hotéis centrais de padrão superior, e depois estes são verificados na análise e confrontação de dois estudos de caso proeminentes do segmento: o Hotel Jaraguá e o Hotel Ceasar Park, parte integrante do conjunto multifuncional Continental Square. A contribuição principal desta dissertação reside justamente na análise projetual destes dois estudos de caso, pois análises desta natureza se apresentaram raras no material consultado. A análise e confrontação destes estudos de caso resultaram na aferição das transformações da arquitetura de hotéis centrais de padrão superior em São Paulo, entre 1954 e 2004. Estas transformações são resultantes das mudanças do perfil do hóspedes destes hotéis no recorte cronológico da pesquisa, que passaram a ser turistas de negócios ao invés de autoridades governamentais e artistas, assim como os avanços tecnológicos e sociais ocorridos na sociedade, e o advento da importância do setor de serviços na economia paulista. As necessidades deste novo perfil de hóspedes, por sua vez, se refletiram principalmente em mais áreas públicas e sociais em hotéis centrais, especialmente áreas de eventos, e consequentemente na duplicação das áreas de apoio necessárias para a operação destes hotéis.

In general, PN code synchronization consists of two steps: PN code acquisition (coarse alignment) and PN code tracking (fine alignment), to estimate the delay offset between received and locally generated codes. Recently, the schemes with a joint adaptive process of PN code acquisition and the weight coefficients of smart antenna have been proposed for improving the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and simultaneously achieving better mean-acquisition-time (MAT) performance in direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. In which, the setting of the threshold plays an important role on the MAT performance. Often, the received SINR is varying, using the fixed threshold acquisition algorithms may result in undesirable performance. To improve the above problem, in this thesis, a new adaptive threshold scheme is devised in a joint adaptive code acquisition and beam-forming DS-CDMA receiver for code acquisition under a fading multipath and additive white Gaussian-noise (AWGN) channels. The basic idea of this new adaptive threshold scheme is to estimate the averaged output power of smart antenna to scale a reference threshold for each observation interval, such that it can approximately achieve a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) criteria. The system probabilities of the proposed scheme are derived for evaluating MAT under a slowly fading two-paths channels. Numerical analyses and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive threshold scheme does achieve better performance, in terms of the output SINR, the detection probability and the MAT, compared to a fixed threshold method.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Luis Saber Campos.pdf: 1013366 bytes, checksum: 2e9d466c92f8d404ca44d38a91e676e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / From the theory on structure of capital and the application of structural equations a model was considered to evaluate the indebtedness of the public companies in Brazil. The effect of direct and indirect costs of bankruptcy, tax benefits, agency costs of free cash flow and the agency costs of borrowing. Computed the results, which was opted to analyzing an alternative model that indicates the relevance of the capital demand and offers effects in the level of companies indebtedness. One met evidences on the relevance of direct and indirect costs of bankruptcy and agency costs of borrowing in the determination of the capital structure in analyzed companies. / A partir da teoria sobre estrutura de capital e da aplicação de equações estruturais foi proposto um modelo para avaliar o endividamento das companhias abertas no Brasil. Foram considerados os efeitos das dificuldades financeiras, benefícios fiscais, agency de capital próprio e de capital de terceiros. Computado os resultados optou-se por analisar um modelo alternativo segundo o qual encontramos indícios e relevância dos efeitos da demanda e oferta de capital no nível de endividamento das empresas. Encontrou-se evidências que dificuldades financeiras e agency de capital de terceiros influem na determinação da estrutura de capital das empresas analisadas.

Brazil is a country of great dimension that still holds unexplored areas of little population nowadays. Actually these lands are state-owned, but they have been appropriated as a private property, especially in the Amazon basin. The need for a governmental more effective territorial management was formally implemented through the establishment of a geodetic referenced landed property register. This system will integrate the public administration organization and the land register services in a common basis of data. The geodetic science and the advanced technological resources like the Global Positioning System, which receives radio rays transmitted by satellites that surround the Earth and the electronic tachymeter, which capture light rays reflected on locations over the surface of the Earth, enable reliable geodetic references for the database graphic. Brazilian government takes into consideration the set of a wide basis of data in 10 years in order to control the undue appropriation of lands in the agricultural border, as well as great management over the territorial organization in the states of consolidated agrarian structure. The present work has been thought with the purpose of improving topographic survey quality by means of adjustment and quality survey estimation to serve geodetic referencing principles. This survey of a 9-points traverse being used one control point. It was implanted at Federal University of Santa Maria campus with electronic tachymeter and the obtained data worked in a digital calculation form. The qui-square test of the quadratic form of misclosures was put into practice to evaluate the survey as a whole. Then the adjustment by the least square method was done, utilizing the observation equations taken from the variation of coordinates. The weight unit variance a posteriori was calculated in the qui-square test in the quadratic form of the residuals, which evaluates adjustment quality. The variance-covariance matrix of the adjusted coordinates have enable the estimation for point of the trasverse by using the calculation of the geometric parameters of the standard error ellipse, error ellipse, mean squared position error or radial error and circular error probable. Also, data snooping test of Baarda was developed to identify the observations that could present measuring problems. All the procedures were organized in a diagram to make a computer programming easier. In that research, instrumental systematic errors were verified, but they did not impair the method presentation. The adjustment has shown convergence after little iterations, the qui-square tests were in the range of acceptance of the hypotheses; the data snooping test has shown the most reliable observations while the estimations for point were quantified and graphically presented. The author hopes the work contributes to offer an accessible alternative scientifically based to surveyors, under the new paradigm presented by Topography. / O Brasil é um país de grande dimensão que ainda hoje possui vastas áreas virgens de pouca população e possuidoras de terras tidas como devolutas, especialmente na bacia amazônica. A necessidade de um gerenciamento territorial mais efetivo por parte do Estado foi implementada via burocrática com a criação de um cadastro nacional de imóveis rurais georreferenciados, sistema que integrará os órgãos públicos da administração direta e os serviços registrais de terras em uma base comum de dados. A ciência geodésica e os recursos tecnológicos avançados como o Sistema de Posicionamento Global que recebem sinais de rádio de atélites que circundam a Terra e os taquímetros eletrônicos que captam sinais infravermelho refletidos em locações sobre a superfície da Terra possibilitam levantamentos com georreferencias confiáveis para o banco de dados gráfico. O Estado Brasileiro considera que em 10 anos terá uma base de dados abrangente para controlar a apropriação indevida de terras na fronteira agrícola, bem como grande gerência sobre o ordenamento do território nos estados de estrutura agrária consolidada. O presente trabalho foi pensado com o objetivo de agregar valor aos levantamentos topográficos com o uso do ajustamento e de estimativas de qualidade de levantamentos visando atender os preceitos do georrefenciamento. O levantamento de um polígono de 9 (nove) vértices, sendo um usado como ponto de controle, foi implantado no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com taquímetro eletrônico e os dados obtidos trabalhados em uma planilha de cálculo digital. O teste qui-quadrado da forma quadrática do erro de fechamento foi aplicado para avaliação do levantamento como um todo. A seguir foi praticado o ajustamento pelo método dos mínimos quadrados, com o emprego de equações de observação obtidas por variação de coordenadas. A variância da unidade peso a posteriori foi calculada no teste qui-quadrado da forma quadrática dos resíduos que avalia a qualidade do ajustamento. A matriz de variância-covariância das coordenadas ajustadas possibilitou a estimação por ponto da poligonal com o cálculo dos parâmetros das figuras geométricas das elipses dos erros e de confiança e dos círculos do erro de posição e do erro médio. Também o teste data snooping de Baarda foi aplicado para identificação das observações que poderiam apresentar problemas de medições. Todos os procedimentos foram organizados em um fluxograma de forma a facilitar uma programação computacional. No trabalho desenvolvido foram constatados erros sistemáticos instrumentais, que não prejudicaram a apresentação do método. O ajustamento mostrou convergência após poucas iterações, os testes qui-quadrados ficaram na região de aceitação das hipóteses, o teste data snooping mostrou as observações mais confiáveis enquanto que as estimações por ponto foram quantificadas e apresentadas graficamente. O autor espera que a obra contribua para oferecer uma alternativa acessível e fundamentada cientificamente aos profissionais em seus levantamentos, sob o novo paradigma vivido pela Topografia.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de décliner et d’analyser l’algorithme kernel-LMS à noyau Gaussien dans trois cadres différents: celui des noyaux uniques et multiples, à valeurs réelles et à valeurs complexes, dans un contexte d’apprentissage distributé et coopératif dans les réseaux de capteurs. Plus précisement, ce travail s’intéresse à l’analyse du comportement en moyenne et en erreur quadratique de cas différents types d’algorithmes LMS à noyau. Les modèles analytiques de convergence obtenus sont validés par des simulations numérique. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons l’algorithme LMS, les espaces de Hilbert à noyau reproduisants, ainsi que les algorithmes de filtrage adaptatif à noyau existants. Puis, nous étudions analytiquement le comportement de l’algorithme LMS à noyau Gaussien dans le cas où les statistiques des éléments du dictionnaire ne répondent que partiellement aux statistiques des données d’entrée. Nous introduisons ensuite un algorithme LMS modifié à noyau basé sur une approche proximale. La stabilité de l’algorithme est également discutée. Ensuite, nous introduisons deux types d’algorithmes LMS à noyaux multiples. Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur l’analyse de convergence de l’un d’eux. Plus généralement, les caractéristiques des deux algorithmes LMS à noyaux multiples sont analysées théoriquement et confirmées par les simulations. L’algorithme LMS à noyau complexe augmenté est présenté et ses performances analysées. Enfin, nous proposons des stratégies de diffusion fonctionnelles dans les espaces de Hilbert à noyau reproduisant. La stabilité́ de cas de l’algorithme est étudiée. / The main objective of this thesis is to derive and analyze the Gaussian kernel least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm within three frameworks involving single and multiple kernels, real-valued and complex-valued, non-cooperative and cooperative distributed learning over networks. This work focuses on the stochastic behavior analysis of these kernel LMS algorithms in the mean and mean-square error sense. All the analyses are validated by numerical simulations. First, we review the basic LMS algorithm, reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), framework and state-of-the-art kernel adaptive filtering algorithms. Then, we study the convergence behavior of the Gaussian kernel LMS in the case where the statistics of the elements of the so-called dictionary only partially match the statistics of the input data. We introduced a modified kernel LMS algorithm based on forward-backward splitting to deal with $\ell_1$-norm regularization. The stability of the proposed algorithm is then discussed. After a review of two families of multikernel LMS algorithms, we focus on the convergence behavior of the multiple-input multikernel LMS algorithm. More generally, the characteristics of multikernel LMS algorithms are analyzed theoretically and confirmed by simulation results. Next, the augmented complex kernel LMS algorithm is introduced based on the framework of complex multikernel adaptive filtering. Then, we analyze the convergence behavior of algorithm in the mean-square error sense. Finally, in order to cope with the distributed estimation problems over networks, we derive functional diffusion strategies in RKHS. The stability of the algorithm in the mean sense is analyzed.

Least Square Kinetic Upwind Method (LSKUM) belongs to the class of mesh-less method that solves compressible Euler equations of gas dynamics. LSKUM is kinetic theory based upwind scheme that operates on any cloud of points. Euler equations are derived from Boltzmann equation (of kinetic theory of gases) after taking suitable moments. The basic update scheme is formulated at Boltzmann level and mapped to Euler level by suitable moments. Mesh-less solvers need only cloud of points to solve the governing equations. For a complex configuration, with such a solver, one can generate a separate cloud of points around each component, which adequately resolves the geometric features, and then combine all the individual clouds to get one set of points on which the solver directly operates. An obvious advantage of this approach is that any incremental changes in geometry will require only regeneration of the small cloud of points where changes have occurred. Additionally blanking and de-blanking strategy along with overlay point cloud can be adapted in some applications like store separation to avoid regeneration of points. Naturally, the mesh-less solvers have advantage in tackling complex geometries and moving components over solvers that need grids. Conventionally, higher order accuracy for space derivative term is achieved by two step defect correction formula which is computationally expensive. The present solver uses low dissipation single step modified CIR (MCIR) scheme which is similar to first order LSKUM formulation and provides spatial accuracy closer to second order. The maximum time step taken to march solution in time is limited by stability criteria in case of explicit time integration procedure. Because of this, explicit scheme takes a large number of iterations to achieve convergence. The popular explicit time integration schemes like four stages Runge-Kutta (RK4) are slow in convergence due to this reason. The above problem can be overcome by using the implicit time integration procedure. The implicit schemes are unconditionally stable i.e. very large time steps can be used to accelerate the convergence. Also it offers superior robustness. The implicit Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) scheme is very attractive due to its low numerical complexity, moderate memory requirement and unconditional stability for linear wave equation. Also this scheme is more efficient than explicit counterparts and can be implemented easily on parallel computers. It is based on the factorization of the implicit operator into three parts namely lower triangular matrix, upper triangular matrix and diagonal terms. The use of LU-SGS results in a matrix free implicit framework which is very economical as against other expensive procedures which necessarily involve matrix inversion. With implementation of the implicit LU-SGS scheme larger time steps can be used which in turn will reduce the computational time substantially. LU-SGS has been used widely for many Finite Volume Method based solvers. The split flux Jacobian formulation as proposed by Jameson is most widely used to make implicit procedure diagonally dominant. But this procedure when applied to mesh-less solvers leads to block diagonal matrix which again requires expensive inversion. In the present work LU-SGS procedure is adopted for mesh-less approach to retain diagonal dominancy and implemented in 2-D and 3-D solvers in matrix free framework. In order to assess the efficacy of the implicit procedure, both explicit and implicit 2-D solvers are tested on NACA 0012 airfoil for various flow conditions in subsonic and transonic regime. To study the performance of the solvers on different point distributions two types of the cloud of points, one unstructured distribution (4074 points) and another structured distribution (9600 points) have been used. The computed 2-D results are validated against NASA experimental data and AGARD test case. The density residual and lift coefficient convergence history is presented in detail. The maximum speed up obtained by use of implicit procedure as compared to explicit one is close to 6 and 14 for unstructured and structured point distributions respectively. The transonic flow over ONERA M6 wing is a classic test case for CFD validation because of simple geometry and complex flow. It has sweep angle of 30° and 15.6° at leading edge and trailing edge respectively. The taper ratio and aspect ratio of the wing are 0.562 and 3.8 respectively. At M∞=0.84 and α=3.06° lambda shock appear on the upper surface of the wing. 3¬D explicit and implicit solvers are tested on ONERA M6 wing. The computed pressure coefficients are compared with experiments at section of 20%, 44%, 65%, 80%, 90% and 95% of span length. The computed results are found to match very well with experiments. The speed up obtained from implicit procedure is over 7 for ONERA M6 wing. The determination of the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with the control surface deflection is one of the most important and challenging task in aircraft design and development. Many military aircraft use some form of the delta wing. To demonstrate the effectiveness of 3-D solver in handling control surfaces and small gaps, implicit 3-D code is used to compute flow past clipped delta wing with aileron deflection of 6° at M∞ = 0.9 and α = 1° and 3°. The leading edge backward sweep is 50.4°. The aileron is hinged from 56.5% semi-span to 82.9% of semi-span and at 80% of the local chord from leading edge. The computed results are validated with NASA experiments

HIMA! / NOW! - translation from Armenian In light of recent and ongoing protests, demonstrations and riots in Ukraine, Egypt, Israel or Armenia, some actual questions arise such as how is the built environment used as an area of protest, how it is chosen as a focal point or path for resistance, what are the common characteristics of revolutionary spaces and how the environment effects on success. Lack of democracy from the government and in everyday life of Armenia society, total corruption and feeling of impunity oligarchy, the government and most of governmental institutions, weak economic growth accompanied by alarming number of emigration as well as successful scenarios in neighboring Georgia and Ukraine, force to predict a inescapable eruption of protests Armenia in near future. History shows that protests and civil disobedience are inevitable and necessary expressions of dissent in any democratic nation and country. However there are different passive tools to improve democratic institutions in the society and country in general such as public forums, open discussions and debates, freedom of speech and media etc. With this project I want to create a great Park with generous program embracing main democratic principles as a Public Space and Forum for everyone in capital of Armenia, Yerevan, BUT in case of nascent civil resistance the Park will become a space as a tool with urban inventory that people can use, manipulate, claim in order to defend their values and save own life's. This will be a Playground/Fortress for Democracy !

Procedural terrain generation is a field that handles procedural, not by hand, generated realistic looking terrain for use in simulations, video games, movie special effects or art. It allows for creation of vast and far more detailed terrain than humans can create by hand. In this paper a new method for procedural terrain generation is presented. Terrain is generated in three steps. An arbitrarily shaped network oh nodes, a graph, is used as a base to design the shape and layout of terrain features. Common algorithms are used to generate custom terrain features inside the graphs sealed areas and finally the generated terrain is merged into a single piece using a new method. In this manner, more controlled and detailed terrain can be created as the layout and shape of features can be controlled. / Området terräng generering hanterar procedurellt, icke för hand, skapande utav realistisk terräng för användning inom simulationer, data spel, filmers specialeffekter och konst. I denna uppsats presenteras en ny metod för procedurell terräng generation. Terrängen genereras i tre steg. Ett godtyckligt nätverk av noder skapas, en graf, och används som grund för att designa och forma utläggningen av terrängens drag. Kända algoritmer används för att skapa dragen inuti grafens tomma ytor och slutgiltigen sys den genererade terrängen ihop till en sammanhängande helhet med en ny metod. På detta vis kan man skapa mera detaljerad och bättre styrd terräng då man både kan kontrollera dragens former och utläggning. Nyckelord: Terräng, realtid datorgrafik, digital-kartografi, graf-grammatik, Perlin

Square Form Factoring is an <i>O</i>(<i>N</i>^1/4) factoring algorithm developed by D. Shanks using certain properties of quadratic forms. Central to the original algorithm is an iterative search for a square form. We propose a new subexponential-time algorithm called SQUFOF2, based on ideas of D. Shanks and R. de Vogelaire, which replaces the iterative search with a sieve, similar to the Quadratic Sieve.