O controle de mastite consiste em um conjunto de medidas de manejo e prevenção da doença em um rebanho, pois estudos realizados em todo estado de São Paulo estimaram um prejuízo de 17% da produção por propriedade devido à mastite considerando perdas como os gastos com tratamentos; descarte de leite; queda na produção; além de perdas por resíduos de antibióticos. O trabalho mostra que a população microbiana da mucosa dos tetos não varia conforme a sua posição no úbere do animal e a identificação dos microorganismos predominantes foram como sendo de Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Acinetobacter junii. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia do muco de escargot nos tetos de vacas leiteiras utilizando-o como \"pré e pós dipping\" e o comparado com a aplicação de solução de iodo, visando à prevenção ou a redução da incidência de infecções intramamárias. O muco de escargot possui uma propriedade antibacteriana bastante efetiva, conhecida como Achacin. Sua ação bactericida ocorre principalmente na fase de crescimento da bactéria agindo como agente quimioterápico. O muco de escargot mostrou ser igualmente eficiente no controle da população de microorganismo presente na superfície dos tetos, quando comparados ao uso da solução de iodo, além de que o seu efeito sobre a pele e mucosa dos tetos foi de deixá-los mais hidratados e com melhor elasticidade evitando rachaduras e focos de infecção, quando comparado ao agente mineral, podendo ser até mesmo um produto alternativo no controle e prevenção de mastite em vacas leiteiras. / The control of mastitis is a set of measures for management and prevention of disease in a herd, because studies from every state of Sao Paulo have estimated a loss of 17% in a property considering losses due to mastitis as spending on treatments; discarded milk, drop in production, and losses due to antibiotic residues. The study shows that the microbial population of the mucosa of the teats doesnt vary according to their position in the animal\'s udder and identification of microorganisms were predominant as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter junii. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of snail mucus teats of dairy cows using it as a \"pre and post dipping\" and compared with the application of iodine solution, aiming at preventing or reducing the incidence of mammary infections. The mucus of snail has a very effective antibacterial property, known as Achacin. Its bactericidal action occurs mainly in the growth of bacteria by acting as a chemotherapeutic agent. The mucus of snail proved to be equally effective in controlling the population of microorganisms present on the surface of the teats, compared to the use of iodine solution, and that its effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the teats was leaving them more hydrated and with improved elasticity avoiding cracks and foci of infection, when compared to mineral agent, which may even be an alternative product in the control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia_Regina_Rocha_Soares.pdf: 573117 bytes, checksum: cb261e0db3d91a91e8ba33ee634b7c38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-30 / Two experiments were carried to evaluate the efficiency of the predipping on bacterian contamination reduction of the animal teats and on the milk bacterian count, as well as the sanitation efficiency of the mechanical milking machine s teatcups. Also has been evaluated, the profile of susceptibility to antimicrobials of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp isolated from milk samples from the refrigeration tank. To evaluate the efficiency of the pre-dipping, 12 animals were chosen and randomly divided into 3 groups. Each group received a treatment regarding the sanitation of the teats before the milking: no sanitation, sanitation using water followed by disposable paper towel drying and pre-dipping using iodine followed by disposable paper towel drying. To evaluate the sanitation efficiency of the mechanical milking machine s teatcups, were collected samples from them before the milking, after use on an animal, after use on two animals and after use on three animals. A participatory survey was held with a group of students from Family Farming, during which was also held a mini course named Good Practices on Milking , with theoretical and practical classes. During the practical classes, the students collected material from diverse spots of the milking room. It was applied a questionnaire referent to critical points on milking to evaluate the perception of the students before and after the mini course. Data from one question was statistically analyzed as to the frequency of choice of the answers. There were different perceptions, before and after, on all seven answers. On the experiment that tested the efficiency of the predipping there was significant difference as to the number of teats with Staphylococcus sp. and also positive Gram bacilli between treatments with no sanitation or with water sanitation and predipping. As to the milk bacterian count of the mammary quarters, there was significant difference between the treatments without sanitation and pre-dipping, although the treatment with only water kept statistically similar to the others. On the experiment that tested the sanitation efficiency of the mechanical milking teatcups, there was significant difference between the averages obtained before the milking, after milking of two and three cows, although the average obtained after the milking of one cow showed significant difference only if compared to the periods with three cows. As to the bacterian susceptibility to antimicrobials, it showed resistance to five, from the eight that were tested, in at least one sample, being them: amoxilicin+clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, G penicillin and vancomycin, with the highest frequency being showed by the gentamicin / Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a eficiência do pré-dipping na redução da contaminação bacteriana da pele dos tetos dos animais e na contagem bacteriana do leite e a eficiência de higienização das teteiras da ordenhadeira mecânica. Avaliou-se também o perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos, de Staphylococcus sp coagulase negativo isolados de amostras de leite do tanque de refrigeração. Para avaliar a eficiência do pré-dipping, foram escolhidos 12 animais e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos. Cada grupo recebeu um tratamento quanto higienização dos tetos antes da ordenha: nenhuma higienização, higienização com água e secagem com papel toalha descartável e pré-dipping com iodo e secagem com papel toalha descartável. Para avaliar a eficiência de higienização das teteiras da ordenhadeira mecânica, foram coletadas amostras das teteiras antes da ordenha, após utilização em um animal, após utilização em dois animais e após utilização em três animais. Foi realizada pesquisa participativa com um grupo de estudantes oriundos da Agricultura Familiar, durante a qual, realizou-se um mini curso intitulado Boas Práticas na Ordenha , com aulas teóricas e práticas. Durante as aulas práticas, os estudantes coletaram material de pontos diversos da sala de ordenha. Foi aplicado um questionário referente a pontos críticos na ordenha para avaliar a percepção dos estudantes antes e depois do mini curso. Dados de uma questão foram analisados estatisticamente quanto à frequência de escolha das respostas. Houve diferença significativa de percepção antes e depois em relação a sete respostas. No experimento que testou a eficiência do pré-dipping houve diferença significativa quanto ao número de tetos com Staphylococcus sp. e também Bacilos Gram Positivos entre os tratamentos sem higienização ou higienização com água e pré-dipping. Quanto à contagem bacteriana do leite dos quartos mamários, houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos sem higienização e pré-dipping, sendo que o tratamento no qual foi utilizada apenas água manteve-se semelhante estatisticamente aos demais. No experimento que testou a eficiência de higienização das teteiras, houve diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas antes da ordenha, após ordenha de duas e de três vacas, sendo que a média obtida após ordenha de uma vaca apresentou diferença significativa apenas em relação a três vacas. Quanto à suscetibilidade bacteriana a antimicrobianos, dos oito antimicrobianos testados, observou-se resistência a cinco, em pelo menos uma amostra, são eles: amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, penicilina G e vancomicina, sendo que a gentamicina apresentou a maior frequência

O controle de mastite consiste em um conjunto de medidas de manejo e prevenção da doença em um rebanho, pois estudos realizados em todo estado de São Paulo estimaram um prejuízo de 17% da produção por propriedade devido à mastite considerando perdas como os gastos com tratamentos; descarte de leite; queda na produção; além de perdas por resíduos de antibióticos. O trabalho mostra que a população microbiana da mucosa dos tetos não varia conforme a sua posição no úbere do animal e a identificação dos microorganismos predominantes foram como sendo de Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Acinetobacter junii. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia do muco de escargot nos tetos de vacas leiteiras utilizando-o como \"pré e pós dipping\" e o comparado com a aplicação de solução de iodo, visando à prevenção ou a redução da incidência de infecções intramamárias. O muco de escargot possui uma propriedade antibacteriana bastante efetiva, conhecida como Achacin. Sua ação bactericida ocorre principalmente na fase de crescimento da bactéria agindo como agente quimioterápico. O muco de escargot mostrou ser igualmente eficiente no controle da população de microorganismo presente na superfície dos tetos, quando comparados ao uso da solução de iodo, além de que o seu efeito sobre a pele e mucosa dos tetos foi de deixá-los mais hidratados e com melhor elasticidade evitando rachaduras e focos de infecção, quando comparado ao agente mineral, podendo ser até mesmo um produto alternativo no controle e prevenção de mastite em vacas leiteiras. / The control of mastitis is a set of measures for management and prevention of disease in a herd, because studies from every state of Sao Paulo have estimated a loss of 17% in a property considering losses due to mastitis as spending on treatments; discarded milk, drop in production, and losses due to antibiotic residues. The study shows that the microbial population of the mucosa of the teats doesnt vary according to their position in the animal\'s udder and identification of microorganisms were predominant as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter junii. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of snail mucus teats of dairy cows using it as a \"pre and post dipping\" and compared with the application of iodine solution, aiming at preventing or reducing the incidence of mammary infections. The mucus of snail has a very effective antibacterial property, known as Achacin. Its bactericidal action occurs mainly in the growth of bacteria by acting as a chemotherapeutic agent. The mucus of snail proved to be equally effective in controlling the population of microorganisms present on the surface of the teats, compared to the use of iodine solution, and that its effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the teats was leaving them more hydrated and with improved elasticity avoiding cracks and foci of infection, when compared to mineral agent, which may even be an alternative product in the control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows.

An extensive compulsory cattle dipping programme was introduced in Venda from 1915 to counter rinderpest and East Coast Fever (ECF). This study approached the sustainability of cattle dipping from environmental, economic, social and governance perspectives against the backdrop of the country’s history and political ecology, focusing on the effects of dipping strategies and operations in Vhembe district of Limpopo Province (the former Venda) in response to ECF. Dipping infrastructre continues to be used in Venda after the eradication of ECF in 1954 and even to the present, albeit below capacity. Arsenic residues occur in soils around all sampled dip sites, especially within 20 m from dip tanks and where red clays and organic-rich loamy soils prevail. Ecologically, dipping practice has therefore not been sustainable, while economically, farmers perceive dipping to enhance livestock health, and they gain benefit from continued use of cattle in agriculture and transport. Being close to watercourses and villages, most dip tank sites pose community safety and health risks, with even fatalities occurring at untended and abandoned tank facilities. Yet the social sustainability benefits of dipping practice, such as the creation of forums where cattle owners and veterinarians interact, the resultant formation of cattle owners’ associations, and the occurrence of recreational opportunities on dip days are also evident. Government has been the main role player in providing dipping services, resulting in limited involvement of and cooperation between other role players; therefore the contribution of the Limpopo Draft Policy on Cattle Dipping (2011) to efficient dipping governance was evaluated. A Sustainable Community Cattle Dipping Model was consequently developed to address the shortcomings in governance, as well as ecological, economic and social issues of the sustainability of dipping practice. This thesis contributes to an understanding that cattle dipping in communal areas are spatial entities that reflect the dynamics of structure-agency. It underscores environmental injustices like arsenic contamination occurring around dip tanks, and the effects of inequitable distribution of dip sites on human health and safety. The economic benefits and limitations of existing dipping practice are also highlighted. It culminates in the development of a Sustainable Community Cattle Dipping Model to enhance the sustainability of dipping practice. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / PhD / Unrestricted

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of lactose hydrolysis on freezing point and dipping characteristics of ice cream. The overall research objective was to determine changes in freezing point, texture and ease of dipping ice cream as a result of lactose hydrolysis. It was also the goal of this research to relate observations from the sensory dippability study with hardness and yield stress data to determine if the latter methods could be used as an alternative to human testing of dippability. In the first experiment, ice cream mixes were treated with lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) to cause 0 to 83% lactose hydrolysis. Lactose hydrolysis decreased the freezing point from -1.63oC in the control (0% hydrolysis) to -1.74oC in the 83% hydrolyzed sample (p < 0.05). Firmness decreased from 0.35 J in the control sample to 0.08 J in the 83% hydrolyzed sample. Lactose hydrolyzed samples melted at a faster rate than the control. There was a difference (p < 0.05) in ease of dipping between samples treated with lactase and the control. There were no perceived differences in sweetness and coldness. In the second study, ice cream mixes were treated with lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) from the microbial sources Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae to cause 0 to 100% lactose hydrolysis. Compression measurements and yield stress as measured by the vane method were both affected by the temperature of the samples. R2 values for compression measurements as related to lactose hydrolysis were higher then those obtained for yield stress measurements. Human evaluation determined a difference (p < 0.05) between the control samples (0% hydrolyzed) and the treatment groups (80% and 100% hydrolyzed). This research demonstrated a relationship between lactose hydrolysis and ease of dipping ice cream. The results implied that the effect of lactose hydrolysis on the dipping characteristics could be evaluated successfully by three different methods: the vane method, compression measurements, and human evaluation. Changes in freezing point due to lactose hydrolysis were minimal, implying that monitoring freezing point is not enough to determine textural characteristics. / Master of Science

Abstract Blood pressure is usually measured on a clinic visit as a momentary value. It can also be defined as a continuum based on several repeated measurements. Ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) is a method of repeated BP measurements targeted to evaluate the circadian blood pressure (BP). Nondipping, i.e., the lack of reduction of BP during the night, has been shown to associate with cardiovascular endpoints. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between 24-hour ABPM and cardio-metabolic confounders in a cross-sectional, population-based study design. Particular attention was paid to the nondipping phenomenon. Adiponectin, a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue, has vasoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Reduced adiponectin level has been associated with hypertension. In this study adiponectin level was inversely associated with daytime systolic BP, but showed no association with nondipping. Hypertension is one component of metabolic syndrome (MS). MS has been associated with nondipping. The association between ABPM and metabolic abnormalities was studied in subjects without known hypertension or type 2 diabetes. Subjects with impaired glucose metabolism were more likely to belong to the group of nondippers. Fatty liver is considered as the hepatic manifestation of MS. A significantly higher prevalence of fatty liver has been seen in hypertensives compared to normotensive controls, elevating their risk for cardiovascular morbidity. The association between ABPM characteristics and fatty liver was evaluated in the present study. Significantly higher systolic ABPM levels were seen in subjects with fatty liver, but no association with nondipping existed. The kidney vasculature is prone to injury under a high continuous circadian BP load and lacking nighttime drop. This may lead to diminished glomerular filtration rate. Our study showed a significant independent association between renal function and the dipping status. Reduction in renal function was associated with increased risk of nondipping pattern. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), the surrogate marker of early atherosclerosis, has been associated with blunted nocturnal BP drop. The association between cIMT and dipping status was explored. Nondipping pattern was associated with increased cIMT. In conclusion, ABPM specifies the information of circadian and nighttime BP level not achievable with conventional BP measurement. This is especially beneficial in metabolic abnormalities when the risk of cardiovascular morbidity is increased. / Tiivistelmä Väitöstutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että vuorokausiverenpaineen mittauksella eli ambulatorisella verenpaineenmittauksella on erityistä merkitystä sydän- ja verenpainesairastavuutta lisäävien metabolisten häiriöiden yhteydessä. Työssä haluttiin selvittää 24 tunnin aikana mitatun verenpainetason ja puuttuvan yöaikaisen verenpaineenlaskun eli nondipping-ilmiön yhteyttä tunnettuihin metabolisiin riskitekijöihin ja kaulavaltimoseinämän paksuuntumaan. Kyseessä on suomalaiseen, keski-ikäiseen väestöotokseen kohdistunut poikkileikkaustutkimus. Tavallisesti yöaikainen verenpainetaso laskee 10&#160;% tai enemmän päiväaikaiseen verenpainetasoon nähden (dipping). Verenpaineen lasku voi kuitenkin jäädä puutteelliseksi (nondipping). Nondipping-ilmiön on todettu lisäävän sydän- ja verisuonisairastuvuuden riskiä. Kaulavaltimoseinämän paksuuntumaa on pidetty merkkinä varhaisesta valtimosairaudesta ja maksan rasvakertymä katsottu osaksi metabolista oireyhtymää. Metabolisiin häiriöihin sekä munuaistoiminnan häiriöihin liittyy lisääntynyt valtimosairauden riski. Väitöstutkimuksessa vuorokausiverenpaine mitattiin mukana kannettavalla automaattisella verenpaineenmittausmenetelmällä eli ambulatorisella verenpaineenmittauksella. Lisäksi verenpaine mitattiin tavalliseen tapaan vastaanottokäynnin yhteydessä. Maksan rasvaisuutta ja kaulavaltimon seinämäpaksuutta tutkittiin ultraäänilaitteella. Tavanomaisten taustamuuttujien lisäksi kerättiin laboratoriotietoa sokeriaineenvaihdunnasta, munuaissuodoksen määrästä sekä rasvakudoksen erittämän adiponektiinihormonin määrästä. Nondipping-ilmiön todettiin olevan itsenäisesti yhteydessä sokeriaineenvaihdunnan häiriöön, munuaissuodoksen alenemaan ja kaulavaltimon seinämäpaksuuntumaan. Kohonnut päiväaikainen systolinen verenpainetaso oli yhteydessä verisuoniston kannalta epäedulliseen adiponektiinihormonitasoon. Sekä systolinen että diastolinen verenpainetaso oli korkeampi henkilöillä, joilla todettiin maksan rasvoittuma kuin niillä, joilla ei ollut maksan rasvoittumaa. Tutkimus osoitti ambulatorisen verenpaineenmittauksen tuovan merkittävää lisätietoa etenkin sydän- ja verisuonisairastuvuuden riskiä jo sinällään lisäävissä tiloissa, kuten metabolisissa häiriöissä ja munuaistoiminnan alentumassa. Koska metaboliset häiriöt lisääntyvät jatkuvasti, on todennäköistä, että vuorokausiverenpaineen mittaus yleistyy osana valtimosairastavuuden kokonaisriskin arviointia.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar se o método de higiene dos tetos das cabras reduz o número de microrganismos do teto e melhora a qualidade do leite obtida durante a ordenha mecânica. Para tanto foram utilizadas 12 cabras pluríparas da raça Alpina submetidas ao pré-dipping (1ª fase experiernental) e lavagem secagem e pré-dipping (2ª fase experimental). Durante as 2 fases experimentais, a produção, composição, contagem de células somáticas foi mensurada uma vez por semana durante três semanas. Também foram colhidas amostras de sangue antes (- 5 e 0 min) e após (5 min) o pré-dipping para determinação dos níveis de cortisol, uma vez por semana durante três semanas. No presente estudo o pré-dipping contribuiu para a redução do número de estafilococus e coliformes encontrados na superfície do teto, entretanto o pré-dipping não influenciou significativamente a CCS, a qualidade ou a produção de leite. / Não consta na dissertação original.

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de se distinguir a pressão arterial noturna da pressão arterial no sono pelo registro simultâneo da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e da polissonografia. Métodos: Recrutaram-se 36 pacientes, 29 homens e 7 mulheres, com suspeita de síndrome das apnéias e hipopnéias obstrutivas do sono (SAHOS), encaminhados à clínica do sono para investigação diagnóstica e que concordaram usar o monitor ambulatorial de pressão arterial (MAPA) Spacelabs 90207 ABP durante a polissonografia (PSG). A média de idade dos indivíduos era 45 ± 11 anos; o índice de massa corporal (IMC), 30,8 ± 5,4 Kg/m2; o índice de apnéias e hipopnéias, 35 ± 29 AH/h. Um microfone acoplado ao monitor ambulatorial de PA registrou os sons característicos de sua atividade em um canal da polissonografia e permitiu determinar, de modo eletrográfico, se a PA foi medida em sono (e-sono) ou vigília (e-vigília).Resultados: Os pacientes encontravam-se dormindo durante (média+DP) 61+24% (variando de 0 a 100%), das 14+1 medidas de pressão arterial durante a noite. Leituras de pressão sistólica e diastólica na MAPA foram significativamente maiores durante o evigília (121 + 12 / 73 + 9 mm Hg) que durante o total do período noturno (119 + 11 / 70 + 8 mmHg) e e-sono (116 + 13 / 68 + 9 mm Hg). Baseado nas medidas do período noturno, 22 pacientes (61%) tinham hipertensão noturna; baseado nas medidas do período de e-sono, 12 pacientes tinham hipertensão noturna (33%; qui-quadrado= 5,54; p= 0,018). Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla mostrou que a percentagem de medidas feitas durante o e-sono foi a única variável que explicou significantemente a diferença entre os valores de PA noturna e PA em e-sono, controlando para gênero, idade, IMC, IAH, e SaO2 mínima. Conclusão: Durante a MAPA as leituras de PA noturnas são mais altas que as leituras durante e-sono. / Objective: Investigate the effect of distinguishing nighttime and sleep on nocturnal blood pressure results in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Methods: We recruited 36 patients, 28 male, with suspected OSAHS attending a sleep clinic for diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and who agreed to wear a Spacelabs 90207 ABP monitor during PSG. Their mean age was 45±11 years; body mass index (BMI), 30.8±5.4 kg/m2; apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 35±29 AH/h; 13 had history of hypertension. A microphone attached to the ABP monitor recorded its sounds in the polygraph and allowed to classify each ABPM measurement as being made in electrographically-determined wake (e-wake) or sleep state (e-sleep). Results: Patients were asleep during (mean±SD) 61±24% (range 0 to 100%) of the 14±1 nighttime BP measurements. Systolic and diastolic ABPM readings were significantly higher during e-wake (121±12 / 73±9 mm Hg) than during total nighttime (119±11/70±8 m Hg) and e-sleep (116±13 / 68±9 mm Hg). Based on nighttime measurements 22 patients (61%) had nocturnal hypertension. Based on measurements made during e-sleep, nocturnal hypertension was diagnosed in 12 patients (33%; chisquare= 5.54; p= 0.018). A multiple linear regression model showed that the percentage of measurements made in e-sleep was the only variable that significantly explained the difference between nighttime and e-sleep BP figures, when controlling for gender, age, BMI, AHI, and lowest SaO2. Conclusion: During ABPM, nighttime BP readings are higher than during e-sleep and this changes dipping and nocturnal hypertension classification.

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de se distinguir a pressão arterial noturna da pressão arterial no sono pelo registro simultâneo da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e da polissonografia. Métodos: Recrutaram-se 36 pacientes, 29 homens e 7 mulheres, com suspeita de síndrome das apnéias e hipopnéias obstrutivas do sono (SAHOS), encaminhados à clínica do sono para investigação diagnóstica e que concordaram usar o monitor ambulatorial de pressão arterial (MAPA) Spacelabs 90207 ABP durante a polissonografia (PSG). A média de idade dos indivíduos era 45 ± 11 anos; o índice de massa corporal (IMC), 30,8 ± 5,4 Kg/m2; o índice de apnéias e hipopnéias, 35 ± 29 AH/h. Um microfone acoplado ao monitor ambulatorial de PA registrou os sons característicos de sua atividade em um canal da polissonografia e permitiu determinar, de modo eletrográfico, se a PA foi medida em sono (e-sono) ou vigília (e-vigília).Resultados: Os pacientes encontravam-se dormindo durante (média+DP) 61+24% (variando de 0 a 100%), das 14+1 medidas de pressão arterial durante a noite. Leituras de pressão sistólica e diastólica na MAPA foram significativamente maiores durante o evigília (121 + 12 / 73 + 9 mm Hg) que durante o total do período noturno (119 + 11 / 70 + 8 mmHg) e e-sono (116 + 13 / 68 + 9 mm Hg). Baseado nas medidas do período noturno, 22 pacientes (61%) tinham hipertensão noturna; baseado nas medidas do período de e-sono, 12 pacientes tinham hipertensão noturna (33%; qui-quadrado= 5,54; p= 0,018). Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla mostrou que a percentagem de medidas feitas durante o e-sono foi a única variável que explicou significantemente a diferença entre os valores de PA noturna e PA em e-sono, controlando para gênero, idade, IMC, IAH, e SaO2 mínima. Conclusão: Durante a MAPA as leituras de PA noturnas são mais altas que as leituras durante e-sono. / Objective: Investigate the effect of distinguishing nighttime and sleep on nocturnal blood pressure results in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Methods: We recruited 36 patients, 28 male, with suspected OSAHS attending a sleep clinic for diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and who agreed to wear a Spacelabs 90207 ABP monitor during PSG. Their mean age was 45±11 years; body mass index (BMI), 30.8±5.4 kg/m2; apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 35±29 AH/h; 13 had history of hypertension. A microphone attached to the ABP monitor recorded its sounds in the polygraph and allowed to classify each ABPM measurement as being made in electrographically-determined wake (e-wake) or sleep state (e-sleep). Results: Patients were asleep during (mean±SD) 61±24% (range 0 to 100%) of the 14±1 nighttime BP measurements. Systolic and diastolic ABPM readings were significantly higher during e-wake (121±12 / 73±9 mm Hg) than during total nighttime (119±11/70±8 m Hg) and e-sleep (116±13 / 68±9 mm Hg). Based on nighttime measurements 22 patients (61%) had nocturnal hypertension. Based on measurements made during e-sleep, nocturnal hypertension was diagnosed in 12 patients (33%; chisquare= 5.54; p= 0.018). A multiple linear regression model showed that the percentage of measurements made in e-sleep was the only variable that significantly explained the difference between nighttime and e-sleep BP figures, when controlling for gender, age, BMI, AHI, and lowest SaO2. Conclusion: During ABPM, nighttime BP readings are higher than during e-sleep and this changes dipping and nocturnal hypertension classification.

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de se distinguir a pressão arterial noturna da pressão arterial no sono pelo registro simultâneo da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial e da polissonografia. Métodos: Recrutaram-se 36 pacientes, 29 homens e 7 mulheres, com suspeita de síndrome das apnéias e hipopnéias obstrutivas do sono (SAHOS), encaminhados à clínica do sono para investigação diagnóstica e que concordaram usar o monitor ambulatorial de pressão arterial (MAPA) Spacelabs 90207 ABP durante a polissonografia (PSG). A média de idade dos indivíduos era 45 ± 11 anos; o índice de massa corporal (IMC), 30,8 ± 5,4 Kg/m2; o índice de apnéias e hipopnéias, 35 ± 29 AH/h. Um microfone acoplado ao monitor ambulatorial de PA registrou os sons característicos de sua atividade em um canal da polissonografia e permitiu determinar, de modo eletrográfico, se a PA foi medida em sono (e-sono) ou vigília (e-vigília).Resultados: Os pacientes encontravam-se dormindo durante (média+DP) 61+24% (variando de 0 a 100%), das 14+1 medidas de pressão arterial durante a noite. Leituras de pressão sistólica e diastólica na MAPA foram significativamente maiores durante o evigília (121 + 12 / 73 + 9 mm Hg) que durante o total do período noturno (119 + 11 / 70 + 8 mmHg) e e-sono (116 + 13 / 68 + 9 mm Hg). Baseado nas medidas do período noturno, 22 pacientes (61%) tinham hipertensão noturna; baseado nas medidas do período de e-sono, 12 pacientes tinham hipertensão noturna (33%; qui-quadrado= 5,54; p= 0,018). Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla mostrou que a percentagem de medidas feitas durante o e-sono foi a única variável que explicou significantemente a diferença entre os valores de PA noturna e PA em e-sono, controlando para gênero, idade, IMC, IAH, e SaO2 mínima. Conclusão: Durante a MAPA as leituras de PA noturnas são mais altas que as leituras durante e-sono. / Objective: Investigate the effect of distinguishing nighttime and sleep on nocturnal blood pressure results in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Methods: We recruited 36 patients, 28 male, with suspected OSAHS attending a sleep clinic for diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and who agreed to wear a Spacelabs 90207 ABP monitor during PSG. Their mean age was 45±11 years; body mass index (BMI), 30.8±5.4 kg/m2; apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 35±29 AH/h; 13 had history of hypertension. A microphone attached to the ABP monitor recorded its sounds in the polygraph and allowed to classify each ABPM measurement as being made in electrographically-determined wake (e-wake) or sleep state (e-sleep). Results: Patients were asleep during (mean±SD) 61±24% (range 0 to 100%) of the 14±1 nighttime BP measurements. Systolic and diastolic ABPM readings were significantly higher during e-wake (121±12 / 73±9 mm Hg) than during total nighttime (119±11/70±8 m Hg) and e-sleep (116±13 / 68±9 mm Hg). Based on nighttime measurements 22 patients (61%) had nocturnal hypertension. Based on measurements made during e-sleep, nocturnal hypertension was diagnosed in 12 patients (33%; chisquare= 5.54; p= 0.018). A multiple linear regression model showed that the percentage of measurements made in e-sleep was the only variable that significantly explained the difference between nighttime and e-sleep BP figures, when controlling for gender, age, BMI, AHI, and lowest SaO2. Conclusion: During ABPM, nighttime BP readings are higher than during e-sleep and this changes dipping and nocturnal hypertension classification.