La lutte contre la délinquance de lucre et de trafic repose aujourd’hui en France sur une stratégie fondée principalement sur l’appréhension des avoirs illicites ainsi générés par cette activité. En pratique, la loi française a conféré aux magistrats, et sous certaines conditions aux enquêteurs, des prérogatives très offensives permettant de placer sous-main de justice des biens patrimoniaux très en amont de la procédure, au plus tôt, et ce indépendamment du droit de propriété et de la présomption d’innocence. Cependant, si la loi a grandement réformé le droit des saisies en créant les saisies pénales spéciales, elle n’a pas donné le cadre à un droit de l’exécution des confiscations. En effet, la confiscation reste le pivot de l’enquête pénale patrimoniale, même si les saisies pénales spéciales en sont aujourd’hui le moteur. Pourtant, l’absence d’une procédure post-sentence est de nature à ouvrir un nouvel espace d’opportunité pour permettre aux condamnés de dissiper une partie de leurs biens. C’est la raison pour laquelle le droit pénal patrimonial français devrait connaître une mise à jour pour conférer à la justice un cadre complet pour garantir que le crime ne paie pas / In France, the money-laundering and trafficking fight is based on a apprehension of the illicit assets strategy. French law give to magistrates, and under conditions to investigators, very offensive prerogatives to seize property assets very early in the proceedings and regardless of the property and the presumption of innocence rights. However, the law largely reformed law of seizures by creating special criminal seizures, it did not provide a framework for confiscation enforcement. Indeed, confiscation remains the pivot of criminal property investigation, although special criminal seizures are now the driving force. The absence of a post sentential procedure is likely to open a new space of opportunity for the convicteds to dissipate part of their property. This is the reason why French criminal law should be updated to give justice a complete framework to ensure that crime does not pay

The Tax on Rural Property (ITR), constitutionally provided and regulated by Law 9.393/96, has rates ranging from 0.03 to 20%, applied to the value of rural land. What we intend to unveil in the present study is that the rate of 20% tax ceases to have effect and becomes confiscation activity prohibited by the Constitution of 1988 in its article 150, item IV.Apresenta is therefore a stir caused by the absence of constitutional legislation, which demarcate a boundary between what is considered a tribute and what comes to be able to fit confisco.Para or not the ITR and its rate of 20% on the land, it is imperative to check the current forms of distinction between what you consider tax and confiscate. Finally, there is a fine line between tax and confiscate? Or what differentiates these practices would be an abyss? What really noticed is that the tax burden is overwhelming in this country, generating, in Brazil, the impression of no limits for the recovery of tributos.Ocorre that limit the collection of taxes there is exaggerated in the Constitutional text of 1988, more precisely in the art. 150, section IV, which prohibits the confiscation. However, this clause of the Constitution by the majority errs by not providing, to the taxpayer, parameters that allow the correct view of what will be confiscated, causing you the feeling of abandonment before the voracity state. / O Imposto sobre a Propriedade Territorial Rural (ITR), previsto constitucionalmente e regulado pela Lei 9.393/96, apresenta alíquotas que variam de 0,03 a 20%, aplicadas sobre o valor fundiário do imóvel rural. O que se pretende descortinar nesse presente estudo é que a alíquota de 20% deixa de ter efeito tributário e passa a ser confisco, atividade proibida pela própria Constituição Federal de 1988 em seu artigo 150, inciso IV.Apresenta-se, pois, uma celeuma provocada pela ausência de legislação infraconstitucional, que demarque um limite entre o que é considerado tributo e o que vem a ser confisco.Para poder enquadrar ou não o ITR e sua alíquota de 20% sobre o valor fundiário, é imperioso verificar as formas atuais de distinção entre o que se considera tributar e confiscar. Enfim, existe uma linha tênue entre tributar e confiscar? Ou o que diferencia tais práticas seria um verdadeiro abismo? O que de fato se percebe é que a carga tributária é avassaladora nesse país, gerando, no brasileiro, a impressão da ausência de limites para a cobrança de tributos.Ocorre que o limite à cobrança exagerada de tributos existe no Texto Constitucional de 1988, mais precisamente no art. 150, inciso IV, que veda o confisco. Porém, o referido inciso da Carta Magna peca pela generalidade, não fornecendo, ao contribuinte, parâmetros que possibilitem a visualização correta do que venha a ser confisco, gerando-lhe a sensação de abandono frente à voracidade estatal. / Mestre em Direito Público

本文從台灣洗錢防制法第18條第2項條文規定出發，探討擴大利得沒收之概念、性質及其適用要件。釐清目前各國就某「高度懷疑來源自不法」的財產所具有的不同處理方式，大致可區分為兩種：以德國法為例的擴大利得沒收及以英美法為例的非以定罪為基礎之沒收。通過了解德國新舊刑法中關於擴大利得沒收的規定及變化，嘗試回答台灣法中的擴大利得沒收制度究竟應該如何理解，有何修正空間。其中，就台灣擴大利得沒收條文中所設置的「常習性」、「集團性」兩大限定要件進行了具體分析，明確其意涵。最後，對擴大利得沒收遭受的相關疑義進行了回應，肯定其作為沒收類型之一而具有一般性，應當納入刑法典。 / This research starts from the article 18(2) of the Money Laundering Control Act, trying to discuss the concept, the nature and the usage of the extended confiscation. Basically, there are two different ways to deal with the property which are under highly suspicion that it is derived from criminal conduct. One is the extended confiscation represented by German law, and the other one is the non-conviction-based confiscation represented by the U.S law. Taiwan uses the same way as German, thus the research focusing on the comparison between German law and Taiwanese law, trying to find out the suggestion for revision.

La mise en œuvre de mesures restrictives de gel ainsi que de mesures judiciaires de saisie et de confiscation des avoirs de dirigeants d'État étrangers constitue un phénomène contemporain du droit international. Ces mesures représentent également le versant coercitif des efforts internationaux de développement de l'État de droit, en s'attaquant à la cause endogène la plus symptomatique de ses dysfonctionnements, à savoir la dénaturation des fonctions exercées par la classe des dirigeants, que ce soit à son profit, ou bien pour mettre en œuvre une politique d'État contraire aux règles les plus essentielles du droit international. Les mesures forment ensemble un réseau complexe de procédures dont la validité peut être justifiée, mais également contestée, par référence au droit international. À ce titre, l'encadrement du phénomène repose sur les règles qui régissent non seulement le titre de compétence de l'État au sein duquel les avoirs sont entreposés et les règles d'immunité qui conditionnent son exercice, mais encore les limites au déploiement des mesures sous l'angle du respect des garanties du droit international des droits de l'homme. Les limites juridiques posées par le droit international à l'exercice des pouvoirs de l'État entreposant les avoirs connaissent des mutations vertigineuses. Les zones d'ombres qui jalonnent les conditions de validité du phénomène au droit international autorisent, de ce point de vue, à rechercher et analyser les règles de droit qui sont à même d'en garantir le bien-fondé et l'effectivité. / The implementation of asset freezing and asset confiscation of politically exposed persons is a contemporary phenomenon of international law. These measures represent the coercive side of the promotion of the rule of law, tackling the most symptomatic cause of its breakdowns - the distortion of the functions of State leaders' to their own profit or to conduct a state policy that violates the most elementary rules of international law. Together, these measures amount to a complex network of procedures whose validity may be justified but also contested, referring to international law. This phenomenon is framed by the rules which govern the jurisdiction of the States in which assets are stored and by the rules of immunity affecting its exercise. It also falls within the scope of international human rights law. The way by which international law may allow or restrict the power to implement these measures has significantly changed in recent years. The validity of this phenomenon with regards to international law remains unclear. These grey areas call for an analysis of the legal rules which could guarantee their legitimacy and effectiveness.

Il lavoro concerne il tema del contrasto patrimoniale alla criminalità organizzata e la confisca di prevenzione ante delictum (art. 24, d.lgs. n. 159/2011). Lo spregiudicato ricorso a questo strumento ha creato una confusione tra i piani della prevenzione (ante delictum) e della repressione (post delictum) della criminalità. Si nota, inoltre, la tendenza della confisca a sconfinare verso settori d’intervento della giustizia penale differenti da quelli per i quali è espressamente prevista. La Parte prima della tesi è dedicata alla ricostruzione delle origini storiche delle misure di prevenzione patrimoniali, nonché ai presupposti e alle finalità di sequestro e confisca. La Parte seconda affronta il problema della natura giuridica della confisca. Alla dottrina che si è espressa per la sostanziale natura sanzionatoria della misura (formalmente) di “prevenzione”, si oppone la giurisprudenza che la estromette dalla materia penale e dalle garanzie (costituzionali e convenzionali). La Parte terza è dedicata alla ‘sfida’ del principio di proporzione: la verifica della ragionevolezza della confisca secondo il modello del giudizio trilaterale. Nelle conclusioni si espongono delle considerazioni sui rapporti tra prevenzione ante delictum e principio di sussidiarietà, nell’ottica di una valorizzazione dell’idea di gradualità e di promozione dell’uguaglianza tra cittadini. / The work concerns the contrast against organized crime and the preventive confiscation (art. 24, d.lgs. n. 159/2011). The use of confiscation has created a confusion between the plans of crime prevention (ante delictum) and crime repression (post delictum). The first part of the thesis concerns: reconstruction of the historical origins of the preventive system; conditions and purposes of seizure and confiscation. The second part deals with the problem of the legal nature of confiscation. The doctrine has been expressed for substantial punitive measure; jurisprudence excludes confiscation from criminal law and its guarantees. The third part concerns the 'challenge' of the principle of proportionality: the verification of the reasonableness of confiscatione. The conclusions expose the considerations on the relationship between prevention ante delictum and the principle of subsidiarity, to valorize the idea of gradually and of equality between citizens.

This thesis analyses the history of the property fund of the Hluboka Schwarzenberg family branch throughout the period of World War 2 up to the consequent years, focused especially on the post-war development. Careful analyses of this question is also about to bring a deeper view of the society's political and sociological setting in the focused period, especially from the point of the view of the consequences accompanying the passing of statute No. 143/1947 Sb., including the proces of its origin itself. A part of the theses also examines the direct impact of the statute to the Schwarzenberg family itself. In my work, the history of the property of the Hluboka branch of the Schwarzenberg family is folowed, up to the moment of the definite integration of the property fund into the socialistic economical system, bringing the destruction of its unity.

There are only a few works available dealing with the Czech Early New Times and not mentioning the name of Pavel Michna z Vacínova. The man who succeeded in overcoming barriers of his middle class origin and making himself an indispensable advisor to top representatives of the Czech Kingdom and even Emperor Ferdinand II and to manage elevation to Imperial Earldom towards the end of his life. Michna, a butcher's son from Budyně nad Ohří, became thanks to patronage of the High Chancellor of the Czech Kingdom Zdeněk Vojtěch Popel z Lobkowicz in the early part of the 17th century the Czech Kingdom Court Office Secretary and reinforced a group of catholic militants who gradually started to exploit the Czech Kingdom Court Office for the benefit of their own influence at the expense of Protestant majority. Even though Michna had signed the Imperial Charter of Rudolf II that guaranteed all subjects in the Kingdom freedom of worship, he alone prosecuted Protestants during his office period in the Czech Kingdom Court Office and was aiming to restrict their rights. The hate of Protestants against Michna culminated on May 23, 1618, when he should have been one of the victims of the Defenestration of Prague. He had learned of plans of the plotters on time and rescued himself fleeing to Vienna to the Imperial...

The diploma thesis examines the property penalties in the Czech legislation and in terms of their legal provisions, but also the application of the practice. Its aim is to criminal penalties, which the perpetrators bring harm to their property interests, define, describe the conditions for their storage and performance and also to characterize development in their store, and even in terms of statistical data. Finally, the author aims to point out the options, which would in practice have brought a higher level of use of the property penalties. In the work are also included selected aspects of property records abroad with the intention to draw inspiration, where there are these kinds of punishments the normal alternative to unconditional imprisonment. The work deals with the definition of punishment, its purpose, the position in the system of penalties, followed by a chapter on the historical punishment of offenders. The largest part of the work consists of an analysis of individual securities sentencing - confiscation of proparty, financial penalty, forfeiture of things - and the protective measures - detainer. For each of these institutes are described the conditions for their storage and performance. The following are the chapter on property sanctions for legal persons, the measures relating to...

A perda de bens, como efeito da condenação penal, também referida como confisco, consiste na transferência ao poder público do produto e do proveito derivado da infração penal, ressalvado o direito do lesado e do terceiro de boa-fé. O estudo cuidou de duas espécies de perda de bens no Direito Penal brasileiro: a perda clássica, que atinge os bens, direitos e valores, direta ou indiretamente, derivados da infração penal, ou seja, o patrimônio ilícito do condenado, e a perda subsidiária, que se resume na perda do patrimônio lícito do agente, em parcela equivalente ao patrimônio ilícito. A perda de bens é importante para a prevenção e repressão à criminalidade organizada, cuja atuação volta-se para a busca do lucro. O processo penal brasileiro possui mecanismos importantes para tratar dos efeitos decorrentes da perda e bens, tais como as medidas cautelares reais. Porém, boa parte de sua estrutura é voltada para o acertamento da culpabilidade e com a perspectiva de um crime comum. Convenções internacionais, que inclusive foram ratificadas pelo Brasil, deram um impulso mundial para a valorização dos aspectos patrimoniais oriundos da criminalidade organizada. Isso fez surgir um novo paradigma para o processo penal em todo o globo, que deve ser também inserido no processo penal brasileiro. Antes de mudanças legislativas, a valorização da perspectiva patrimonial impõe a necessidade do surgimento de uma nova cultura e mentalidade do operador do direito. Isso irá repercutir desde na investigação criminal até no destino dos bens perdidos. Não mais basta evidenciar a materialidade delitiva e a autoria para os casos que envolvem a criminalidade organizada, mas é preciso identificar e assegurar o patrimônio suspeito. É preciso instituir agências públicas com a finalidade específica de atuar para a preservação dos bens acautelados e para dar-lhes, com a declaração de perda, um destino social justo. No plano legislativo, é preciso instituir a perda alargada, com critérios legítimos e proporcionais, para que o patrimônio do imputado, desproporcional e sem comprovação lícita, também possa ser objeto de perda. Esse instituto projetado elimina a necessidade de se vincular o patrimônio do agente a alguma infração penal. Para a preservação do equilíbrio entre eficiência e garantismo, é preciso instituir, visando à aplicação da perda alargada, um procedimento penal autônomo e com critérios probatórios claros e adequados para o acertamento patrimonial. / The confiscation, as effect of criminal conviction, consists of the transfer to the government the product and the benefit derived from a criminal offense, subject to the right of the injured party and the third party in good faith. There are two kinds of confiscation in the Brazilian Penal law: classic confiscation, which affects the assets, rights and values, directly or indirectly derived from a criminal offense, in other words, the illicit assets of the convict, and the subsidiary confiscation, which is the forfeiture of the illicit assets of the offender, equivalent to illicit equity tranche. The confiscation of property is important for the prevention and repression of organized crime, whose performance turns to the pursuit of profit.The Brazilian criminal procedure has important mechanisms to treat the effects of confiscation of assets such as real precautionary measures. However, much of its structure is geared towards testifying the culpability and the prospect of a common crime. International conventions have even been ratified by Brazil, gave a global push for the appraisal of the aspects of equity derived from organized crime. This made a new paradigm for the criminal justice system to arise across the globe, which should also be inserted in the Brazilian system. Prior to legislative changes, the valuation of the equity perspective imposes the necessity of the emergence of a new culture and mindset of the lawyers, prosecutors and judges. This will play a decisive role in the criminal investigation as well as the final destination of the confiscated assets. A real evidence of a criminal offense and its authorship for cases involving organized crime is not enough, it is necessary to identify and assure the suspect equity. It is required to establish public agencies for the specific purpose of acting for the preservation of freezing assets and give them, with the confiscated assets, an equitable social destination. On the legislative front, it is required to introduce the extended confiscation with legitimate and proportionate criteria, so that the assets of the accused, disproportionate and without lawful evidence, may also be subject to confiscation. This institute designed eliminates the need to link the wealth of the agent with any criminal offense. To preserve the balance between efficiency and fundamental rights, it is necessary to institute, aimed at applying the extended confiscation, an autonomous procedure with clear and suitable evidentiary criteria for certifying the assets.

A aplicação das normas tributárias produz efeitos comportamentais e patrimoniais, os quais se projetam sobre o conteúdo dos direitos fundamentais. Tais efeitos restringem a disponibilidade do titular desses direitos sobre os bens que integram o seu conteúdo. Os bens protegidos pelos direitos fundamentais são ações, situações ou posições jurídicas, os quais condicionam a existência de um estado de coisas desejado pelo seu titular. Há bens que são essenciais à promoção de um mínimo de eficácia individual ao direito. Eles se encontram na chamada zona do núcleo essencial do direito fundamental, a qual é protegida absolutamente contra os efeitos restritivos provocados pelas normas tributárias. Há, por outro lado, bens importantes e bens supérfluos a essa eficácia individual e mínima. Eles se encontram, respectivamente, nas zonas dos bens importantes e supérfluos. O efeito de confisco ocorre toda vez que da aplicação da norma tributária decorre a restrição à disponibilidade do titular do direito sobre um bem essencial. Esse efeito equivale à ineficácia do direito. Vale dizer, o efeito de confisco ocorre quando a norma tributária impede ou desencoraja o exercício do direito pelo seu titular. Logo, o postulado da proibição aos efeitos de confisco veda que quaisquer normas tributárias, independentemente do fim que justifica a sua aplicação (fiscais ou extrafiscais), venham a provocar a ineficácia dos direitos fundamentais, especialmente dos direitos à propriedade, à liberdade e à vida humana digna. A construção de um núcleo essencial específico a partir da análise de casos concretos possibilita a criação de regras de aplicação desse postulado aos novos casos a serem enfrentados. Então, toda vez que a norma tributária der causa à indisponibilidade sobre um bem essencial à eficácia mínima do direito, restará inobservado o postulado que proíbe os efeitos de confisco no direito tributário. / The application of tax law rules produces financial and behavior effects that will reflect over fundamental rights. Such reflections can restrict the individual’s availability over these rights or its full contents. The protection offered by fundamental rights are legal actions, situations or positions, that will give the limits for the existence of a state of things wished by its holder. There are rights that are essential for the promotion of the individual’s minimum. They are found in an area so called “essential center of the fundamental right”. This area is absolutely protected against restrictive effects caused by tax law. To be said, also, that there are important rights and less important rights to enforce this individual minimum. The tax confiscation effect occurs every time the application of a tax rule restricts the individual’s availability over an essential right. This effect means ineffectiveness of the rule. In other words, the tax confiscation effect happens when the tax rule obstructs or discourages the full exercise of the individual’s right. Therefore, the prohibition of the tax confiscation effect forbids that any tax rule, independently of it’s nature (fiscal or non fiscal), will cause ineffectiveness of a fundamental right, specially when concerning propriety, liberty or human dignity. The construction of an specific essential center of fundamental right, from existing legal cases, makes possible the creation of certain application rules for new cases to come. Therefore every time a tax rule causes the ineffectiveness of an essential right, it’ll have violated the fundamental idea of the prohibition of the tax confiscation effect.