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Denúncia nos contratos privados de assistência à saúdeZanetti, Andrea Cristina 05 February 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The purposes of this work is understanding the role of termination without cause in
long-term contracts and contracts for an indefinite term, as well as their current limits, which
are established in particular by the principle of good faith. To such end, in order to direct and
deepen the topic, our approach focuses specifically on private healthcare contracts, a contract
subject to term that exemplifies the complexity of current contractual relations and
demonstrates the process of fragmentation of private law in different microsystems, which
also impacts on unilateral notice as a form of termination of the contractual relationship and a
kind of unilateral termination for convenience. Generally, in the perspective of unilateral
termination without cause, the operability of good faith allows its control to occur in two
distinct moments: upon controlling the contractual content (providing guidelines for or
restricting unilateral termination) and upon controlling actual exercise of the right (by means
of the observance of certain obligations, respect to codes of conduct and repression of the
undue, disproportionate and illegitimate use of this form of extinction of the contract). These
controls and their consequences are what may result in the invalidity of the contractual
provision, the right to indemnification and even in maintaining or extending the effectiveness
of the contract. This demonstrates the current dimension attributed to good faith in the control
of unilateral termination, which is gradually intensified depending on the contractual
microsystem involved and whether it is a business or existential (essential) contract. In view
of this new perspective, the issue of unilateral termination in contracts governed by the microlegal
framework of Law 9,656/1998 (Health Plans Act) is presented from the perspective of
the speciality and essentiality of its contractual object, which influence the operability of good
faith and requires acknowledgment of the microsystem in which it is inserted, and which also
needs to relate to the other subsystems that form Private Law, in a coherent and systematic
interpretation in the search for possible solutions to the issue, mainly due to the fact that the
aforementioned law does not clearly deal with this form of termination regarding the different
parties involved in private healthcare contracts / Este trabalho tem por finalidade compreender o papel da denúncia desmotivada nos
contratos por tempo indeterminado e de longa duração, bem como seus atuais limites, dados
especialmente pela boa-fé objetiva. Para tanto, aborda especificamente os contratos privados
de assistência à saúde, por se tratar de um contrato de duração que exemplifica a
complexidade das relações contratuais atuais e que demonstra o processo de fragmentação do
direito privado em diferentes microssistemas, o que também impacta na denúncia como forma
de cessação da relação contratual e espécie de resilição unilateral. De maneira geral, a
operabilidade da boa-fé, na perspectiva da denúncia desmotivada, permite que seu controle
ocorra em dois momentos distintos: controle do conteúdo contratual (com o direcionamento
ou restrição da cláusula de denúncia); e controle de exercício (que ocorre mediante a
observância de determinadas obrigações, respeito a deveres de conduta e combate ao uso
desvirtuado, desproporcional e ilegítimo dessa forma de extinção do contrato). São esses
controles e suas consequências que podem resultar na invalidade da disposição contratual, no
direito à indenização e até mesmo na manutenção ou extensão da eficácia do contrato,
demonstrando as dimensões atuais que a boa-fé alcança no controle da denúncia e que se
intensificam gradualmente, conforme o microssistema contratual e segundo se trate de um
contrato empresarial ou existencial (essencial). Diante dessa nova perspectiva, a questão da
denúncia nos contratos regidos pelo micro-ordenamento da Lei no 9.656/1998 (Lei dos Planos
de Saúde) é apresentada por meio da especialidade e essencialidade de seu objeto contratual, o
que influencia na operabilidade da boa-fé e demanda o reconhecimento do microssistema em
que está inserido, o qual também necessita se relacionar com outros subsistemas que
compõem o Direito Privado, em uma interpretação coerente e sistemática na busca de
possíveis soluções para a temática, sobretudo pelo fato de a referida lei não tratar com clareza
dessa forma extintiva para as diferentes partes que compõem os contratos privados de
assistência à saúde
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La rupture unilatérale du contrat pour inexécution en droit colombien / The unilateral breach of the contract for non-performance in the colombian lawMorales Huertas, Sandra Margarita 14 December 2018 (has links)
En droit colombien, face à une inexécution contractuelle, règne la règle, issue du droit français, de la résolution judiciaire. Ses conditions d’exercice ont été précisées par la doctrine et la jurisprudence, non sans de nombreuses ambiguïtés qui résultent de la difficulté de comprendre et de mettre en pratique ce procédé. Face à cette vision traditionnelle, l’unilatéralisme a fait irruption dans le monde contractuel contemporain et, plus concrètement, la possibilité de mettre fin à un contrat de manière unilatérale en cas d’inexécution. Cette tendance, qui trouve ses origines dans le droit anglo-saxon avant d’avoir pénétré le droit des pays de tradition romano-germanique, prétend revitaliser cette phase critique du contrat en évitant le recours au juge, au moins dans un premier moment, permettant que le créancier remédie à l’inexécution en mettant rapidement fin au contrat afin de rechercher sur le marché des solutions efficaces. Cette règle pourrait-elle être retenue en droit colombien ? En dépit de l’apparent monopole qu’y détient la résolution judiciaire, tant le Code civil que le Code de commerce colombiens, prévoient des hypothèses qui reconnaissent cette possibilité. Par ailleurs, plus récemment, a été acceptée la possibilité de convenir de clauses résolutoires. Ainsi, nous considérons qu’il est possible d’accepter la généralisation d’une règle de rupture unilatérale pour inexécution. À cet égard, l’étude du droit comparé s’agissant de l’inexécution ouvrant la voie à une rupture du contrat, d’une part, et de la manière dont elle s’exerce une rupture en cas d’inexécution, d’autre part, est d’un grand intérêt. Une telle analyse nourrit une proposition qui non seulement fournit des éléments en vue de l’admission de la rupture unilatérale du contrat pour inexécution en droit colombien, mais aussi cherche à éclairer la lecture qui a, jusqu’à présent, prévalu en matière d’inexécution résolutoire. / Under the Colombian law, the general rule in case of breach of contract is that of termination as a consequence of a court order. Its conditions of exercise have been the object of development by the doctrine and case law, not without several issues that make difficult to understand and put into practice such category. In contrast with this traditional vision, unilateralism breaks in the contemporary contractual world and more specifically, the possibility of termination of contract in such a unilateral way in case of a breach. This trend has its roots in Common law and has been permeating the countries of Roman-Germanic law tradition; and it aims to grant vitality to that critical contractual phase, thus avoiding the intervention of the judge, at least as a first measure, allowing the creditor to remedy the consequences of the breach of contract by an early termination in order to seek effective solutions in the marketplace. Could this rule have a place in Colombian law? Despite the seemingly apparent monopoly of judicial termination of contract, both the civil code and the code of commerce acknowledge this as a possibility. Similarly, more recently the possibility of including termination clauses has been accepted. However, we hold that it is possible to accept a generalization of the rule of unilateral termination of contract in case of breach. A study of comparative law regarding the breach that results in contract termination and the analysis on the way this prerogative should be exercised are of great importance; it does not only enriches a proposal providing the parameters for the unilateral termination of a contract when a breach arises in Colombian Law, but also clarifies the understanding that until now exists in the matter of termination for non-performance.
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Automated verification of termination certificates / Vérification automatisée de certificats de terminaisonLy, Kim Quyen 09 October 2014 (has links)
S'assurer qu'un programme informatique se comporte bien, surtout dans des applications critiques (santé, transport, énergie, communications, etc.) est de plus en plus important car les ordinateurs et programmes informatiques sont de plus en plus omniprésents, voir essentiel au bon fonctionnement de la société. Mais comment vérifier qu'un programme se comporte comme prévu, quand les informations qu'il prend en entrée sont de très grande taille, voire de taille non bornée a priori ? Pour exprimer avec exactitude ce qu'est le comportement d'un programme, il est d'abord nécessaire d'utiliser un langage logique formel. Cependant, comme l'a montré Gödel dans, dans tout système formel suffisamment riche pour faire de l'arithmétique, il y a des formules valides qui ne peuvent pas être prouvées. Donc il n'y a pas de programme qui puisse décider si toute propriété est vraie ou fausse. Cependant, il est possible d'écrire un programme qui puisse vérifier la correction d'une preuve. Ce travail utilisera justement un tel programme, Coq, pour formellement vérifier la correction d'un certain programme. Dans cette thèse, nous expliquons le développement d'une nouvelle version de Rainbow, plus rapide et plus sûre, basée sur le mécanisme d'extraction de Coq. La version précédente de Rainbow vérifiait un certificat en deux étapes. Premièrement, elle utilisait un programme OCaml non certifié pour traduire un fichier CPF en un script Coq, en utilisant la bibliothèque Coq sur la théorie de la réécriture et la terminaison appelée CoLoR. Deuxièmement, elle appelait Coq pour vérifier la correction du script ainsi généré. Cette approche est intéressante car elle fournit un moyen de réutiliser dans Coq des preuves de terminaison générée par des outils extérieurs à Coq. C'est également l'approche suivie par CiME3. Mais cette approche a aussi plusieurs désavantages. Premièrement, comme dans Coq les fonctions sont interprétées, les calculs sont beaucoup plus lents qu'avec un langage où les programmes sont compilés vers du code binaire exécutable. Deuxièmement, la traduction de CPF dans Coq peut être erronée et conduire au rejet de certificats valides ou à l'acceptation de certificats invalides. Pour résoudre ce deuxième problème, il est nécessaire de définir et prouver formellement la correction de la fonction vérifiant si un certificat est valide ou non. Et pour résoudre le premier problème, il est nécessaire de compiler cette fonction vers du code binaire exécutable. Cette thèse montre comment résoudre ces deux problèmes en utilisant l'assistant à la preuve Coq et son mécanisme d'extraction vers le langage de programmation OCaml. En effet, les structures de données et fonctions définies dans Coq peuvent être traduits dans OCaml et compilées en code binaire exécutable par le compilateur OCaml. Une approche similaire est suivie par CeTA en utilisant l'assistant à la preuve Isabelle et le langage Haskell. / Making sure that a computer program behaves as expected, especially in critical applications (health, transport, energy, communications, etc.), is more and more important, all the more so since computer programs become more and more ubiquitous and essential to the functioning of modern societies. But how to check that a program behaves as expected, in particular when the range of its inputs is very large or potentially infinite? In this work, we explain the development of a new, faster and formally proved version of Rainbow based on the extraction mechanism of Coq. The previous version of Rainbow verified a CPF le in two steps. First, it used a non-certified OCaml program to translate a CPF file into a Coq script, using the Coq libraries on rewriting theory and termination CoLoR and Coccinelle. Second, it called Coq to check the correctness of the script. This approach is interesting for it provides a way to reuse in Coq termination proofs generated by external tools. This is also the approach followed by CiME3. However, it suffers from a number of deficiencies. First, because in Coq functions are interpreted, computation is much slower than with programs written in a standard programming language and compiled into binary code. Second, because the translation from CPF to Coq is not certified, it may contain errors and either lead to the rejection of valid certificates, or to the acceptance of wrong certificates. To solve the latter problem, one needs to define and formally prove the correctness of a function checking whether a certificate is valid or not. To solve the former problem, one needs to compile this function to binary code. The present work shows how to solve these two problems by using the proof assistant Coq and its extraction mechanism to the programming language OCaml. Indeed, data structures and functions de fined in Coq can be translated to OCaml and then compiled to binary code by using the OCaml compiler. A similar approach was first initiated in CeTA using the Isabelle proof assistant.
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Ukončení podnikání / The closure of businessSlabá, Irena January 2009 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with the closure of an individual enterpreneur and a corporation business from an accounting and tax point of view. Futher, it consideres the requirements which are forced on the enterpreneurs closing business by the different fields of the Czech legislation especially in company law, social security and labour law. Basic problems are simulated on examples of fictitious businessmen.
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Syntéza důkazů nekonečnosti běhu programů s využitím šablon / Synthesizing Non-Termination Proofs from TemplatesMartiček, Štefan January 2017 (has links)
Jednou z nejsložitěji verifikovaných vlastností programů v oblasti formální analýzy je živost. K jedné z metod ověřujících tuto vlastnost patří i dokazování neukončitelnosti programů. Naše práce popisuje návrh a implementaci dvou algoritmů ověřujících neukončitelnost. Inspirujeme se již existujícími přístupy, jako jsou rekurentní množiny a nadaproximace cyklů s využitím invariantů ve tvaru rekurentních relací. Hlavní výzvu pro nás představovalo přizpůsobení těchto algoritmů SSA (single static assignment) reprezentaci použité v 2LS a jejich celková integrace v našem frameworku. Vzpomínané přístupy se nám podařilo spojit do analýzy neukončitelnosti, která dosahuje nejlepší výsledky v porovnání s existujícími nástroji, které byly srovnané na soutěži SV-COMP 2017.
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Risk factors associated with termination of pregnancy at District Hospital, Limpopo Province, South AfricaNgoveni, Xitshembiso Agrey January 2022 (has links)
Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background: Termination of pregnancy among young women is a public health issue, particularly in South Africa where high prevalence of pregnany terminations has lately been reported. It is estimated that 260000 terminations of pregnancy take place in South Africa every year. Studies in South Africa have reported that risk factors associated with termination of pregnancy such as financial problems, being poorly educated, being young, unemployed, dependent on parents, widowed or single and other relationship problems were most common. Approximately 1200 pregnancies were terminated in the District Hospital of Limpopo Province between 2017 and 2018. There is also an increased rate of unintended pregnancy among HIV positive women which suggest that women with HIV may be more likely to terminate pregnancy but chooses not to terminate due to fear of being judged. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with termination of pregnancy at a District Hospital in Limpopo Province.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional descriptive retrospective review study in which convenience sampling of the records of women who terminated pregnancies was used in this study. A self-constructed data extraction tool was used to extract the data from patients records. The tool covered variables such as the age of the women, educational status, marital status, year and month of termination of pregnancy, gestational age, parity, and gravidity, HIV status and circumstances leading to termination of pregnancy. Data analysis was done using the STATA statistical software version 12 for Windows (STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas). The independent t-test was used for variables having two categories as it assesses whether the difference between means of two groups are statistically significant. This test was performed at the 95% confidence level. The p-value of less than 0.05 in the study results was used for statistical significant difference in means between the categories which were investigated.
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Results:
The mean age was 27.9 years (standard error [Std. Err.] =0.37) and majority of women who terminated pregnancies were in the age group 20 – 24 years, single and had a secondary educational level. There was a statistical significance difference between age groups and the gestational age, parity and gravidity at p=0.004 and p<0.001 respectively. The proportion of women who were at gestational age of 1 to 8 weeks decreased with increasing maternal age from 22.4% in age ≤20 years to 13% in age group 30 – 34 years. There was again a statistical significance difference (p<0.001) in relation to number of pregnancies that have each resulted in the birth of an infant capable of survival (parity) and similarly to gravida.
The prevalence of HIV amongst women who terminated pregnancy in the current study was found to be 21.3% and the risk of women who terminated pregnancies being HIV positive increased significantly with age as older women (age 20 years and above) were 6.5 times more likely to be HIV positive as compared to younger ones (p<001). Low educational level, gestational age of more than 13 weeks and parity of 1 – 2 were significantly associated with termination of pregnancy. The association of gravida of women who terminated pregnancies and HIV revealed that women who were in their second or third pregnancies (gravida) while HIV positive were 3.9 times more likely to terminate pregnancies as compared to those who were first pregnancy (p<0.001). Marital status was not significantly associated with termination of pregnancy.
Conclusion: Termination of pregnancies among adolescents and youth is a major public health issue and the findings of this study highlight the need to address the structural socio-economic drivers of family planning which results in high number of termination of pregnancy amongst the youth. Structural interventions, such as increasing contraceptive use which may be useful for reducing the burden of unplanned pregnancies. These findings suggest the need for targeted interventions for women of child-bearing age to access reproductive health interventions to prevent unintended pregnancies and the associated risk of termination.
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Modeling of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere / Mabedle Donald NgobeniNgobeni, Mabedle Donald January 2015 (has links)
The modulation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) Carbon in a north-south asymmetrical heliosphere
is studied, using a two-dimensional numerical model that contains a solar wind termination
shock (TS), a heliosheath, as well as particle drifts and diffusive shock re-acceleration
of GCRs. The asymmetry in the geometry of the heliosphere is incorporated in the model by
assuming a significant dependence on heliolatitude of the thickness of the heliosheath. As a
result, the model allows comparisons of modulation in the north and south hemispheres during
both magnetic polarity cycles of the Sun, and from solar minimum to moderate maximum
conditions. When comparing the computed spectra between polar angles of 55o (approximating
the Voyager 1 direction) and 125o (approximating the Voyager 2 direction), it is found that
at kinetic energies E < 1:0 GeV/nuc the effects of the assumed asymmetry in the geometry
of the heliosphere on the modulated spectra are insignificant up to 60 AU from the Sun,
but become increasingly more significant with larger radial distances to reach a maximum
inside the heliosheath. In contrast, with E > 1:0 GeV/nuc, these effects remained insignificant
throughout the heliosphere even very close to the heliopause (HP). However, when the
enhancement of both polar and radial perpendicular diffusion coefficients off the equatorial
plane is assumed to differ from heliographic pole to pole, reflecting different modulation conditions
between the two hemispheres, major differences in the computed intensities between
the two Voyager directions are obtained throughout the heliosphere. The model is further improved
by incorporating new information about the HP location and the relevant heliopause
spectrum for GCR Carbon at E < 200 MeV/nuc based on the recent Voyager 1 observations.
When comparing the computed solutions at the Earth with ACE observations taken during
different solar modulation conditions, it is found that it is possible for the level of modulation
at the Earth, when solar activity changes from moderate maximum conditions to solar minimum
conditions, to exceed the total modulation between the HP and the Earth during solar
minimum periods. In the outer heliosphere, reasonable compatibility with the corresponding
Voyager observations is established when drifts are scaled down to zero in the heliosheath in
both polarity cycles. The effects of neglecting drifts in the heliosheath are found to be more
significant than neglecting the enhancement of polar perpendicular diffusion. Theoretical expressions
for the scattering function required for the reduction of the drift coefficient in modulation
studies are illustrated and implemented in the numerical model. It is found that when
this scattering function decreases rapidly over the poles, the computed A < 0 spectra are higher
than the A > 0 spectra at all energies at Earth primarily because of drifts, which is unexpected
from a classical drift modeling point of view. Scenarios of this function with strong decreases
over the polar regions seem realistic at and beyond the TS, where the solar wind must have a
larger latitudinal dependence. / PhD (Space Physics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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State infringement of the responsibilities and rights of parents with regard to the reproductive health of their children / Wezi SamboSambo, Wezi January 2014 (has links)
This research seeks to contribute to the debate on the state infringing upon the responsibilities and rights of parents with regards to the reproductive health of their children. The qualitative method of research is used. The researcher analysed the right of the child to participate in conjunction with best interests of the child, as well as the reproductive rights of children. Furthermore, the argument is based on the provisions of the South African legislation that deals with the reproductive rights of children. This legislation includes the Children's Act 38 of 2005 and the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996.
The crux of the discussion is on access to contraceptives provided to children without parental consent, as it is provided for in section 134 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005, as well as the lack of consent needed in the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 for a girl with no specification of age. The debate is on the fact that the responsibilities and rights that parents have towards their children are not considered. They are not involved in the major decisions that the children who are under their care and guidance have to make. Due to this finding, it has been recommended that it is very imperative to allow the parents to be involved in matters that pertain to their children's reproductive rights. This means that as children are informed about their reproductive rights, the parents must be involved as well, so as to make informed decisions relevant to the issues that their children encounter. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Factors influencing termination of pregnancy among young women in Mafikeng, North West Province, South Africa / Grieta Rita DakadaDakada, Grieta Rita January 2012 (has links)
The purpose of the study was to explore and describe factors influencing termination of
pregnancy and describe measures that can be implemented to reduce the high rate of
Termination of pregnancy (TOP). A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research
design was followed, in order to explore and describe factors influencing termination of
pregnancy in Mafikeng North West Province. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify
participants who met inclusion criteria for the study. The sample size was determined by data
saturation, which was reached after twenty five in-depth individual interviews with women
requesting TOP was done.
In-depth individual interviews were utilized to gather data after written approval from the Human
research Ethics committee as well as the Research Ethics Committee of the North West
University (Mafikeng Campus), North West Provincial Department of Health, Operational
manager of Montshioa Stadt Health Centre, and Hospital Manager of Mafikeng Provincial
Hospital where data was collected, and consent was also obtained from women who requested
TOP. The findings of this study indicated that factors influencing termination of pregnancy were
economic factors, the need for self development, health factors and social factors. From the
results, women requesting termination of Pregnancy think that effective use of contraceptives
and correct use of condom can reduce the high rate of termination of pregnancy.
Conclusion reached were that, non-use of contraceptives and incorrect use of condoms
influenced TOP, as it was their common problem, hence the researcher suggested that health
education on different methods of contraceptives should be given to teenage girls and other
older women by health care providers. Recommendations in the field of nursing practice,
nursing education, as well as nursing research were made. / Thesis (M.Cur) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012
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Modeling of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere / Mabedle Donald NgobeniNgobeni, Mabedle Donald January 2015 (has links)
The modulation of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) Carbon in a north-south asymmetrical heliosphere
is studied, using a two-dimensional numerical model that contains a solar wind termination
shock (TS), a heliosheath, as well as particle drifts and diffusive shock re-acceleration
of GCRs. The asymmetry in the geometry of the heliosphere is incorporated in the model by
assuming a significant dependence on heliolatitude of the thickness of the heliosheath. As a
result, the model allows comparisons of modulation in the north and south hemispheres during
both magnetic polarity cycles of the Sun, and from solar minimum to moderate maximum
conditions. When comparing the computed spectra between polar angles of 55o (approximating
the Voyager 1 direction) and 125o (approximating the Voyager 2 direction), it is found that
at kinetic energies E < 1:0 GeV/nuc the effects of the assumed asymmetry in the geometry
of the heliosphere on the modulated spectra are insignificant up to 60 AU from the Sun,
but become increasingly more significant with larger radial distances to reach a maximum
inside the heliosheath. In contrast, with E > 1:0 GeV/nuc, these effects remained insignificant
throughout the heliosphere even very close to the heliopause (HP). However, when the
enhancement of both polar and radial perpendicular diffusion coefficients off the equatorial
plane is assumed to differ from heliographic pole to pole, reflecting different modulation conditions
between the two hemispheres, major differences in the computed intensities between
the two Voyager directions are obtained throughout the heliosphere. The model is further improved
by incorporating new information about the HP location and the relevant heliopause
spectrum for GCR Carbon at E < 200 MeV/nuc based on the recent Voyager 1 observations.
When comparing the computed solutions at the Earth with ACE observations taken during
different solar modulation conditions, it is found that it is possible for the level of modulation
at the Earth, when solar activity changes from moderate maximum conditions to solar minimum
conditions, to exceed the total modulation between the HP and the Earth during solar
minimum periods. In the outer heliosphere, reasonable compatibility with the corresponding
Voyager observations is established when drifts are scaled down to zero in the heliosheath in
both polarity cycles. The effects of neglecting drifts in the heliosheath are found to be more
significant than neglecting the enhancement of polar perpendicular diffusion. Theoretical expressions
for the scattering function required for the reduction of the drift coefficient in modulation
studies are illustrated and implemented in the numerical model. It is found that when
this scattering function decreases rapidly over the poles, the computed A < 0 spectra are higher
than the A > 0 spectra at all energies at Earth primarily because of drifts, which is unexpected
from a classical drift modeling point of view. Scenarios of this function with strong decreases
over the polar regions seem realistic at and beyond the TS, where the solar wind must have a
larger latitudinal dependence. / PhD (Space Physics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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