In den letzten Jahren wird im Bezirk Jurbarkas ein Anwachsen der Kriminalitätsrate festgestellt, obwohl er nicht zu den Bezirken zählt, in denen die Indikatoren besonders hoch sind (Im Kreis Tauragė steht der Indikator ebenfalls an vorletzter Stelle). Einen besonders negativen Beitrag zum Ansteigen der Kriminalitätsrate liefert die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit (obwohl sie seit 2003 etwas zurück ging). Sowohl die Arbeitslosigkeit als auch die Kriminalität werd durch das Angrenzen von Jurbarkas an das Gebiet Kaliningrad der Russischen Föderation beeinflusst. Aus Kaliningrad führen die Einwohner des Bezirks Tabak, Alkohol, Brennstoffe und andere Schmuggelwaren nach Litauen ein. Es gibt auch Angaben, dass aus Jurbarkas gestohlene Kraftfahrzeuge nach Kaliningrad geschafft werden. Einen großen Anteil an der Kriminalitätsstruktur des Bezirks Jurbarkas haben Diebstähle und andere Vergehen an Eigentum. An zweiter Stelle stehen Vergehen, die mit der Herstellung und Realisierung von hausgemachten alkoholischen Getränken in Verbindung stehen. Die Kriminalitätsstruktur hat sich besonders 2000-2002 verändert, bis dahin haben Diebstähle lediglich 39% der Vergehen ausgemacht (und dahingehend unterschied sich Jurbarkas von anderen Bezirken, in denen gerade diese Vergehen dominierten), und 2003-2005 stieg dieser Teil bis auf 58%. 2003-2005 sank ebenfalls die Aufklärungsrate von Verbrechen und die Zahl von Vergehen, die von Minderjährigen und Betrunkenen begangen wurden, nahmen stark zu. Der Bezirk... [to full text]

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The principal aim of the presented Paper is an analysis of the system of prevention of delinquency of the under-age persons, the attitude of pupils towards the early prevention of children and teenagers and offering versions of its optimization. The hypothesis: measures of early prevention of delinquency, taken by qualified pedagogues upon application active methods, that conform to the needs and age of pupils, should be assessed positively. Unoccupancy is one of the factors affecting delinquency of the under-age. The scope of the investigation: 274 pupils of the 6-12th grades of a secondary school. The methods of the investigation: theoretical analysis of the references related to the subject, questioning of pupils, statistical analysis of the data of quantitative analysis and the method of generalization. On the base of the investigation, the following assumptions may be formulated: · A majority of crimes is committed by unoccupied children and teenagers. Their unoccupancy is an increased risk factor. · Failure to investigate the needs of children and teenagers as well as failure to take them into account form preconditions for their delinquency. The activities organized by qualified pedagogues, taking into account the age and needs of pupils, prevent children and teenagers from delinquency.

This thesis provides an exploration into the extent to which different types of care environment are criminogenic. It investigates: kinship; foster; and residential care, from the perspectives of care leavers, members of the Leaving Care Team [LCT] and carers. The research looks at experiences: before; during; and after care, with quantitative risk assessment and semi structured interviews. The overall aim of this thesis is to evaluate the extent to which different types of care environments have the propensity to be criminogenic and highlight what can be changed to improve life chances of looked after children, free from offending. In order to do so, the following research questions were central: are care environments criminogenic?; to what extent does the Risk and Protective Factors Paradigm [RPFP] successfully measure this?;to what extent does attachment to significant others help answer this question?; and what, if anything, can be done to reduce criminogenic risk in care?The main findings within the risk assessments showed residential placements to be the most criminogenic, with the highest increase of risk ‘during care’ and reduction after care. Foster placements had constant risk levels, showing concerns with the ability of foster care to reduce risk. With kinship placements being seen as the least criminogenic. All participant groups, showed Living arrangements, Emotional/Mental Health and Family/Personal Relationships to be the biggest influence to offending. The central findings from the semi structured interviews were as follows: attachment underpins the experience of risk; Clear differences within institutional versus family settings, with long term foster care offering same outcomes as kinship; having ‘no one to let down’ was the most cited reason for offending. The recommendations were as follows: Recommendations for research: urgent prospective longitudinal studies focused on attachment in care and its consequences on risk and offending. Recommendations for practitioners: focus on attachment; listen to the cared-for and carers more closely and consistently. Recommendations for policy makers: invest in and plan for high quality care for all placements; transform residential care, moving away from authoritarian parenting practices; have a 'care-revolution' in terms of attachment-focussed training, monitoring and practice; mainstream family preservation/early intervention programmes (alternatives to care) and massively recruit foster- and kin-carers.

Economical criminality and various kinds of criminal activities to economics take a significant part in overall Lithuanian criminality. The growth of economical criminality is determined by more professional and more organized level of criminals. It is mainly criminality through economics which brings the biggest harm to the country and its people and when criminals steal the biggest sums of money. The number of various criminal activities to economics is constantly growing and none can escape from this. Separate region, districts and municipalities have separate and different distribution and spread of economical criminalities. Telsiai municipality and its districts hold the most popular economical criminalities that are connected with fiddling and illegal production, holding or realization of alcoholical drinks. Legal institutions are fighting with these criminal cases with all possible tools and methods, but not always it is enough. In order to eliminate effectively criminal cases such as: fiddling and illegal production, holding or realization of alcoholical drinks – it is necessary to analyze properly the structure of these criminal cases, tendencies, stimulating aspects and define the persons involved. This Paper of Master’s covers the analysis of economical criminal and other criminal cases connected with fiddling and illegal production, holding or realization of alchoholical drinks in Telsiai district. Beside analysis, the paper covers its legal assessment and... [to full text]

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Nusikalstamumas lydi visuomenę tiek laiko, kiek egzistuoja pati visuomenė, todėl nusikalstamumo priežasčių klausimas turbūt niekada nepraras savo aktualumo. Priežasčių, kurios skatina žmones daryti nusikalstamas veikas, yra labai daug, jos tarpusavyje sąveikauja ir jų sąveika yra gana sudėtinga. Atskiras priežastis, taip pat jų grupes, aiškina atskiros kriminologinės teorijos, kurios vadinamos nusikalstamumo priežasčių teorijomis. Nusikalstamumas yra toks socialinis reiškinys, kuris negali būti panaikintas visiškai, nors laikui bėgant jis gali mažėti arba didėti. Būtent todėl visais laikais buvo stengiamasi sumažinti nusikalstamumo rodiklius ir būtent dėl to visada buvo skiriamas ypatingas dėmesys nusikalstamų veikų padarymo priežasčių išsiaiškinimui. Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas yra nusikalstamumo priežasčių teorijos. Nagrinėjant šias teorijas siekiama nustatyti įvairių nusikalstamumo priežasčių teorijų tarpusavio santykį, jų sąveiką. Egzistuoja dešimtys nusikalstamumo priežasčių teorijų ir jų skaičius palaipsniui didėja, tačiau trūksta įvairių teorijų siūlomų nusikalstamumo priežasčių sąsajos klausimo išnagrinėjimo. Nagrinėjant nusikalstamumo priežasčių teorijas susiduriama su tokiomis problemomis, kaip teorijų gausa, kai kurių teorijų tarpusavio prieštaravimas bei teorijų santykinumas. Siekiant nustatyti įvairių nusikalstamumo priežasčių teorijų tarpusavio santykį, šiame darbe šios teorijos yra sugretinamos įvairiais pagrindais. / The crime prevails as long as the society exists, that’s why the question of crime reasons will never loose its relevancy. There is lot of reasons which stimulates people to commit crimes, they interact among each other and their interaction is rather difficult. Separate theories of criminology explore different reasons of criminality or their groups; these theories are called the theories of criminality reasons. Criminality is so kind of social phenomenon, that can’t be absolutely cancelled, although in the course of time it can decrease or increase. For this reason at all times there was made a lot of efforts in order to solve the problem of criminality and to decrease the index of criminality. The object of this work is the theories of criminality reasons. The aim of our research is to define a relation among different theories of criminality reasons. There do exist a lot of theories of criminality reasons and their number is growing, but there is a lack of researches that could clarify the interaction of these theories. Researching the theories of criminality reasons it is confronted with such problems like plenty of theories. Moreover, some theories contradict to each other and a lot of theories are comparative. In this work different theories of criminality reasons are compared in various bases in order to define a relation among them.

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This project represents one of the few major pieces of research into women’s narratives of political incarceration and is an examination of first person accounts written against a backdrop of significant historical events in twentieth-century Germany. I explore the ways in which the writers use their published accounts as an attempt to come to terms with their incarceration (either during or after their imprisonment). Such an undertaking involves examining how the writer ‘performs’ femininity within the de-feminising context of prison, as well as how she negotiates her self-representation as a ‘good’ woman. The role of language as a means of empowerment within the disempowering environment of incarceration is central to this investigation. Rosa Luxemburg’s prison letters are the starting point for the project. Luxemburg was a key female political figure in twentieth-century Germany and her letters encapsulate prevalent notions about womanhood, prison, and political engagement that are perceptible in the subsequent texts of the thesis. Luise Rinser’s and Lore Wolf’s diaries from National Socialist prisons show, in their different ways, how the writer uses language to ‘survive’ prison and to constitute herself as a subject and woman in response to the loss of self experienced in incarceration. Margret Bechler’s and Elisabeth Graul’s retrospective accounts of GDR incarceration give insight into the elastic concept of both the political prisoner and the ‘good’ woman. They demonstrate their authors’ endeavours to achieve a sense of autonomy and reclaim the experience of prison using narrative. All of the narratives are examples of the role of language in resisting an imposed identity as ‘prisoner’, ‘criminal’ and object of the prison system.