Ägarlägenheter har funnits i Sverige sedan dess lagstiftning infördes i maj år 2009. Starten för den nya boendeformen var dock trög och många forskare menar att landets dåvarande lågkonjunktur i kombination med informationsbrist var de största orsakerna till att ägarlägenheter inte bildades i samma utsträckning som förväntat. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur beståndet av ägarlägenheter ser ut i Gävle kommun år 2018, om etableringen av ägarlägenheter tagit fart eller om det fortfarande anses vara en oetablerad boendeform. En kvalitativ metod har använts, där intervjuer via telefon och mail genomfördes med olika aktörer på bostadsmarknaden. Intervjuerna återgav aktörernas åsikter om ägarlägenheter som bostadsform och dess situation på bostadsmarknaden. En kvantitativ metod kompletterade undersökningen genom att studera fastighetsregistret och se hur många ägarlägenheter det finns i Gävle kommun och i hela Sverige idag. Ägarlägenheternas etablering har ännu inte tagit fart i Gävle kommun. 14 st ägarlägenheter byggdes år 2011 på Alderholmen i Gävle Strand och är de enda ägarlägenheterna som finns i Gävle idag. Spekulationer finns om ett nytt ägarlägenhetsprojekt i Gävle men några garantier för att byggandet kommer att bli av finns inte. Att ett nytt ägarlägenhetsprojekt initieras är heller inget som kan tolkas som att det blivit en framgångsrik upplåtelseform. Antalet ägarlägenheter i landet har ökat varje år men stegringen har varit varierad. Statistiken visar på en totalsumma på 1204 st registrerade ägarlägenheter i Sverige i slutet på år 2017. Det byggs nya ägarlägenheter på sina håll men att enbart kunna bilda ägarlägenheter genom nyproduktion är en tidskrävande process. En stor kunskapsbrist om upplåtelseformen råder på bostadsmarknaden och begränsar ägarlägenheternas etableringsmöjligheter. En satsning på att marknadsföra ägarlägenheter och belysa dess fördelar skulle krävas för att öka kunskapen och intresset på bostadsmarknaden. Förenklade lagkrav som möjliggör ombildning av befintliga bostäder till ägarlägenheter skulle också kunna möjliggöra uppkomsten av flera ägarlägenheter. / Condominiums have only existed in Sweden since the legislation allowed it in May 2009. However, this new form of living did not get the start that was anticipated by the government. Researches pinpoints the reason for this slow start to the current recession in Sweden in conjunction with lack of information about this new form of living. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stock/population of condominiums in Gävle municipality by the year of 2018. Also, to investigate if the population of condominiums is growing faster or if it’s still considered as an unestablished form of living. For the study a qualitative method have been used, which have consisted of interviews through phone and e-mail with different players on the housing market. The interviews reveled the different player’s opinions regarding condominiums and its position on the housing market. To better the study, a quantitative method by study the cadaster to see how many condominiums there are in Gävle municipality and Sweden today was also done. The establishment of condominiums on the housing market in Gävle municipality have not yet been successful. 14 condominiums were built on Alderholmen in the Gävle harbor in 2011, and is by todays date the only condominiums in Gävle. There are speculations on new projects in Gävle, but there are no fixed building plans or guarantees. To have one new project for condominiums is in itself not a sign that they are established or a success on the housing market in Gävle. The number of condominiums in Sweden have been growing every year, but the growth has been varying. By the end of 2017, there are 1204 registered condominiums in Sweden. New condominiums are being built, but the only possibility to create them by building them from scratch and not changing from an existing housing form is a time-consuming process. In the housing market, there is a large lack of information regarding condominiums which is limiting its growth in popularity. An effort in marketing this form of tenure and highlights its advantages is needed to increase the knowledge and attractiveness on the housing market. Simplified laws which facilitates changing existing forms of tenure to condominiums could also increase the growth of condominiums in the future.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar, a partir de um estudo de caso em uma comunidade tradicional da FLONA do Tapajós, os sistemas locais de apropriação e uso dos recursos e suas implicações para os projetos de manejo comunitário. Foram utilizados métodos convencionais e participativos, com ênfase no mapeamento comunitário. Em geral, os projetos de manejo comunitário assumem que as populações rurais, sob regime de propriedade comum, manejam de forma coletiva todos os recursos. Entretanto, existe um gradiente de apropriação e uso dos recursos, que vai desde o acesso aberto, uso comum até o uso individual. Também concebem as comunidades rurais como unidades sociais indiferenciadas, sem diversidade de interesses e necessidades. Partindo desses pressupostos, os projetos tendem a idealizar a alocação dos recursos como sendo coletivistas, ou seja, todos os moradores de uma mesma comunidade teriam capacidades iguais de poder e recursos. Seguindo essa lógica, muitas intervenções são planejadas visando o uso coletivo dos recursos, quando na realidade existem regras locais e variáveis sociais como: origem das famílias, parentesco, etnicidade, religião, idade e relações de gênero; que definem a apropriação dos recursos e a organização do trabalho nestas comunidades. No caso de Piquiatuba, a comunidade está dividida em cinco núcleos familiares, com diferentes limitações e oportunidades, formados por grupos domésticos fortemente ligados por relações de parentesco e identidade religiosa. Os moradores de cada núcleo partilham sentimentos de localidade, convivência, práticas de trabalho e de auxílio mútuo. Quando os projetos são direcionados aos núcleos familiares, geralmente possuem maiores chances de oferecer respostas mais acertadas aos problemas e necessidades de seus moradores, especialmente daqueles com menos visibilidade e poder, como é o caso dos moradores do núcleo familiar do Vai-Quem-Quer. Além dos fatores internos que definem os sistemas de apropriação dos recursos, o sucesso dos projetos também depende do reconhecimento pelo Estado dos direitos de posse da terra e dos recursos das populações rurais, especialmente daquelas residentes em áreas protegidas, como é o caso das comunidades da FLONA do Tapajós. Quando seus direitos são reconhecidos e respeitados, estas populações sentem-se mais motivadas a investir em práticas de manejo de longo prazo e, ao mesmo tempo, possuem maior garantia e poder de participação nas decisões sobre o uso dos recursos. / The objective this dissertation is to analyze, on the basis of case study of a traditional community in the Tapajós National Forest, local resource uses and tenure systems and their implication to community management projects. Conventional and participatory methods were used, with emphasis on community mapping. In general, projects assume that rural populations, under common property regimes practice collective management of all resources. However, there is a gradient of resource use and tenure, which range from open use, collective use to individual use. Usually these projects conceive rural communities as undifferentiated social units, without diverse interests and needs. These projects tend to idealize resource allocation based in a collectivist view. They consider that all members of individual communities have equal power and access to resources. Based on this logic many community interventions are planned with the intent of promoting collective resource use, despite the existence of local rules and social variables which define resource use and labor organization in these communities, such as: family orign, kinship, ethnicity, religion, age and gender. In the case of Piquiatuba, the community is divided into five different family groups with different limitations and opportunities, and comprised of family groups strongly linked by kinship and religious identity. Members of family groups share feelings of locality, convivance, working practices and mutual support. When the projects are directed to family groups they tend to have grates chances to offe r appropriate solutions to problems and needs of their members, especially those with less visibility and power, such as the case of the family group Vai-Quem-Quer. In addition to the internal factors that define resource use and tenure systems, projects success also depends on the recognition of land tenure rights of local community by the State, specially those residents of protected areas, such as the case of communities of Tapajós National Forest. When their rights are recognized and respected, these populations feel more willing to invest in long term management practices such as forest management and, at the same time, grate power to participate in the resource decision making.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:41:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 debora.pdf: 447911 bytes, checksum: 6800cee4df7ffd1c7a4a4c4472532da0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-06-06 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / O presente trabalho aborda a relação homem - natureza na Amazônia com base no estudo de caso do Assentamento de Reforma Agrária Iporá. A análise centra-se no estudo das formas de uso e propriedade da terra, a partir da trajetória de vida dos assentados. Entendendo que as formas de relação homem-natureza hoje configuradas na Amazônia são resultado de construção histórico social. Para o desenvolvimento de tal abordagem, tomou-se como referência o marcos histórico da Questão Agrária no Brasil e na Amazônia, bem como a constituição dos diferentes segmentos sociais no campo durante o processo de uso e propriedade da terra. Buscou-se, ainda, perceber as implicações impostas pela Questão Agrária na Amazônia, tendo em vista as singularidades quanto à população, natureza e cultura.

O estudo das comunidades Jutaí-Mirim, Campo Verde e Nova Esperança localizadas no município de Concórdia do Pará permite a compreensão acerca dos caminhos da regularização fundiária no Pará. O estudo busca elucidar a diversidade de formas de regularização das terras e, se esta serve de modelo ou não para a diversidade de configuração territorial na região. Busca também compreender como a diversidade de relações entre as comunidades e outros grupos externos a elas acaba por intervir no processo de escolha dos proprietários agrícolas sobre a melhor forma de regularizar suas terras. Para a realização do estudo foram de fundamental importância diversos procedimentos, como a pesquisa de campo, desenvolvida com base na Observação do Participante, na História de Vida, entrevistas abertas/livres e semi-estruturadas, e, diversos registros fotográficos como forma de retratar as práticas sócio-territoriais das famílias. Além da pesquisa de campo foi necessário o levantamento bibliográfico e documental em diversas instituições e entidades. As comunidades Nova Esperança, Campo Verde e Jutaí -Mirim estão localizadas no município de Concórdia do Pará, estado do Pará, e desde fins da década de 1990, as famílias destas comunidades vêm vivenciando intensas discussões sobre a melhor forma de conseguir a regularização de suas posses. O resultado de longos anos de debates foi que, ao invés das três comunidades serem reconhecidas como comunidades remanescentes dos quilombos, que era a proposta inicial, duas delas optaram por escolher outros procedimentos para a regularização. Movimentos sociais, Igreja e entidades tiveram um importante papel nessas escolhas. / The study communities Jutaí-Mirim, Campo Verde and Nova Esperança in the municipality of Concórdia do Pará gives an understanding about the ways of land tenure in Para The study aims to elucidate the diversity of forms of regularization of the land and forge it or not also a diversity of territorial configuration in the region. It also seeks to understand how the different relationships between communities and other groups external to them eventually intervene in the process of choice for farmers on how best to regulate their land. To conduct the study were of fundamental importance various procedures, such as field research, developed based on Participant Observation, in the History of Life, open interviews / open and semi-structured, and as a portrayal of the socio-territorial practices of families were performed several photographs. Besides the field survey was necessary to the bibliographic and documentary in various institutions and entities. Communities Nova Esperança, Campo Verde and Jutaí- Mirim is located in the municipality of Concórdia do Pará, Pará State since the late 1990s, the families of these communities have been experiencing intense discussions about how best to achieve settlement of their possessions . The result of many years of discussion was that, instead of the three communities are recognized as remnants of Quilombo communities, which was originally proposed, two of them chose other procedures for the settlement. Social movements, church organizations and played an important role in these choices.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os desdobramentos de processos de regularização fundiária implantados no Brasil. Para isso, foi desenvolvido estudo de caso do Programa de regularização de terras públicas ocupadas por moradias implantado no município de Osasco, na área metropolitana de São Paulo. A evolução da legislação federal, estadual e municipal ocorrida na última década, assim como a interação entre município e Ministério das Cidades, proporcionaram condições necessárias para a implantação do programa estudado, que objetiva a regularização dominial das áreas públicas municipais ocupadas por moradias. Aproximadamente 90% das favelas inseridas no programa são localizadas em terras públicas originalmente demarcadas como áreas livres em projetos de loteamentos privados. O processo de regularização contou com procedimentos jurídicos que culminaram na outorga de títulos de concessão especial para fins de moradia e concessão de direito real de uso, registrados em Cartório de Registro de Imóveis. Não foram desenvolvidos planos de intervenção física nas áreas regularizadas, ainda que as favelas apresentem parâmetros precários de urbanização. Ficando restrito a procedimentos jurídicos, sem a definição de parâmetros de urbanização, o programa pode levar, como no caso estudado, à cristalização do padrão de expansão periférica da área metropolitana de São Paulo. / This work has as its objective the investigation of land tenure regularization processes in Brazil. In order to achieve this aim, there has been developed a case study of the Land Tenure Regularization Program developed by the local government of Osasco, at the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The evolution of federal, state and municipal law happened at the last decade, as well as the interaction with the Ministry of Cities, provided the needed conditions for the implementation of the studied program, which focuses on the regularization of public land illegally occupied by housing. Approximately 90% of the settlements within the program are located on public land originally designated as green areas of private allotments. The regularization process has counted with juridical procedures, but not with physical intervention plans, although the precarious urbanization parameters existent at the regularized settlements. Due to the priority given to the juridical procedures instead of physical improvements, the studied program leads to the consolidation of the precarious standard of urbanization constituted during the process of expansion of the metropolitan area of São Paulo.

No description available.

The following dissertation sets out to investigate the decline of agriculture in Mission location at Butterworth, Transkei, using the Rehabilitation Scheme as a benchmark. The scheme was introduced in 1945 to combat soil erosion and improve agriculture in the African reserve areas, as the South African government claimed. The dissertation argues that this claim by the government served to mask the real intentions behind the scheme namely, to regiment the migrant labour system by depriving as many Africans as possible of productive land so that they were unable to fully subsist by means of agriculture. This is further shown by analysing the impact of the Rehabilitation scheme in Mission location in which a substantial number of people lost arable land as a result of the implementation of the scheme in 1945. These people were consequently denied the wherewithal to subsist by agriculture. Moreover, the efforts of the government resulted to a modernisation of agriculture by making it more cash-based- for example through the introduction of fencing, the need for tractors as a result of a decline in stock numbers (in part as a result of stock culling). Most people could hardly afford this type of agriculture and were consequently forced off the land. The dissertation concludes that indeed the decline of agriculture in Mission location can be linked to the changing agricultural and land-holding practices brought about by the government- especially the introduction of the Rehabilitation scheme.

This evaluative study aims to identify and analyse conflicts within the South African land reform process that have manifested within Communal Property Institutions, and so doing, devising and providing a mechanism that will assist conflict practitioners to approach these conflicts in an informed manner. It further intends to provide for an approach in order to restore social justice to the land reform process, and so doing, suggesting resolution mechanisms to assist in the process for the reasons that this restoration of land rights was originally intended. This study further seeks to investigate the causes, actions and consequences of protagonistic land claimants and beneficiaries within the land reform process, who have created conflict within their communal property institutions, at the expense of those beneficiaries who are subsequently deprived of their land rights. According to Coate and Rosati (1988), human needs are a powerful source of explanation of human behaviour and social interaction. All individuals have needs that they strive to satisfy, either by using a system of “acting on the fringes” or acting as a reformist or revolutionary. Given this condition, social systems must be responsive to individual needs, or be subject to instability and forced change, possibly through violence or conflict). Humans need a number of essentials to survive. According to the renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow and the conflict scholar John Burton, these essentials go beyond just food, water, and shelter. They include both physical and non-physical elements needed for human growth and development, as well as all those things humans are innately driven to attain. For Maslow, needs are hierarchical in nature. That is, each need has a specific ranking or order of obtainment. Maslow's needs pyramid starts with the basic items of food, water, and shelter. These are followed by the need for safety and security, then belonging or love, self-esteem, and finally, personal fulfilment (Rothman J, 1997). Burton and other needs theorists who have adopted Maslow's ideas to conflict theory, however, perceive human needs in a different way, being rather as an emergent collection of human development essentials (Burton J, 1990). Furthermore, they contend needs do not have a hierarchical order. Rather, needs are sought simultaneously in an intense and relentless manner (Rothman J, 1997). Needs theorists' list of human essentials include safety, a sense of belonging (love), self esteem, personal fulfilment,identity, cultural security, freedom, distributive justice, and participation. The South African land restoration process relies largely on the Constitution of South Africa (1996), with the preamble thereof as its tenets. The three land reform programmes that emanate from the Constitution are the Land Redistribution Programme, the Land Tenure Reform programme, and the Land Restitution programme, which have been used in this study as the point of departure from which deviations are measured and analysed. A number of Communal property Institutions have been considered, the findings of which have been evaluated, investigated and analysed, in order to achieve the aims of this study.

This study examines the dynamics of agricultural change amongst traditional African smallholder farmers in Shixini location, Gatyana District, Transkei. This entailed an examination of the historical, regional and local causes of agricultural change and the response of the local community. What became evident was that there had been a gradual decline in agricultural output after the 1930s due to a combination of socio-economic and environmental constraints. Pressure on limited resources and land degradation, a consequence of socio-economic pressures on the African peasantry and agricultural expansion, reduced carrying capacities and soil fertility within the African reserves. Racially discriminatory policies also reduced African access to agricultural markets and forced peasants into migrant labour. The initial response to this agricultural decline was to maintain cultivation and pastoral practices, despite declining output, and rely more heavily on migrant labour. However, massive population ~owth from the mid 1950s onwards stimulated a rapid change in cultivation practices. Rural households found it increasingly difficult to gain access to arable land in river valleys and growing poverty undermined their ability to cultivate fields. In response to these conditions the rural population abandoned their fields and expanded garden cultivation. Garden cultivation was a more intensive method of cultivation which made more efficient use of household resources, maintained long-term yields and had a less detrimental impact on the soil. This study attempts to make a contribution to southern African historiography and historical geography. Since the rise of radical human geography in the 1970s there has been a growing number of political economy studies focusing on capitalist expansion, racially discriminatory state policies and associated class conflicts in South Africa. However, most of these studies have focused on urban communities. The political economy of African rural areas has been sorely neglected by human geographers despite the enormous growth of such studies amongst historians and other social scientists. This study of agricultural change in Shixini location, Transkei adds to the small collection of geographical research on the political economy of African rural areas. It also adds to the large body of historical research by focusing on the recent past, a much less well documented period. The most important component of the study was an examination of the response of the rural community to socio-economic and environmental changes. This brought the often neglected role of human agency within the world political economy into the study. Environmental factors, often neglected by'historians and human geographers, were also brought into the analysis. The examination of such a broad range of factors was facilitated through the use of a wide variety of source material including historical, anthropological and socio-economic literature, official statistics, archival records, aerial photographs and a sample survey

M.A. (Deveopment Studies) / The imbalance of property ownership in South Africa dates back to the settlement of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape. The Europeans did not originally plan an expanding colony, only a trade station for providing ships with vegetables, water and meat. Property ownership did not occur at the time, although a certain degree of property utilization did exist. The white colonists as well as the black native population needed property for a similar reason, namely for farming. Competition was therefore inevitable. Although a policy of partition regarding blacks and whites was encouraged, it was not based on constitutional law. since 1910 segregation however formed an integral part of the law of the Union of South Africa, and in 1913 and 1936 these important laws were romulgated. The passing of these laws resulted in 20% of the population (whites) presently owning 80% of land property in South Africa. Since 2 February 1990 phenomenal changes have taken place in South Africa. As a result of these changes, as well as several additional factors, it became clear that land tenure reform should take place in south Africa. One of the most important objectives regarding property ownership in the international context, constitutes the provision of property ownership rights in favour of those who did not possess any such rights in the past. Land tenure reform in Africa has always been politically inspired, as has become evident from reforms which have taken place after independence in most African countries. In South Africa it is not a question of whether land tenure reform will take place, but to what extent and by which modus operandi. This study aims at determining the nature of the view points of the African National Congress (ANC) and the National Party (NP) regarding land tenure reform. As a result of their positioning in the south African society, these two political groups will play an important role in determining the modus operandi' for land tenure reform. various differences of opinion as well as agreements on a policy of land tenure reform by these two political groups agreed upon were identified in this dissertation. Both groups agree that land tenure reform should take place, however, no agreement can be reached on the modus operandi. The ANC favours a policy of Government involvement in land tenure reform as well as a restriction on the quantity of property individuals are allowed to own. The National Party however, favours land tenure reform determined by market-related policies and unrestricted property ownership, which can be supplemented by letting properties. Land tenure reform should accommodate the needs of the largest possible section of the popUlation. The success of land tenure reform is determined by the degree to which the needs of the population are adhered to. At the same time, it has to be accepted that production will be of utmost importance for the allocation of agricultural property.