The use of molecular markers to predict non-tested materials in field trials has been extensively employed in breeding programs. The genomic prediction of single crosses is a promising approach in maize breeding programs as it reduces selection cycle and permits the selection of promising crosses. Accounting for non-additive effects on genomic prediction can increase prediction accuracy of models depending on the traits genetic architecture. Genomic prediction was first developed for single environments andrecently extended to exploit the genotype by environment interactions for prediction of non-evaluated individuals. The employment of multi-environment genomic models is advantageous in several aspects and has enabled significant higher prediction accuracies than single environment models. However, only a small number of studies regarding the inclusion of non-additive effects in these models are reported. Moreover, the genotype by environment interaction complexity can largely impact the prediction accuracyof these models. Thus, the objectives were to i)evaluate the contribution of additive and non-additive (dominance and epistasis) effects for the prediction of agronomical traits with different genetic architecture in tropical maize single-crosses grown under two nitrogen regimes (ideal and stressing), and ii)verify the impact of the genotype by environment interaction complexity, and the inclusion of dominance deviations, on the prediction accuracy of hybrids grain yield using a multi-environment prediction model. For this, we used phenotypic and genotypic data of 906 single-crosses evaluated during two years, at two locations, under two nitrogen regimes, totaling eight contrasting environments (combination of year x locations x nitrogen regimes). The traits considered in the study were grain yield, ear, and plant height. The results regarding the inclusion of additive and non-additive effects (dominance and epistasis) in genomic prediction models suggest that non-additive effects play an important role instressing conditions, having a high, medium and low contribution for phenotypic expression of grain yield, plant height, and ear height, respectively. The inclusion of dominance deviations in multi-environment prediction model increases the prediction accuracy. Furthermore, a linear relationship between genotype by environment complexity and prediction accuracywas found. / O uso de marcadores moleculares para a predição do fénotipo de materiais não testados em campo tem sido amplamente utilizado em programas de melhoramento genético de plantas. A predição genômica de hibridos simples é uma ferramenta promissora no melhoramento genético do milho, pois além da redução do tempo necessário para cada ciclo de seleção, ela pode ser utilizada para a identificação de cruzamentos promissores. Dependendo da característica em estudo, a inclusão de efeitos não aditivos em modelos de predição genômica pode aumentar significativamente sua acurácia de predição. Além disso, estes modelos foram inicialmente propostos para a predição de materiais em apenas um único ambiente. Atualmente, foram expandidos para considerarem os efeitos da interação genótipos por ambiente. O uso de tais modelos têm se mostrado vantajoso em vários aspectos, um deles é o considerável aumento da acurácia de predição de novos materiais. Contudo, ainda são escassos estudos envolvendoa inclusão de efeitos não aditivos nesses modelos. Ademais, fatores como a complexidade da interação genótipo por ambiente pode influenciar de maneira significativa a acurácia preditiva de modelos considerando múltiplos ambientes. Portanto, os objetivos foram: i)avaliar a contribuição de efeitos aditivos e não aditivos (dominância e epistasia) para a predição de caracteres agronômicos com diferentes arquiteturas genéticas em cruzamentos simples de milho tropical cultivados sob dois níveis de disponibilidade de nitrogênio (ideal e estressado), e ii)verificar o impacto da complexidade da interação genótipo por ambiente, e da inclusão de desvios de dominância na acurácia de predição de modelos multi-ambientes para a predição da produtividade grãos de híbridos simples de milho. Para isto, foram utilizados os dados fenótipicos e genotípicos de 906 híbridos simples de milho avaliados durante dois anos, em dois locais, sob dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada, totalizando oito ambientes distintos (combinação ano xlocal x nivel de adubação nitrogenada). Os caracteres estudados foram produtividade de grãos, altura de espiga, e plantas. Os resultados acerca da inclusão de efeitos aditivos e não aditivos (dominancia e epistasia) sugerem que, efeitos não aditivos são mais importantes sob condições de estresse, contribuem de maneira significativa para produtividade grãos, de modo intermediário para altura de plantas e possuem pouca importância para altura de espiga. A inclusão de desvios de dominância em modelos de predição multi-ambientes aumentou de forma significativa a acurácia de predição. Além disto, observou-se uma relação linear entre complexidade da interação genótipos por ambientes e acurácia preditiva do modelo.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’élaboration de composés à transition de spin et l’étude de leurs propriétés induites par irradiation lumineuse ou par une variation de la température. L’induction à l’état solide de la transition de spin par la lumière, via les effets appelés Light-Induced Excited Spin State Trapping (LIESST) et Ligand Driven Light-Induced Spin Change (LD-LISC)) a été étudiée. La préparation de nanoparticules et leur mise en forme ont été ensuite développées à partir de composés à transition de spin de nature moléculaire, puis leurs propriétés de commutation ont été examinées. Deux familles de matériaux aux propriétés optimisées pour l’étude du mécanisme de photo-conversion par effet LIESST aux temps ultra-courts ont été examinées et les premiers résultats de mesures résolues en temps sont présentés. Par ailleurs, l’étude de l’effet photomagnétique LD-LISC a été menée avec les composés de FeII(stpy)4(NCSe)2 (stpy = 4-styrylpyridine, ligand photo-isomérisable), soit en dispersant les composés dans une matrice polymérique, soit à l’état cristallin. L’influence du milieu sur la photo-réactivité du composé a été démontrée et, dans le solide cristallin, une isomérisation unidirectionnelle du ligand stpy via un mécanisme original mettant en jeu des états excités MLCT a été mise en évidence. Le développement de méthodes originales permettant la préparation de nanoparticules à transition de spin à partir de composés moléculaires a été effectuée. Tout d’abord, la chimie sol-gel a été utilisée afin d’obtenir des nano-objets dispersés dans un film mince de silice. Cette approche élégante a permis un bon contrôle de la taille des objets et l’obtention de solides de bonne qualité optique, dans lesquels une conversion thermo- et photo-induite a été observée avec le composé [FeII(mepy)3tren](PF6)2. Une autre méthode de synthèse, consistant en la précipitation rapide d’objets, éventuellement limitée par la présence de polymère a été appliquée avec succès à l’étude de plusieurs composés moléculaires à transition de spin. Avec le composé [FeIII(3-OMeSalEen)2]PF6, des objets de taille contrôlée ont été synthétisés et, de manière remarquable, un effet, relativement faible, de la réduction de taille sur la coopérativité a été observé. Enfin, l’étude de microcristaux FeII(phen)2(NCS)2, a permis de démontrer de manière indiscutable que la présence de polymère enrobant les objets pouvait influer sur leur transition thermo- et photo-induite en induisant des contraintes au niveau des particules. / This work is devoted to synthesis of spin-crossover compounds and to the study of their thermo- or photo-induced switching. Photo-induced spin-crossover, either by the Light-Induced Excited Spin State Trapping (LIESST) or the Ligand Driven Light-Induced Spin Change (LD-LISC)) effects, has been studied in the solid state. The synthesis of spin-crossover nanoparticles built with compounds of molecular nature and the study of their switching properties has then been examined. The synthesis of optimized materials for the study of the photo-switching mechanism (LIESST effect) at ultrafast timescales has been developed and the first time-resolved measurements are presented. The study of the LD-LISC effect on the FeII(stpy)4(NCSe)2 (stpy = 4-styrylpyridine, photo-isomerizable ligand) complexes has also been performed, either bydispersing the compound in a polymeric matrix, or on the crystalline state. Different photo-induced behaviours have been evidenced, depending on the compound environment. On thecrystalline state, a unidirectional reactivity of the stpy ligand through an original mechanism following the excitation in the MLCT excited states has been evidenced. The synthesis of spin-crossover nanoparticles with compounds of molecular nature has then been performed with two different methods. First, the sol-gel process has been used to obtain well dispersed nanoparticles in a silica thin film. This approach allows the synthesis of size-controlled particles trapped on solids of good optical quality, in which a thermo- and photo-induced spin crossover has been observed with the [FeII(mepy)3tren](PF6)2 compound. Another synthetic method, based on the precipitation in an anti-solvent, has been successfully applied to various spin-crossover complexes. With the [FeIII(3-OMeSalEen)2]PF6 compound, size-controlled particles have been prepared and, interestingly, the size reduction effect on the cooperative processes appears to be limited. Finally, the study of FeII(phen)2(NCS)2 microcrystals has evidenced that the interaction between the polymer and the particles can affect their thermo- and photo-induced spin-crossover processes.

Introduction: The association between daily air pollution exposure and risk of mortality is well established. Few studies have investigated in detail the associations beyond a seven day lag. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the change in risk across longer (30 day) periods post exposure for three specific causes of death: pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Daily Scottish mortality data (1980-2011) was matched to measurements from local fixed site pollution (Black smoke, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, & NO2) and temperature monitors. Exposure on subjects' 'day of death' was compared with control days in a time-stratified case-crossover analysis. Exposure effects on 30 days prior to day of death were modelled using distributed lag non-linear, lag stratified, and cubic distributed lag models. Matching hospital admissions data inferred subject location during exposure, further analyses investigated extreme outliers and missing data using multiple imputation techniques. The analysis accounted for several confounders including accurately modelling temperature relationships unique for each cause of death. Results: Of the 919,301 deaths, 20% were classified as being caused by pneumonia, 9.5% as COPD, and 30% as IHD in the 'any' cause of death field. Non-linear effects for temperature and linear effects for the pollutants were present across all 30 days. Temperature-mortality was observed to be U-shaped at shorter lags. Consistently increased risk occurred for longer in cold temperatures with 1oC increase (30 days lag) = %RR -0.35% Pneumonia, -0.62% COPD, and -0.26% IHD. PM2.5 on all three outcomes, and all pollutants on COPD showed the greatest effect sizes. In general, COPD risk only occurred after a delay, peaking between 12-18 days. COPD risk due to PM2.5 was immediate (%RR (95% C.I.) = 1.05% (0.14%,2.01%)) and lasted the full 30 days. Pneumonia risk often reported the shortest lag of 10-15 days, whereas IHD risk occurred 2 days after exposure but lasted the remaining 30 days. There was some evidence especially for pneumonia of a smaller association between air pollution on mortality when subjects included were present in hospital. A simulation study indicated slight improvement in accuracy when 'multiple imputation' was performed compared to 'complete cases' analysis; though both techniques reported similarly underestimated effect estimates. Extreme outliers in the main analysis of pollution exposure did not appear to have a strong influence on the risk. However, large variability between monitor measurements of pollution exposure was present and appeared to be influencing the results. Conclusion: This study provides additional evidence on the link between air pollution, and temperature, and acute mortality. Particular focus was on three causes of death (pneumonia, COPD, and IHD) that are shown to be influenced by air pollution in subtly different ways. Results also indicated that the 'true' effect of air pollution on mortality might be greater than shown by mortality studies which do not use hospital admission location during exposure into account.

O sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) foi recentemente conhecido como um gasotransmissor muito importante com função neuroprotetora, antioxidante, antiinflamatória, vasodilatadora, antiapoptótica e angiogênica, tanto em condições fisiológicas quanto patológicas. Quando metilado, produz metanotiol (CH3SH), e ambos constituem os gases mais ofensivos e responsáveis pela halitose de origem intraoral. Objetivos: Este ensaio clínico cruzado avaliou a eficácia de enxaguantes à base de clorexidina (CHX) ou óleos essenciais (OE) na redução de níveis de H2S e CH3SH. Métodos: 21 indivíduos adultos (8 homens, 13 mulheres) foram aleatoriamente alocados em um estudo cruzado de 4 períodos. Quatro enxaguantes foram testados: Periogard® com álcool (controle positivo) (CHXc/a) e sem álcool (CHXs/a); ListerineTotal® (OEc/a) e ListerineZeroTM (OEs/a), dispostos em quatro sequências de uso. Todos os voluntários foram convidados a abster-se de higiene oral por um período de 12 horas para os escores basais. Cada produto foi usado uma só vez, seguido por um período de washout de uma semana. O hálito foi medido por aparelho de cromatografia gasosa portátil-OralChromaTM antes e 1, 2 e 3 horas depois do bochecho. A análise exploratória de dados, através de medidas de localização central e de dispersão foi realizada. As comparações das médias das variáveis foram feitas pelo modelo de efeitos mistos linear para dados longitudinais, utilizando PROC MIXED do software SAS ® 9.2. Resultados: Em comparação com os níveis basais, na primeira hora, apenas OEc/a foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o hálito (H2S p <0,0001 e CH3SH p=0,001) para ambos os gases e o seu efeito durou até três horas (H2S p <0,0001 e CH3SH p=0,001). CHXc/a (controle) reduziu o H2S na primeira hora (p = 0,001) e durou três horas (H2S p<0,0001) sem efeito sobre o CH3SH. CHXs/a apenas reduziu os níveis de H2S, mas com menos eficácia em todo o período (p=0,001 para as 3 vezes). OEs/a não teve efeito no hálito, que aumentou com o tempo para ambos os gases. Conclusão: O OEc/a apresentou melhor desempenho em relação à halitose intraoral, seguido pelo controle CHXc/a e CHXs/a. / Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recently known as a very important gasotransmitter with neuroprotectant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, angiogenic and antiapoptotics functions both in physiological and pathological conditions. When methylated, produces methanethiol (CH3SH), and both are the most offensive gases responsible for intra-oral halitosis. This crossover clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of chlorhexidine (CHX) or essential oils (EO) based mouthrinses for reduction of H2S and CH3SH levels. 21 adult subjects (8 male, 13 female) were randomly allocated into a four period crossover trial. Four mouthrinses were tested: Periogard® with alcohol (positive control) (CHXw/a) and without alcohol (CHXn/a); ListerineTotal® (EOw/a) and ListerineZeroTM (EOn/a) arranged into four sequences of use. All the volunteers were asked to refrain from oral hygiene for a 12- hours period for baseline scores. Each product was used at once, followed by a one-week washout period. The breath was measured by portable gas chromatograph OralChromaTM before rinsing and after 1, 2 and 3 hours. Exploratory analysis of data through measures of central location and dispersion was performed. Comparisons of the means of the variables were made by linear mixed effect model for longitudinal data by using PROC MIXED from SAS® 9.2 software. Compared to the baseline, at the first hour, only EOw/a was able to significantly reduce the breath (H2S p<0.0001 and CH3SH p=0.001) for both gases and its effect lasted for up to three hours (H2S p<0.0001 and CH3SH p=0.001). CHXw/a(control) reduced H2S at the first hour (p=0.001) and lasted for three hours (H2S p<0.0001) without effect on CH3SH. CHXn/a just reduced H2S levels but less effectively at the whole period (p=0.001 for the 3 times). EOn/a had no effect on breath, which increased with time for both gases. The EOw/a presented the best performance against intra-oral halitosis followed by the control CHXw/a and CHXn/a.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier la structure à l’échelle nanométrique et micrométrique de matériaux d’intérêt pour la spintronique organique, en se focalisant notamment sur deux aspects cruciaux pour la qualité des dispositifs : les interfaces molécules/métaux et les couches organiques. Pour pouvoir confronter nos résultats aux prédictions théoriques, nous avons utilisé des monocristaux métalliques et effectué des dépôts de molécules sous ultravide, permettant la réalisation d’échantillons de grande qualité. Nous avons concentré notre étude sur deux systèmes, l’un à base de C60 et de Cobalt et l’autre à base de molécules à transition de spin et d’Or. Pour élucider la structure de nos échantillons, nous avons réalisé in situ des mesures de microscopie à effet tunnel et de diffusion des rayons X, deux techniques complémentaires permettant respectivement l’obtention d’informations locales et globales sur le système. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à des calculs ab initio réalisés sur ces mêmes systèmes. Concernant le dépôt de molécules de C60 sur un substrat Co(0001), nous avons notamment pu mettre en évidence que le recuit de l’échantillon entraîne une transition structurale de l’interface, avec la création de lacunes dans le substrat sous chaque molécule, formant ainsi un réseau périodique. La couche moléculaire non recuite exhibe en outre une grande cristallinité. Le dépôt de Cobalt sur ce cristal moléculaire entraîne une contraction de ce dernier, due à la diffusion des atomes de Cobalt dans les sites interstitiels. Enfin, concernant les molécules à transition de spin [FeII (HB (3,5-(CH3)2Pz)3)2] déposées sur Au(111), nous avons mis en évidence une relation d’épitaxie inattendue entre le réseau moléculaire et le substrat / The aim of this thesis is to study at micrometric scale and nanoscale the structure of materials of interest for organic spintronics, focusing in particular on two crucial aspects to obtain good devices quality: molecular/metal interfaces and organic layers. In order to compare our results with theoretical predictions, we have used metallic single crystals and molecular deposition under ultra-high vacuum, allowing the obtention of high quality samples. We focused our study on two systems, one based on C60 and Cobalt and the other based on spin crossover molecules and Gold.To elucidate the structure of our samples, we used scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray scattering, two techniques that are complementary, one probing the local organization and the other the global otganization of the system. The results obtained were compared to ab initio calculations carried out on the same systems. Regarding the deposition of C60 molecules on a Co (0001) substrate, we have been able to demonstrate that the annealing of the sample leads to a structural transition of the interface, with the creation of Cobalt vacancies under each molecules, forming a periodic network. Before annealing, the molecular layer also exhibits high crystallinity. The Cobalt deposition on this molecular crystal causes a contraction of the lattice, due to Cobalt diffusion into interstitial sites. Finally, concerning the [FeII (HB (3,5- (CH3) 2Pz) 3) 2] spin-crossover complex deposited on Au (111), we have demonstrated an unexpected epitaxial relationship between the molecular lattice and the substrate

Le contrôle au moyen d'impulsions laser ultracourtes de la transformation collective et concertée de molécules à l'état solide pouvant induire une commutation ultrarapide de l'état macroscopique d'un matériau offre des perspectives nouvelles. L'objectif est de réaliser à l'échelle du matériau ce qui est réalisé à l'échelle moléculaire en femtochimie. Ces processus sont hautement non linéaires et coopératifs, pouvant conduire à une auto-amplification et une auto-organisation au sein du matériau, et donc à une transition de phase photo-induite vers un nouvel ordre à longue distance (structural, magnétique, ferroélectrique...). Deux familles de matériaux ont été ici étudiées: tout d'abord, des matériaux à transition de spin, passant d'un état diamagnétique à paramagnétique, sous l'effet de la température, ou sous irradiation laser continue. Il s'agit de matériaux photo-actifs prototypes de la bistabilité moléculaire à l'état solide, dont la commutation est étudiée lors d'expériences de diffraction X, de réflectivité optique et de magnétisme. Une seconde partie des études a porté sur des complexes moléculaires à transfert de charge qui sont des composés prototypes pour les transitions de phase photo-induites ultra-rapides: neutre-ionique, isolant-métal... En plus des expériences d'optique temporelle ultra-rapide, la cristallographie X résolue en temps constitue une technique clé permettant de suivre au niveau atomique les différentes étapes de la transformation photo-induite et par conséquent d'observer les mécanismes mis en jeu. Ainsi, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un processus de photo-formation de nanodomaines unidimensionnels d'excitations de transfert de charge relaxées structuralement, pilotant la transition de phase photo-induite du TTF-CA, à l'aide de premières études de diffusion diffuse résolue en temps. Une nouvelle source laser-plasma femtoseconde et un dispositif de spectroscopie pompe sonde optique à détection hautement sensible ont aussi été développés dans le cadre de ce travail. Les résultats présentés dans cette étude seront une illustration des enjeux scientifiques actuels relatifs d'une part aux développements de projets de grande ampleur (nouvelles sources ultra-brèves) et d'autre part à la photo-commutation ultra-rapide.

This dissertation discusses the Landau-Zener (LZ) theory and its application in noisy environments and in many-body systems. The first project considers the effect of fast quantum noise on LZ transitions. There are two important time intervals separated by the characteristic LZ time. For each interval we derive and solve the evolution equation, and match the solutions at the boundaries to get a complete solution. Outside the LZ time interval, we derive the master equation, which differs from the classical equation by a quantum commutation term. Inside the LZ time interval, the mixed longitudinal-transverse noise correlation renormalizes the LZ gap and the system evolves according to the renormalized LZ gap. In the extreme quantum regime at zero temperature our theory gives a beautiful result which coincides with that of other authors. Our initial attempts to solve two experimental puzzles - an isotope effect and the quantized hysteresis curve of a single molecular magnet - are also discussed. The second project considers an ultracold dilute Fermi gas in a magnetic field sweeping across the broad Feshbach resonance. The broad resonance condition allows us to use the single mode approximation and to neglect the energy dispersion of the fermions. We then propose the Global Spin Model Hamiltonian, whose ground state we solve exactly, which yields the static limit properties of the BEC-BCS crossover. We also study the dynamics of the Global Spin Model by converting it to a LZ problem. The resulting molecular production from the initial fermions is described by a LZ-like formula with a strongly renormalized LZ gap that is independent of the initial fermion density. We predict that molecular production during a field-sweep strongly depends on the initial value of magnetic field. We predict that in the inverse process of molecular dissociation, immediately after the sweeping stops there appear Cooper pairs with parallel electronic spins and opposite momenta.

Heme-based gas sensor proteins have the ability to sense diatomic molecules such as O2 (FixL, EcDos or HemAT), CO (CooA, a CO-sensing protein of Rhodospirillum rubrum) and NO (guanylate cyclase) molecules and subsequently regulate numerous important biological processes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The sensing function of these proteins is initiated by the binding of an effector (i.e., O2, CO, etc5) to the heme iron which then leads to a cascade of conformational events which gives rise to changes in kinase activity, DNA-binding activity, etc... In order to better understand the mechanism heme-based signaling, time resolved photothermal methods as well as transient optical techniques were utilized to obtain thermodynamic profiles for ligand binding/release in heme based signaling proteins including HemAT from Bacillus subtilis (aerotactic transducer), FixL from Sinorhizobium meliloti (regulation of the nitrogen fixation) and CooA from Rhodospirillum rubrum (transcriptional activator). In addition, a number of model systems were examined to understand the underlying thermodynamic processes involved in heme ligation. The variation of volume and enthalpy changes associated with spin state change of the iron from high-spin to low-spin where examined using the spin crossover Fe(III)(salten)(mepepy) complex. In addition, the experimental determination of the volume change due to electrostriction events were using Ru(II)(L)3 and the Debye-Hückel equation. Finally, different model heme proteins were studied to understand how a signal is conformationaly transmitted within a heme protein matrix. Sandbar shark hemoglobin was examined as an example of a non-signaling an allosteric protein. Two different peroxidases (horseradish and soybean) which have a direct channel between the heme pocket and the solvent involving no barrier energetic for the photodissociated ligand leaving the heme pocket were examined as example of non-signaling, non-allosteric proteins. The results show that each protein has a unique thermodynamic profile to conformationaly transmit signals subsequent to photodissociation of CO, even within the same class of protein (i.e. PAS domains, globins, etc...).

La recombinaison homologue est essentielle à la réparation des lésions de l'ADN ainsi qu'à la ségrégation correcte des chromosomes en méiose. Une étape importante de la recombinaison méiotique est la formation des crossovers (CO). Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai mis en évidence un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de la recombinaison méiotique. J'ai montré que les cycles d'activation et de désactivation des cullin-RING ligases (CRL) sont absolument nécessaires à la recombinaison méiotique. Les CRL sont activées par neddylation et désactivées par la deneddylation. De plus, elles peuvent aussi être inhibées par la séquestration via la protéine CAND1. Mon travail a démontré que ces trois niveaux de régulation des CRL jouent des rôles cruciaux dans la recombinaison homologue méiotique chez A. thaliana. J'ai montré qu'AXR1, un composant clé de la machinerie de neddylation, est nécessaire à la localisation correcte des CO méiotiques et à la recombinaison homologue somatique. J'ai aussi prouvé que le processus de deneddylation médié par CSN5A est nécessaire à la formation des CO. J'ai obtenu des données montrant que cette régulation de la localisation des CO agit à travers la régulation d'un complexe CRL4. Enfin, j'ai pu montrer que l'inhibiteur des CRL, CAND1, est requis pour la formation de plus de 90 % des CO. En utilisant des outils génétiques et cytologiques, j'ai montré que CAND1 agit probablement sur la régulation du biais inter-homologue. L'ensemble de ces données, met l'accent sur un nouveau mécanisme de la régulation de la recombinaison homologue, connectant pour la première fois la méiose et l'ubiquitination via les cullin-RING Ligases.

Dans la plupart des organismes, les crossovers se formant au cours de la méiose sont interférérents : deux crossovers sont rarement à proximité. Nous avons étudié ce phénomène en détail dans la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana en utilisant une grande population de rétro-croisements, en méiose mâle et en méiose femelle. Nous avons utilisé le modèle Gamma à deux voies, superposant à la voie interférente une proportion p de crossovers d'une deuxième voie non interférente. La méiose femelle montre une interférence plus élevée et une proportion p plus faible que la méiose mâle. Par ailleurs nos comparaisons intra-chromosomiques concluent qu'il existe des variations d'interférence entre le bras gauche et le bras droit d'une part et entre la partie centrale et les régions distales d'autre part. Nous avons ensuite développé des tests statistiques qui ont révélé des hétérogénéités dans la proportion p le long des chromosomes. De telles variations ont ensuite été trouvées dans un jeu de données de tomate où notre analyse statistique nous a permis de montrer pour la première fois sur un organisme "sauvage" que la deuxième voie était très peu interférente et qu'en fait les deux voies avaient un peu de " cross-talk ". Vu que la limitation la plus sévère des modèles utilisés jusqu'à présent est l'hypothèse de constance du paramètre p, nous avons développé un modèle généralisé où les deux voies peuvent avoir des paysages de recombinaison différents. Ce modèle nommé PSL-GS a été implémenté en logiciel et testé sur des données simulées et sur trois jeux de données de plantes. L'utilisation du critère BIC suggère que tout comme chez la tomate, les paysages de recombinaison d'Arabidopsis et du maïs sont différents entre les 2 voies.