O presente estudo objetivou determinar um protocolo para sedação de veados-mateiros (Mazama americana) que permitisse procedimentos comumente utilizados no manejo dessa espécie em cativeiro. Foram utilizados seis animais adultos, pesando 38,4 ± 5 Kg, pertencentes ao Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (UNESP - Jaboticabal). Os animais foram submetidos a dois tratamentos, com um intervalo mínimo de 30 dias entre eles, a saber: AX-0,5 - associação de 1 mg/kg de azaperone e 0,5 mg/kg de xilazina via intramuscular (IM) e AX-1,0 - associação de 1 mg/kg de azaperone e 1 mg/kg de xilazina (IM). A partir da administração do tratamento (0 minuto) foram avaliados os tempos para latência da sedação, para decúbito esternal, para a manipulação segura e para a manipulação sem segurança. Ainda, foram avaliados a qualidade da contenção química por meio da somatória de pontos obtida com a utilização de uma escala descritiva adaptada, a cada 10 minutos, por até 90 minutos, parâmetros fisiológicos (FC, fR, PAM e To) a cada 10 minutos, durante 60 minutos, perfil ácido-base e eletrolítico (pH, PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3-, EB, SaO2, Na+ e K+) aos 10, 30 e 60 minutos e lactato sérico aos 30 e 60 minutos pós-tratamentos. As diferenças foram consideradas significantes quando P < 0,05. O período de latência da sedação e período para os animais apresentarem decúbito esternal foram maiores em AX-0,5 (7 ± 6,6 e 12 ± 9,7 minutos, respectivamente) em relação a AX-1,0 (5 ± 2,0 e 6 ± 3,1 minutos respectivamente), porém não houve diferenças entre os grupos para os demais tempos avaliados. A qualidade da contenção química diferiu entre os grupos a partir de 60 minutos, observando-se possibilidade de manipulação sem segurança a partir de 60 minutos para AX-0,5 e de 90 minutos para AX-1,0. Não houve diferenças entre FC, fR, PAM e To e o lactato sérico entre os momentos nem entre os grupos. Em relação ao perfil ácido-base e eletrólitico, AX-0,5 apresentou diferenças em pH, HCO3-,, EB e K+, com valores aos 60 minutos superiores aos valores em 10 minutos, e AX-1,0 apresentou diferenças apenas para EB também com valores aos 60 minutos superiores aos 10 minutos. Diante dos resultados conclui-se que os dois protocolos promoveram sedação adequada e que a escolha entre eles deve ser pautada pela índole do animal. Embora não tenham ocorrido alterações fisiológicas consideráveis em nenhum dos grupos, sugere-se a suplementação de oxigênio nos primeiros 30 minutos de contenção química. / The aim of this study was to determine a sedation protocol for red brockets (Mazama Americana) that allows common handling procedures for captive individuals of this species. Six adult animals, weighing 38.4 ± 5 kg, from Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (UNESP - Jaboticabal) were used in the study. They underwent two treatments with a 30 days washout period: AX-0.5 with 1 mg/kg azaperone and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine, intramuscularly (IM), and AX-1.0 with 1 mg/kg azaperone and 1 mg/kg xylazine, IM. From the moment of drug administration (0 minute) latency periods for sedation, sternal recumbency, safe handling and unsafe handling were recorded. The quality of chemical restraint was quantified every 10 minutes, for up to 90 minutes, through a descriptive scale, and the physiological variables (FC, fR, PAM and To) every 10 minutes, up to 60 minutes. Acid base status and blood electrolytes (pH, PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3-, EB, SaO2, Na+ e K+) were assessed at 10, 30 and 60 minutes, while blood lactate was assessed at 30 and 60 minutes after treatment. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. Sedation latency periods and period for sternal recumbency were longer in AX-0.5 (7 ± 6,6 e 12 ± 9,7 minutes, respectively) in comparison to (AX-1.0 5 ± 2,0 e 6 ± 3,1 minutes respectively), however no other significant differences in periods between groups were observed. Quality of chemical restraint was significantly different between treatments after 60 minutes, when safe handling of the animals was no longer possible in AX-0.5, but only after 90 minutes in AX-1.0. No differences between FC, fR, PAM, To and blood lactate levels were observed between groups or between moments. Regarding the acid base status and blood electrolytes, animals from AX-0,5 showed significant differences in pH, HCO3-,, BE and K+ between 10 and 60 minutes, being values at 10 minutes higher. Same tendency was also observed in AX-1.0, however only for BE. In conclusion, both protocols led to adequate sedation and predilection between them should be based on the animal\'s behavior. Even though no alterations in physiological parameters were detected in any of the experimental groups, oxygen therapy is recommended for the first 30 minutes of chemical restraint in all animals.

Attentional bias (AB) refers to the tendency to selectively attend to (orientation towards) and/or hold attention on (slowed disengagment from) disorder-relevant stimuli. Females with eating-related concerns are thought to preferentially process threatening stimuli, which in turn is thought to maintain and exacerbate eating concerns. The aim of the present thesis was to explore AB for threatening stimuli in females characterised by restrained, external or emotional eating, and those with high levels of (non-clinical) eating psychopathology. This was carried out with the intention of identifying cognitive processes that contribute to eating behaviours in females, in order to assess the relevance of an attention training (AT) programme for reducing such biases. A pilot study assessed orientation/slowed disengagement, for mood and food words amongst females with high/low levels of restraint. Forty females completed a modified Stroop task with three conditions. Food and mood conditions included sequences of five words ( target food/mood followed by four neutral). The neutral condition consisted of all neutral words. Performance did not significantly differ according to high/low restraint groups. All participants took longest to colour-name word position 2 (demonstrating slowed disengagement lasting one consecutive trial). However, this pattern was also found in the neutral condition. Methodological limitations were then addressed in study one. High/low restrained eaters (n=48) completed a modified Stroop where targets (food, interpersonal threat, animal) were presented prior to four neutral words. Participants were slow to disengage from targets (slowest for word position 2) in all conditions. Patterns of responding indicated that restrained eaters might take longer to disengage (i.e. the carry-over effect from the food word seemed to last longer than one trial). However, more neutral words in the sequence were needed to assess this. As slowed disengagement from animals also arose, a categorical effect may have occurred. Study two explored attention processing of food using modified Stroop and dot probe tasks. In the Stroop task targets (food, interpersonal threat, household objects) were presented prior to six matched neutral words. This task revealed no evidence of AB. No significant pattern of differences between restrained (n=29)/unrestrained eaters (n=31) emerged; however, binge eating scores were significantly negatively correlated with response times. A dot probe task with food/neutral picture pairs also revealed no evidence of AB. Both restrained/unrestrained eaters had negative mean interference scores indicating avoidance of food. None of the following eating behaviours significantly correlated with AB: restraint, disinhibition, external eating, emotional eating and non-clinical eating psychopathology. Study three employed a further modified dot probe task based on image ratings. There was no evidence of AB, and no significant relation between task performance and restrained, emotional or external eating. 2000ms bias scores (assessing disengagement) were significantly negatively correlated with eating psychopathology and age, suggesting that those with high levels of non-clinical eating psychopathology attentionally avoid food stimuli and that younger females are slower to disengage attention from food (although found within a limited age range). Study four employed further modified Stroop and dot probe tasks, and assessed whether AB mediates the negative mood-eating relationship. Participants were allocated to negative or neutral mood conditions. No evidence of AB was found with the dot probe, but greater levels of emotional eating were associated with slower responding. In the Stroop task, all participants displayed an orientation bias towards food. Emotional eating and drive for thinness (DFT) scores were significantly positively correlated with food word colour-naming times but only amongst participants in a negative mood. However, those with high levels of external eating showed greater AB towards food when in a neutral mood. Highly emotional eaters in a negative mood showed a greater desire to eat than those in a neutral mood but did not increase in food intake. Furthermore, those with a high DFT (in a negative mood) showed no evidence of increased desire to eat or food intake. AB was not significantly related to subjective appetite or food intake. Therefore, AB does not seem to mediate the negative-mood eating relationship. The present thesis provides important suggestions for modifications of Stroop and dot probe tasks targeting orientation and disengagement. A modified Stroop has been more sensitive at detecting food AB than the dot probe. Implications of biased attention processing are discussed in relation to the development of harmful eating behaviours, and the present findings have important implications for developing programmes to prevent eating disorders amongst at-risk females (e.g. through AT or training at-risk females how to effectively cope with negative mood).

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-27T12:21:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Zanchetta Oliver.pdf: 803892 bytes, checksum: f397a1b37a8fa34821c909a412326efa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T12:21:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Zanchetta Oliver.pdf: 803892 bytes, checksum: f397a1b37a8fa34821c909a412326efa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The goal of this study is to question the consolidation of judicial activism in Brasil verifying if the decisions made by the courts are in accordance to the constitution and modern social values. For that, we need to verify the limits of the judiciary power based on constitutional principles, the separation of powers and democratic ideals. This dissertation points out that the activism is pertinent and consolidated, once the Judiciary Power is accountable for ceasing omission, evaluating and correcting the mistakes made by the Legislative and Executive powers when they occur. The research shows that despite the legality of the activism, it must be applied with responsibility and moderation protecting social rights and equally protecting the Democratic State / O estudo tem por objetivo investigar a consolidação do ativismo judicial no Brasil, verificando se as decisões proferidas pelos Tribunais têm observado a vontade do constituinte originário e se estão adequadas com os valores sociais hodiernos. Para tanto, busca-se verificar os limites do Poder Judiciário à luz dos princípios constitucionais da Separação dos Poderes e do ideal Democrático. A dissertação aponta que o ativismo se mostra pertinente e está consolidado, uma vez que incumbe ao Poder Judiciário sanar omissões, avaliar e corrigir atos proferidos pelo Poder Executivo e pelo Poder Legislativo, porventura eivados de vícios. A pesquisa demonstra também que o ativismo, embora legítimo, deve ser praticado com responsabilidade e ponderação, fazendo prevalecer os direitos sociais em consonância com a preservação do Estado Democrático de Direito

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaf 60. / by Susan Russell Stapleton. / B.S.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa descrever a topografia vértebro-medular do quati (Nasua nasua), com o intuito de assentar bases morfológicas que possam ser utilizadas em pesquisas como a anestesiologia, assim como, desenvolver técnicas de anestesia espinhal que possam ser empregadas na rotina clínico-cirúrgica veterinária. Este trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: a primeira correspondeu aos estudos morfológicos (anatomia), a segunda na contenção química e a terceira no desenvolvimento/avaliação da técnica de anestesia espinhal. Para os estudos morfológicos foram utilizados três animais adultos provenientes do criatório científico CECRIMPAS, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos - FEOB. Os animais já formolizados foram dissecados em toda a extensão da coluna vertebral até o acesso a medula espinhal. A segunda etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento/avaliação da contenção química, onde foram utilizados oito animais, os quais foram submetidos à contenção química com auxílio de cetamina-s (20 mg/kg) associada ao midazolam (0,5 mg/kg), administrados pela via intramuscular. A terceira etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento/avaliação da técnica de anestesia espinhal, onde se administrou a lidocaína (4,0 mg/kg) no espaço lombossacro. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: freqüência e ritmo cardíaco, freqüência respiratória, período de latência, hábil e recuperação, relaxamento muscular e analgesia para ambas as etapas de contenção química e analgesia espinhal. Os resultados evidenciaram que a topografia vertebral é dividida em cinco regiões, a medula espinhal apresenta-se como uma massa alongada, de coloração esbranquiçada. A técnica de anestesia espinhal, apresentou-se como uma técnica segura e eficaz, promovendo analgesia adequada e relaxamento muscular em toda a região pélvica. / The objective of study was to describe the topography of spinal cord of the coatimundi (Nasua nasua), in order to obtain morphologic bases that can be used in an applied researches as anesthesiology, as well as, to develop techniques of spinal anesthesia techniques that can be used in the veterinary clinical-surgical routine. This study was divided in three stages: the first corresponded to the morphologic studies (anatomy), second in the chemical restraint and the third in the development/evaluation of the technique of spinal anesthesia. For the morphologic studies three coming adult animals of the scientific creation were used CECRIMPAS, of University of Veterinary Medicine of the Foundation of Ensino Octávio Bastos - FEOB. The animals already formaldenyde were dissected in the whole extension of the spine to the access the spinal marrow. The second stage consisted of the development/evaluation of the chemical restraint, where eight animals were used, which they were submitted to the chemical restraint with ketamine-s (20 mg/kg) associated to the midazolam (0,5 mg/kg), administered by intramuscular route. The third stage consisted of the development/evaluation of the technique of spinal anesthesia, where administered the lidocaine (4,0 mg/kg) in the space lombossacro. They were appraised the following parameters: rate and heart rhythm, respiratory rate, latency period, skilled and recovery, muscular relaxation and analgesia for both stages of chemical contention and spinal analgesia. The results evidenced that the vertebral topography is divided in five areas; the spinal marrow comes as a prolonged mass, of whitish coloration. The technique of spinal anesthesia, came as a safe and effective technique, promoting appropriate analgesia and muscular relaxation in the whole pelvic area.

The spread of nuclear weapons is one of the greatest threats to world peace and has generateda scholarly debate concerning what underlying factors drive nuclear proliferation.Iran had for many years been accused of trying to develop a clandestine nuclear weapons programwhich has been a source of great concernon the world stage.The aim of thispaper is to understand Iran ́s decision to sign the JCPOA and thereby refraining from building nuclear weapons.Three non-proliferation models;the security model, the domestic model and the norms modelwill be used to analyze Iran ́s decision and to test theirrespectiveexplanatory power. The findings of this paper show thatseveral factors contributed to Iran ́s decision to sign the JCPOA. First, economic sanctionscontributed to a strong publicopposition to the regimes nuclear policies. Second, a negative image of the nuclear program in the eyes of the population further amplified public opposition.These two factors put pressure on the regime to find a solution to the nuclear issuebecause they saw this public opposition as a threat to their survival.Third, anincreased influence ofanti-nuclear factionsin Iran ́s political systemput increased pressure on the Supreme Leader to find a solution to the nuclear issue. Fourth, the regimes perception that a nuclear weapon would decreaseIran ́s security which reduced the incentives to proliferate. All these factors put together created the circumstances for Iran to sign the JCPOA and chose the path of nuclear restraint. These findings support the assumptions of the domestic-and norm model while putting the importance of the security model in question.Iran ́s continued nuclear restraint relies on increasing theeconomic and politicalcostsof pursuing a nuclear weapon whiledecreasingthesecurity incentivesof having one.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa descrever a topografia vértebro-medular do quati (Nasua nasua), com o intuito de assentar bases morfológicas que possam ser utilizadas em pesquisas como a anestesiologia, assim como, desenvolver técnicas de anestesia espinhal que possam ser empregadas na rotina clínico-cirúrgica veterinária. Este trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: a primeira correspondeu aos estudos morfológicos (anatomia), a segunda na contenção química e a terceira no desenvolvimento/avaliação da técnica de anestesia espinhal. Para os estudos morfológicos foram utilizados três animais adultos provenientes do criatório científico CECRIMPAS, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos - FEOB. Os animais já formolizados foram dissecados em toda a extensão da coluna vertebral até o acesso a medula espinhal. A segunda etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento/avaliação da contenção química, onde foram utilizados oito animais, os quais foram submetidos à contenção química com auxílio de cetamina-s (20 mg/kg) associada ao midazolam (0,5 mg/kg), administrados pela via intramuscular. A terceira etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento/avaliação da técnica de anestesia espinhal, onde se administrou a lidocaína (4,0 mg/kg) no espaço lombossacro. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: freqüência e ritmo cardíaco, freqüência respiratória, período de latência, hábil e recuperação, relaxamento muscular e analgesia para ambas as etapas de contenção química e analgesia espinhal. Os resultados evidenciaram que a topografia vertebral é dividida em cinco regiões, a medula espinhal apresenta-se como uma massa alongada, de coloração esbranquiçada. A técnica de anestesia espinhal, apresentou-se como uma técnica segura e eficaz, promovendo analgesia adequada e relaxamento muscular em toda a região pélvica. / The objective of study was to describe the topography of spinal cord of the coatimundi (Nasua nasua), in order to obtain morphologic bases that can be used in an applied researches as anesthesiology, as well as, to develop techniques of spinal anesthesia techniques that can be used in the veterinary clinical-surgical routine. This study was divided in three stages: the first corresponded to the morphologic studies (anatomy), second in the chemical restraint and the third in the development/evaluation of the technique of spinal anesthesia. For the morphologic studies three coming adult animals of the scientific creation were used CECRIMPAS, of University of Veterinary Medicine of the Foundation of Ensino Octávio Bastos - FEOB. The animals already formaldenyde were dissected in the whole extension of the spine to the access the spinal marrow. The second stage consisted of the development/evaluation of the chemical restraint, where eight animals were used, which they were submitted to the chemical restraint with ketamine-s (20 mg/kg) associated to the midazolam (0,5 mg/kg), administered by intramuscular route. The third stage consisted of the development/evaluation of the technique of spinal anesthesia, where administered the lidocaine (4,0 mg/kg) in the space lombossacro. They were appraised the following parameters: rate and heart rhythm, respiratory rate, latency period, skilled and recovery, muscular relaxation and analgesia for both stages of chemical contention and spinal analgesia. The results evidenced that the vertebral topography is divided in five areas; the spinal marrow comes as a prolonged mass, of whitish coloration. The technique of spinal anesthesia, came as a safe and effective technique, promoting appropriate analgesia and muscular relaxation in the whole pelvic area.

O córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) é uma estrutura límbica que está envolvida em respostas autonômicas associadas a reações aversivas. O CPFMv é dividido em córtex pré- límbico (PL), córtex infralímbico (IL) e córtex dorsopeduncular (DP). A estimulação elétrica ou química destas regiões causa respostas defensivas e alterações autonômicas tais como respostas cardiovasculares, dependendo da sub-região estimulada. O estresse de restrição (ER) causa alterações hormonais e respostas autonômicas, tais como aumento de pressão arterial (PA) e frequência cardíaca (FC). A ativação de neurônios presentes no CPFMv durante essa situação aversiva, assim como os resultados da inibição farmacológica das sinapses presentes no PL e IL sugerem o envolvimento destas estruturas na modulação das respostas cardiovasculares causadas pelo ER. Entretanto, os possíveis neurotransmissores presentes no vCPFM, envolvidos nesta modulação, ainda não foram elucidados. O sistema opioidérgico central modula o sistema cardiovascular inclusive durante situações aversivas, sendo que tanto receptores quanto peptídeos opióides estão presentes no CPFMv. Considerando o exposto acima, a hipótese a ser testada no presente trabalho foi que a neurotransmissão opioidérgica do PL e IL está envolvida na modulação das respostas cardiovasculares de aumento da PA e FC desencadeadas pelo ER. Assim, a administração de naloxona (antagonista não-seletivo de receptores opióides) no PL ou IL reduziu a resposta pressora e taquicardíaca induzida pelo ER, sendo o perfil da curva dose-inibição em forma de U-invertido. A administração de CTAP (antagonista dos receptores opióides µ) ou nor-BNI (antagonista dos receptores opióides ?) no PL também reduziu a resposta pressora e taquicardíaca induzida pelo ER, de forma semelhante à naloxona, sugerindo o envolvimento desses receptores na modulação das respostas cardiovasculares desencadeadas pelo ER, enquanto que no IL, apenas a administração de nor-BNI reduziu a resposta cardiovascular induzida pelo ER. O tratamento com naltrindole (antagonista ?-seletivo) em ambas as estruturas não alterou a resposta pressora e taquicardíaca gerada pelo ER. A administração de UPF-101 (antagonista ORL-1) no PL potencializou a resposta taquicardíaca, sem alterar a resposta pressora enquanto a administração no IL não gerou efeito. Em resumo, os resultados indicam que o sistema opioidérgico, presente no PL e IL, desempenha papel facilitatório sobre as respostas cardiovasculares induzidas pelo ER, enquanto o sistema nociceptina/orfanina FQ apresentaria papel inibitório. / The ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) is a limbic structure involved in the mediation of autonomic responses associated to aversive situations. The vMPFC is divided into prelimbic cortex (PL), infralimbic cortex (IL) and dorsal peduncular cortex (DP). The electrical or chemical stimulation of these regions cause defensive responses and autonomic changes, such as cardiovascular responses, depending on the subregion stimulated. The restraint stress (RS) evokes hormonal and autonomic responses, as well as arterial pressure and heart rate increases. Neuronal activation in the vMPFM was reported during this aversive situation, and the pharmacological inhibition of synapses in the PL and IL has suggested the involvement of these structures in the modulation of cardiovascular responses caused by RS. However, the possible neurotransmitters present in vCPFM that are involved in this modulation have not yet been identified. Opioid peptides and their receptors are present in the CPFMv. Furthermore, the central opioid system is known to modulate the cardiovascular system, even during aversive situations. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that PL and IL opioid neurotransmission is involved in the modulation of cardiovascular responses caused by RS. Naloxone (opioid nonselective antagonist) administration in PL or IL reduced the pressure and tachycardiac response evoked by RS, with the dose-inhibition curve having an U-inverset shape. Similar to naloxone, the selective µ-opioid antagonist CTAP and the selective ?-opioid antagonist nor-BNI when administered into the PL also reduced the pressor and tachycardiac response induced by RS, thus suggesting an involvement of these receptors in the modulation of cardiovascular responses evoked by RS, while in the IL, only administration of nor- BNI reduced the cardiovascular response induced by RS. In both structures, the treatment with the selective ?-opioid antagonist naltrindole did not affect the pressor and tachycardic response caused by RS. The pretreatment of the PL with the selective ORL-1 antagonist UPF-101 increased the tachycardic response, without affecting the RSevoked pressor, while the administration of UPF-101 into the IL did not affect the RS-evoked cardiovascular response. In summary, the opioid system in PL and IL appear to play a facilitatory role on the cardiovascular responses induced by RS, while the system nociceptin / orphanin FQ would have an inhibitory role on these responses.

Childhood trauma is the primary reason children and adolescents display behavioral issues that require hospitalization. Implementation of a trauma-€informed care (TIC) program was the intervention chosen at a child and adolescent behavioral health hospital to decrease physical holds and seclusion rates for patients aged 3 to 17 and to reduce the risk of retraumatization of children needing psychiatric care. Six core strategies from the National Association of Mental Health Program Directors was the framework for this project. The number of crisis interventions before and after implementation were 440 and 259, respectively. The number of seclusions before implementation was 215, and total number of restraints was 225. The number of seclusions after implementation was 125, and total number of restraints was 134. Data showed that implementing a TIC program decreased the use of physical holds and seclusions by 26% within 6 months of program implementation. The implications of this project for positive social change include changing the approach to children with high-€risk behaviors by decreasing the risk for retraumatization.

The purpose of this study was to determine if physical restraint is a major factor in the elicitation of the hallucination phenomena associated with perceptual (or sensory) deprivation studies. Experimental subjects were exposed to three one-hour sessions of perceptual deprivation one week apart, with physical restraint being used during the second session. A group of control subjects was used to determine t he effects of three unrestrained sessions of perceptual deprivation. No significant differences were found between sessions for the experimental group in terms of number of reports or the cumulative duration of the reports. There was also no difference found between the two groups for any session. The data and experiences of the individual subjects are discussed at length with particular attention to the effects of the restraint procedure on indications of stress or anxiety levels (expressed in terms of time estimation and subjective reports). Recommendations for the use of more objective measures of anxiety such as biofeedback and electroencephalographic equipment are made as well as better defining procedures for the measurement of the hallucination phenomena. It is further suggested that the group design is not suited to the study of hallucinations due to the great degree of variability. A new procedure for the unobtrusive measure of the duration of the hallucinations is used successfully in this study and may prove to be a useful tool for future studies in this area.