O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual as formas de conservação da natureza são questionadas. Diversas alternativas de manejo dos recursos naturais com a participação comunitária são apontadas principalmente através da formatação de parcerias junto à sociedade civil organizada na forma de Organizações Não –Governamentais representativas. Buscou-se exemplos concretos de Unidades de Conservação brasileiras, no caso Amazônicas, onde, de diferentes formas, as parcerias e o manejo participativo têm sido implementados com relativo sucesso para se repensar, entre outros, a necessidade futura da criação das Unidades de Conservação ou o formato mais adequado de se conseguir de fato a conservação da biodiversidade e também da sociodiversidade. Muitas alternativas diferentes são apresentadas na tentativa de se responder ao cada vez mais ampliado discurso preservacionista, através do qual as populações tradicionais são privadas dos seus direitos seculares sobre seus espaços, suas tradições, ao mesmo tempo que os recursos naturais estão sendo gradativamente dizimados, sendo o desmatamento um exemplo do paradoxo que vive a nossa política e prática conservacionista. Busca-se também demonstrar que, se não for bem formatada, a participação das comunidades poderá, ao contrário do que se postula, ser manipulada em prol da desagregação dos seus objetivos e a desarticulação do tão questionado movimento ambientalista. Conceitos como democracia, participação, cidadania, sociedade civil, parcerias entre outros são repensados em uma tentativa de se ampliar o debate a respeito da apropriação dos bens comuns sob o enfoque desenvolvimentista. / This dissertation is the product of a bibliographical research in which the nature conservation forms are questioned. Many alternatives of natural resources management with communitary participation are shown specially as partnerships with the organized civil society in the form of representative Non-Governmental Organizations. Concrete examples of Brazilian Conservation Areas in the Amazon region, where, in different ways, partnerships and participatory management have been implemented with satisfactory success, are displayed in order to rethink, among other things, the future needs of Conservation Areas creation or the most appropriate form of really achieving biodiversity and sociodiversity conservation. Many different alternatives are presented in an attempt of responding to the always broader preservationist speech through which traditional populations are deprived of ancient rights they hold over their spaces and traditions, while natural resources are being gradually extinguished, being deforestation an example of the paradox of our conservationist policy and actions. There is also the intention of showing that if not well established, community participation can, differently from what is said, be manipulated in favor of the dissociation of its goals and disarticulation of the so questioned environmentalist movement. Concepts like democracy, participation, citizenship, civil society, partnerships, among others are questioned in an attempt of broadening the debate on the common properties appropriation, under the scope of development.

This is a dissertation about Kibera, a large informal settlement on the margins of Nairobi, Kenya. Based on seven years of ethnographic fieldwork and related participant observation, this thesis explores the interactions between young people, grassroots groups, and national and international NGOs in Kibera and how these influence youth journeys to adulthood. International development practitioners working in Kibera have focused their efforts on young people, especially given Kenyan census figures documenting that 78% of Kenya's population is below the age of 35. This demographic trend poses both challenges and opportunities, but Kenya's gerontocratic leadership has, for the most part, failed to find solutions to improve opportunities for young people. Population increases have resulted in increases in crime, income inequality, and un- and underemployment. These changes are exacerbated by protracted liminality, a long period of ambiguous status, experienced by young men and sanctioned by custom as a way to moderate inter-generational tensions. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) fill in the gaps and compensate for the failure of public policy by providing basic social services to improve the systemic political, economic and social issues affecting Kibera’s youth. This study follows a group of young men who have discovered that they can alleviate their liminality by practicing resourcefulness in Nairobi’s vast informal economy, an action colloquially referred to as "hustling." Specifically, these youth hustle the "shadow aid economy" that has emerged as a byproduct of Kibera's saturated NGO environment. The outcome of this is not an upending of the traditions of age and seniority in Kenya—these young men will continue to experience liminality in certain contexts and situations. The ultimate result is that youth create networks of reciprocity and build internal hierarchies in the settlement as they hustle, which leads the most successful NGO hustlers to create alternate means of advancement and shift the criteria of respectability to accelerate their progress towards adulthood.

Detta examensarbete syftar till att beskriva de displacerade barnens situation ochde utmaningar de står inför på grund av displacement i Cali, Colombia. Detkommer att göras genom att studera de icke-statliga organisationernas arbete dåstaten på många delar i Colombia och Cali har låg närvaro. Många av dessa barntillhör afro-colombianska och inhemska folkgrupper och därför kommer dennastudie att göras utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv inom kategorierna etnicitetoch klass. Colombia har under de senaste åren varit det land med flestinternflyktingar i världen, och trots ett fredsavtal med de största rebellgruppernaär Colombia fortfarande ett land i toppen av den globala statistiken. Landetshistoria präglas av interna konflikter, olaglig arbetskraft och narkotikahandel. Deproblem Colombia står inför under denna pågående fredsprocess är komplexa ochpåverkar främst displacerade barn och deras familjer. Resultatet av denna studievisar att många displacerade barn har lägre levnadsstandard än andra barn.Majoriteten bor i ekonomiskt utsatta områden och tillhör minoritetsbefolkningen,de får sämre utbildning och blir ofta diskriminerade på grund av att de ärcolombianer men med en annan kultur och annat ursprung änmajoritetsbefolkningen i staden. Det finns olika typer av socialt arbete i Cali somarbetar med empowerment för att förhindra detta och för att stärka barnen; delsgenom utbildning och dels genom upprätthållande av kultur i form av musik ochdans. Socialarbetare i Cali arbetar oftast utan stöd av staten och är själva eller harvarit displacerade. Många upplever att displacerade barn ofta ses som en homogengrupp trots dennes heterogenitet. / This bachelor thesis seeks to describe the displaced children’s situation and thechallenges they face due to displacement in Cali, Colombia. Many of thesechildren belong to Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities and thereforethis study will be made through an intersectional perspective based on ethnicityand class. Colombia was during recent years the country with the most internallydisplaced people in the world, and today, despite a peace agreement with thebiggest guerrilla groups, it is still a country in the top of the global statistics. Thecountry’s history is characterized by internal conflicts, illegal labor and drugtrafficking and the problems they are facing during this peace progress arecomplex. This is affecting displaced children and their families. The humanitariancrisis in Colombia is unique in many ways and have been creating manychallenges for the government. Therefore, one of the main reasons to study non-governmental, social work is because these organizations fill an important gap inresponse to help, support and empower displaced children in areas around Caliwith little governmental presence. The result of this study shows that manydisplaced children in Cali have a lower standard of living than other children. Themajority live in low-income areas and belong to the minority population, theyreceive lower quality education and are often discriminated for being Colombiansbut with a different culture and other origin than the majority population in thecity. There are various types of social work in Cali that work with empowermentto prevent this and to strengthen the children; through education or by maintainingculture in the form of music and dance. Social workers in Cali usually workwithout the support of the state and are run by people who themselves have beendisplaced. Many of the social workers feel that displaced children often are seenas a homogeneous group despite its heterogeneity.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / In this mini-thesis, I explore what impact a particular project in Indonesia on strengthening micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has on economic development. I argue, firstly that the project makes a positive contribution to development and secondly that an approach which combines training programs and technical assistance with credit makes a greater contribution than training programs and technical assistance alone. I use the view that SMEs are very important for development as the basis of my argumentation. In spite of this, there is a lack of support for SMEs from the Indonesian government. This gap of support for SMEs was and is partially filled by non governmental organizations (NGOs). The NGOs support SMEs in dealing with problems such as the lack of working capital as well as the lack of knowledge about production, marketing, and management. I focused my field study on the USC-Satunama project. USC-Satunama is a non-governmental organization which works (amongst other activities) to strengthen SMEs. Its activities include the provision of training programs and technical assistance to improve the human capital of the entrepreneurs as well as providing credit. Training programs and technical assistance are provided to all the beneficiaries of the project. However, not all beneficiaries are provided with a credit facility. Therefore, the respective impact of the two different types of support, (i)' a combination of training programs and technical assistance with credit and (ii) training programs and technical assistance alone, can be explored. I use the improved welfare of the entrepreneurs indicated by the increase of their profits as yardstick to ascertain the impact of the project on development. The result of the field study is: the approach of the USC-Satunama project, according to which a training program and technical assistance are combined with credit, indeed makes a significant and positive contribution to the welfare of the entrepreneurs and thus it contributes to the development of Indonesia.

Climate change was the most covered issue in the media in Sweden during 2019 and the use of terms such as “climate emergency” and “climate crisis” increased significantly (Vi-skogen, 2020). These developments and the climate issue pose questions of future practices and purpose of journalism and therefore also its professional boundaries, not the least towards other social actors and institutions. This study focuses on journalists professional boundaries with their sources, specifically non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Environmental NGOs play an important role in climate- and international politics, such as for instance in the setting of United Nations’ climate summits (COPs), and are themselves engaged in producing public information (Powers, 2015b; Wozniak et al. 2017). The study therefore explores journalists’ conceptions of NGOs for climate journalism and these organizations’ roles in the climate reporting during COP25 in Madrid. It uses a theory of boundary work in journalism and applies a methodology of online interviews with journalists from Swedish national news organizations and with two representatives from environmental NGOs based in Sweden. The findings demonstrate four overlapping roles of NGOs in climate journalism based on the practices and views of the participating journalists: dependency; established source; partnering watchdog; and agenda-driven player. It further concludes that the climate issue and COP25 offer a context for blurred boundaries between the two actors, however, it is limited as journalists maintain control over NGOs’ participation in the news making process.

Martina Navratilova - Gender Policy of Serbia in the Context of EU Accession Negotiations Abstract This thesis deals with the gender policy of Serbia during the years 2009-2021. During this period, the European Union had a tremendous effect on the gender policies of Serbia, hence it is crucial to include the perspective of NGOs as an important partner of both Serbia and the EU. The aim of the research is to, based on the analysis and the current state of the legislative and institutional framework, assess the impact of Serbia's gender policies on the lives of Serbian women. This analysis is carried out through a thorough examination of official documents, secondary literature and by conducting three interviews with Serbian civil society members. The research has proven that despite the complex progress of Serbian gender policy, its practical results have not been significant.

Diploma thesis is concerning about cooperation between human rights, non-profit, non- governmental organizations and the Ombudsman. Area of service and competence of the Ombudsman in recent years has significantly widened, which could be interesting and useful for the civil sector, and that it is primarily for the mentioned non-governmental organizations. The aim is to determine whether there is between these actors cooperation or not, optionally in which areas. Thesis is based on the theory of division of power, and assumes that the actors will be willingness to cooperate. Whether this actually works, was investigated by means of mixed research, starting from the survey between human rights organizations, and consequently more views on cooperation were gathered from interviews. The outcome of this thesis is to find in what specific areas cooperation proceeds, why cooperation does not appear and where they could find points of contact of cooperation.

The theme of this thesis is the professionalization of NGOs, which can be defined as the transformation to a formal organization with professional management. The process of professionalization consist in job creations and/or the professional management. Jobs can be filled by professionals with volunteer experience or by professionals without volunteer experience. If NGO employs professionals with volunteer experience, the character of personnel professionalization is organic, otherwise is inorganic. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the difference in process, level and consequences of organic and inorganic professionalization of nonprofit organizations. The presumption is that the organic professionalization implies less negative impact on the nonprofit organization than inorganic professionalization. In the theoretical part terms like nonprofit sector, NGOs and professionalization are defined and the theoretical background related to the character of personnel professionalization is presented there. In the empirical part - based on the methodology - is the relationship between the character of personnel professionalization and the process, level and consequences of professionalization in two researched NGOs examined.

This study examines the role of non-governmental organizations contributing to sustainable development by addressing the violence during periods of an election in West Africa. More specifically, it highlights the role non-governmental organizations have as service-providers and facilitators in between journalists and the police in West Africa. The project aims to explain how the operations of non-governmental organizations that work for ensuring peace and security through independent media contribute to the fulfillment of the sustainable development goals to ensure peaceful societies. The study answers the research questions How can an NGO become an enabling actor for sustainable development? And What are the factors that determine how successful such efforts can be? Using a mixed method of a literature review and semi-structured interviews with people working on non-governmental organizations, the results show how non-governmental organizations are trustworthy due to their neutral role. The identified factors of success have mainly to do with the amount of legitimacy and resources of NGOs. The challenges are mainly to gain trust, both when it comes to the public and institutions. Further, this study shows that NGOs have a political actor with some challenges that they can overcome through legitimacy.  Keywords: West Africa, independent media, non-governmental organizations, sustainable development

This essay investigates the role of non-governmental organizations in Turkey that work with minority rights. The purpose of this study is to get a better understanding on how domestic NGOs understand and prioritize human rights and how different social structures are restricting NGOs from engaging in human rights of the Kurdish minority. To answer this question this study utilizes a qualitative content analyses of the published research on human rights and NGOs. The analysis has been conducted from a postcolonial perspective. The finding has shown that even if Turkish human right defenders are restricted on how they can work with human rights violations in the society there still is an engagement in trying to work with these social problems. This essay concludes that Kurds have been restricted from working with human rights by means of the Turkish anti-terror law, which may have negatively affected the visibility of Kurdish activist, but not stopped them from engaging in social issues. However, there is still a need for development in the Turkish NGO regime, but the westerniza- tion project may not be the answer for Turkish human right development. This essay argues that the human rights education projects in Turkey should be conducted by domestic NGOs own understanding of human rights and only then there will be potential for real human rights development.