The purpose of this study is to survey which competences and personal qualities the labour market, for students with examination from the Coaching and Sport management education at Vaxjo University, require. Furthermore I want to find out if the employees, videlicet the ex students, consider that their competences differentiate in relation to other employees in the organization which not have this education. In the study a qualitative investigation method has been used where ten interviews have been implemented. The interviews have been carried out within five conceivable work areas to a student with examination from the Coaching and Sport management education at Vaxjo University. The work areas are sports association, sports union, municipal activity with sport and leisure time connection, company with health care connection and company without any kind of sport connection. Five of the persons being interviewed are ex students that now are employees within any of the elected work areas. The remaining five interviews have been carried out with the employer of respective employees. The result of the study shows that the work which the employees perform within respective work area are relatively different but are despite everything of similar characteristic and can be deduced to the work that is included in the profession of a Sport manager. Between the work areas that have any kind of sport or health care connection their is an obvious connection between which qualifications that is demanded to recruitment and which competences and personal qualities that are important within each profession to perform its work. An obvious connection is also made clear among the competence weaknesses that the employees have, despite different work. In the analysis the result is compared with the chosen theories to support the interpretations that are made. There are also suggestions given about changes that can be valuable to take into consideration in future planning of the course contents within the education of Coaching and Sport management at Vaxjo University. / Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga vilka kompetenser och personliga egenskaper arbetsmarknaden, för studenter som gått Coaching och sportmanagement vid Växjö universitet, efterfrågar. Dessutom vill jag ta reda på om de anställda, det vill säga de före detta studenterna, anser att deras kompetenser skiljer sig i förhållande till andra medarbetare i organisationen som inte har denna utbildning. I studien har en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod använts där tio intervjuer har genomförts. Intervjuerna har genomförts inom fem tänkbara arbetsområden för en student med examen från Coaching och Sportmanagementprogrammet vid Växjö universitet. Arbetsområdena är idrottsförening, idrottsförbund, kommunal verksamhet med idrotts och fritidsanknytning, företag med friskvårdsanknytning samt företag helt utan idrottsanknytning. Fem av intervjupersonerna är före detta studenter som numera är anställda inom något av de valda arbetsområdena, de övriga fem intervjuerna har genomförts med de anställda respektive arbetsgivare. Resulatet av undersökningen visar att de arbetsuppgifter som de anställda utför inom respektive område är relativt olika men än dock av liknande karaktär och kan härledas till de arbetsuppgifter som ingår i yrket för en Sport manager. Mellan de arbetsområden som har någon form av idrotts- eller friskvårdsanknytning syns ett tydligt samband mellan vilka kvalifikationer som krävs vid rekrytering och vilka kompetenser och personliga egenskaper som är viktiga inom respektive yrke för att genomföra dess arbetsuppgifter. Ett tydligt samband går även att utläsa bland de kompetenssvagheter som de anställda besitter, trots olika arbetsuppgifter. I analysen ställs resultatet mot de valda teorierna för att stärka de tolkningar som görs. Där ges även förslag på förändringar som kan vara värdefulla att ta i beaktande i framtida planering av kursinnehållet inom programmet för Coaching och Sport management vid Växjö universitet.

The aim of this study was to examine which effect tabloidization has had on the news content and the presentation of the Swedish news program Rapport, during the years 1979 and 2009. Rapport is broadcasted in the Public Service channel "Sveriges Television". Our main concern was to examine whether Rapport has stayed true to their assignment or if they have made changes to appeal to the popularised audience. To do so we focused on three questions: What is the journalist’s role? What becomes news? Who are interviewed? We used theories such as social representation, news value and media logic to help us perform the analysis. Qualitative methods were used to analyse the news broadcasts, of which John Langer’s story-types was the primary method. In addition to that we used the method of semiotics to reveal signs of tabloidization in the imagery of the broadcasts. Our results showed that the tabloidization of Rapport lies in the format rather than the news content. The changes in the news content are barely noticeable, even though the time span is quite long. The format however, has seen some tabloidization in 2009, with changes to the vignette and the feature structure. We also found changes in which people that Rapport chose to interview and changes among the journalists themselves. For instance we discovered that the representation of different groups of people is much more varied in 2009 than it was in 1979. The results also showed that the journalistic role has shifted from the task of educating the citizens to the task of being sensational and entertaining.

The variety of principal minors of nxn symmetric matrices, denoted Zn, can be described naturally as a projection from the Lagrangian Grassmannian. Moreover, Zn is invariant under the action of a group G C GL(2n) isomorphic to (SL(2)xn) x Sn. One may use this symmetry to study the defining ideal of Zn as a G-module via a coupling of classical representation theory and geometry. The need for the equations in the defining ideal comes from applications in matrix theory, probability theory, spectral graph theory and statistical physics. I describe an irreducible G-module of degree 4 polynomials called the hyperdeterminantal module (which is constructed as the span of the G-orbit of Cayley's hyperdeterminant of format 2 x 2 x 2) and show that it that cuts out Zn set theoretically. This result solves the set-theoretic version of a conjecture of Holtz and Sturmfels and gives a collection of necessary and sufficient conditions for when it is possible for a given vector of length 2n to be the principal minors of a symmetric n x n matrix. In addition to solving the Holtz and Sturmfels conjecture, I study Zn as a prototypical G-variety. As a result, I exhibit the use of and further develop techniques from classical representation theory and geometry for studying G-varieties.

In this thesis, we consider the Multi Resource Agent Bottleneck Generalized Assignment Problem. We aim to minimize the maximum load over all agents. We study the Linear Programming (LP) relaxation of the problem. We use the optimal LP relaxation solutions in our Branch and Bound algorithm while defining lower and upper bounds and branching schemes. We find that our Branch and Bound algorithm returns optimal solutions to the problems with up to 60 jobs when the number of agents is 5, and up to 30 jobs when the number of agents is 10, in less than 20 minutes. To find approximate solutions, we define a tabu search algorithm and an &amp / #945 / approximation algorithm. Our computational results have revealed that these procedures can find high quality solutions to large sized instances very quickly.

In this study, carbon dioxide emissions resulting from transportation are assessed, carbon emission reduction opportunities in the current service supply chain design of Cisco Systems, Inc. are explored. Among these opportunities, changing transport mode from a high-carbon transport mode to a low-carbon transport mode is found to be the most promising option and is scrutinized. The effect of transportation mode change on carbon emission and expected total cost are scrutinized by developing a mathematical model that minimizes expected total cost subject to aggregate fill rate constraint. Furthermore, a second model that minimizes the expected total cost under aggregate expected fill rate and carbon emission constraints is developed. In this model transportation mode choice decisions are integrated into inventory decisions. Since it is difficult to make transportation mode selection for each individual item, the items are clustered and transportation mode selection is made for each cluster. Therefore we propose two clustering methods that are k-means clustering and an adopted ABC analysis. In addition, a greedy algorithm based on second model is developed. Since currently there are no regulations on carbon emissions, in order to examine possible regulation scenarios computational studies are carried out. In these studies, efficient solutions are generated and the most preferred solutions that have less carbon emission and lower total cost among all efficient solutions are examined.

Energy is a limited source in wireless sensor networks and in most applications, it is non-renewable / so designing energy-effcient communication patterns is very important. In this thesis, we de

The most studies on ad hoc network mainly focus on TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) of transport layer, the routing of network layer, multi-hop of Data-link layer, and the integration of WWAN and WLAN to increase the load balancing, coverage, and power savings. Nevertheless, in this dissertation, the system performances of four schemes proposed are improved with respect to data-link and network layers. One purpose of the data link layer is to perform error correction or detection. The other is responsible for the way in which different users share the transmission medium. The Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer is responsible for allowing frames to be sent over the shared media without undue interference with other users. This aspect is referred to as multi-access communications. In the first and third schemes, the FDMA (Frequently-division multiple access) is employed to improve system performance, while in the fourth scheme the CDMA (Code-division multiple access) is used to enhance performance. Network layer has several functions, first is to determine the routing information. A second function is to determine the quality of service. A third function is flow control to avoid network to become congested. In the third scheme, the data-link and network layers have been used to increase system performance. Furthermore, the second scheme mainly concentrates on power savings under wireless sensor network. In ad hoc wireless networks, most data delivery is accomplished through multi-hop routing (hop by hop). This approach may leads to long delay and routing overhead regardless of which routing protocol is used. To overcome this inherent characteristic, this work presents a novel idea adopting dual-card-mode and performing self-organization process with specific IP naming and channel assignment to form a hierarchical star-graph ad hoc network (HSG-ad hoc) which can not only expedite the data transmission but also eliminate the route discovery procedure during data transmission. Therefore, the overall network reliability and stability can be significantly improved. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves substantial improvements in terms of average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio. In a large-scale wireless sensor network, a topology is needed to gather state-based data from sensor network and efficiently aggregate the data given the requirements of balanced load, minimal energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. In this study, we proposed a ring-based hierarchical clustering scheme (RHC) consisting of four phases: pre-deployment, parent-child relationship building, deployment, and member join phases. Two node types are distributed throughout the network: cluster head nodes (type 1 node) and general sensor nodes (type 2 node). The type 1 node has better battery life, software capability and hardware features than the type 2 node does; therefore, the type 1 node is a better cluster head than type 2 node. Most routing protocols focus mainly on obtaining a workable route without considering network traffic conditions for a mobile ad hoc network. Consequently, real time and multimedia applications do not achieve adequate quality of service (QoS). To support QoS, this work proposes a QoS-aware routing protocol, i.e. QUality of service with Admission control RouTing (QUART), that incorporates an admission control scheme into route discovery and route setup procedures. One variant of QUART, called, QUART-DD, adopts a dual-card dual-signal mechanism to increase system performance. Simulation results indicate that QUART-DD can significantly improve packet delivery ratio and throughput, while having a lower average end-to-end delay than routing protocols without QoS support. The performance of ad hoc wireless network suffers from problems in multi-hop transmission. This study adopts code division to modulate the frame header and the frame payload separately. A common spreading code modulates the frame header, and a special spreading code is negotiated and to modulate the frame payload. A field in the frame header indicates the spreading code used to modulate the successive frame payload. The modulated frame is transparent for every node, enabling many frames to be transmitted simultaneously. To allow the special spreading code negotiation, the RTS/CTS command is modified as ERTS/ECTS, and a spreading code table (SCT) is maintained in every node. Due to the space reuse, the proposed scheme has superior performance in latency and bandwidth utilization, as revealed by the simulation results.

A wireless channel is shared by all devices, in the vicinity, that are tuned to the channel, and at any given time, only one of the devices can transmit information. One way to overcome this limitation, in throughput capacity, is to use multiple orthogonal channels for different devices, that want to transmit information at the same time. In this work, we consider the use of multiple orthogonal channels in wireless data networks. We explore algorithms and protocols for such multi-channel wireless networks under two broad categories of network-wide and link-level challenges. Towards handling the network-wide issues, we consider the channel assignment and routing issues in multi-channel wireless networks. We study both single radio and multi-radio multi-channel networks. For single radio multi-channel networks, we propose a new granularity for channel assignment, that we refer to as component level channel assignment. The strategy is relatively simple, and is characterized by several impressive practical advantages. For multi-radio multi-channel networks, we propose a joint routing and channel assignment protocol, known as Lattice Routing. The protocol manages channels of the radios, for the different nodes in the network, using information about current channel conditions, and adapts itself to varying traffic patterns, in order to efficiently use the multiple channels. Through ns2 based simulations, we show how both the protocols outperform other existing protocols for multi-channel networks under different network environments. Towards handling the link-level challenges, we identify the practical challenges in achieving a high data-rate wireless link across two devices using multiple off-the-shelf wireless radios. Given that the IEEE 802.11 a/g standards define 3 orthogonal wi-fi channels in the 2.4GHz band and 12 orthogonal wi-fi channels in the 5GHz band, we answer the following question: ``can a pair of devices each equipped with 15 wi-fi radios use all the available orthogonal channels to achieve a high data-rate link operating at 600Mbps?' Surprisingly, we find through experimental evaluation that the actual observed performance when using all fifteen orthogonal channels between two devices is a mere 91Mbps. We identify the reasons behind the low performance and present Glia, a software only solution that effectively exercises all available radios. We prototype Glia and show using experimental evaluations that Glia helps achieve close to 600Mbps data-rate when using all possible wi-fi channels.

<p>Verksamheter idag bör identifiera ansvarsroller som innehar klart definierade ansvarsområden igenom hela utvecklingsprocessen, för att kunna hantera den ständigt föränderliga miljön IT-utvecklingen framkallar.</p><p>I den här studien behandlas teoretiskt hur olika författare ser på ansvarsroller och ansvarsfördelning vid IT-investeringar. Därför har syftet med den här uppsatsen varit att identifiera, beskriva och jämföra olika teoretiska aspekter för ansvarsfördelning vid ITinvesteringar. Studien har fokuserat på applikationsinvesteringar men även infrastrukturinvesteringar berörs då författare specifikt tar upp detta i sin syn på ITinvesteringar.</p><p>Studien är gjord med en kvalitativ metod och en explorativ, komparativ och konceptuellt analytisk ansats.</p><p>För att ge läsaren en inledande bild av studieområdet har förhållandet mellan IS-arkitekturer, arkitekturfilosofier och ansvarsförhållanden beskrivits. Vi visar också hur ansvarsroller och ansvarsområden har förändrats över åren.</p><p>I litteraturstudien har ansvarsroller och deras ansvarsområden enligt olika författares åsikter föreställts. Därefter följer en analys där identifierade roller från litteraturstudien har utmynnat i tre huvudroller; företagsledningen, IT-avdelningen och operativ ledning. Utifrån detta har sedan fyra synsätt utformats, där dessa huvudroller och deras ansvarsområden presenteras. Synsätten har skapats utifrån skillnader i författarnas åsikter angående ansvarsroller och ansvarsområden vid IT-investeringar.</p><p>I vår slutsats har de största skillnaderna i synsätten identifierats. Dessa skillnader fokuserar på vem som är ansvarig för vad och vilka samarbeten som förekommer. Vi har även i denna litteraturstudie noterat att få av de medverkande författarna hanterar skillnader ansvarsroller och ansvarsområden vid olika typer av IT-investeringar.</p><p>Detta har bland annat resulterat i att vi identifierat behovet av vidare studier av olika typer av IT-investeringar där synen på ansvar jämförs. En empirisk studie kan vara ett intressant komplement till denna studie, där denna studiens identifierade synsätt kan värderas och diskuteras.</p> / <p>The constantly changing environment, caused by the quick IT-development, affects today’s organizations and increases the importance of identifying roles of responsibility and clear areas of responsibilities for each role through the whole development process.</p><p>This research paper has theoretically discussed how different authors look upon identification of roles of responsibilities and the assignment of responsibilities. The purpose of this report has therefore been to identify, describe and compare different theoretical aspects for assignment of responsibilities for IT-investments. This report focused on application investments but also infrastructural investments is mentioned since it is included in the researched theories.</p><p>The report is written by a qualitative method with an explorative, a comparative, and conceptual analytical approach from a general point of view. In order to introduce the study area and increase the readers’ understanding a description of the relationship between IS-architectures, architecture philosophies and assignment responsibilities has been made. The report also gives a short presentation of the history roles of responsibility and their areas of responsibility.</p><p>In section 4 in this report, the study of literature, the different authors’ theories of roles responsibility and areas of responsibilities are presented. In the following analysis three main roles and their areas of responsibilities are identified. Based upon the study literature, four approaches have been formulated where these main roles and their areas responsibilities are represented. The approaches have been created based upon differences in the authors’ opinions regarding assignment of responsibilities for IT-investments.</p><p>In the conclusion the main differences of the approaches are presented. These differences focus on the roles and their responsibilities and the collaboration between different roles. In this research paper we noticed that not many of the authors separate the responsibility differences for different IT-investments in the study.</p><p>One way to conduct further studies in this research area is to study the assignment of responsibilities for different IT-investments. An empirical study of how roles and responsibilities is managed by businesses today would also be a good way to conduct further studies. An empirical study would help estimate and discuss our identified approaches.</p>

<p>The question of how to design a congestion pricing scheme is difficult to answer and involves a number of complex decisions. This thesis is devoted to the quantitative parts of designing a congestion pricing scheme with link tolls in an urban car traffic network. The problem involves finding the number of tolled links, the link toll locations and their corresponding toll level. The road users are modeled in a static framework, with elastic travel demand.</p><p>Assuming the toll locations to be fixed, we recognize a level setting problem as to find toll levels which maximize the social surplus. A heuristic procedure based on sensitivity analysis is developed to solve this optimization problem. In the numerical examples the heuristic is shown to converge towards the optimum for cases when all links are tollable, and when only some links are tollable.</p><p>We formulate a combined toll location and level setting problem as to find both toll locations and toll levels which maximize the net social surplus, which is the social surplus minus the cost of collecting the tolls. The collection cost is assumed to be given for each possible toll location, and to be independent of toll level and traffic flow. We develop a new heuristic method which is based on repeated solutions of an approximation to the combined toll location and level setting problem. Also, a known heuristic method for locating a fixed number of toll facilities is extended, to find the optimal number of facilities to locate. Both heuristics are evaluated on two small networks, where our approximation procedure shows the best results.</p><p>Our approximation procedure is also employed on the Sioux Falls network. The result is compared with different judgmental closed cordon structures, and the solution suggested by our method clearly improves the net social surplus more than any of the judgmental cordons.</p>