Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T09:46:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Priscilla Rayanne e Silva Noll - 2016.pdf: 9305034 bytes, checksum: a94d63fce4c32355d983f357cecd7c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T16:30:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Priscilla Rayanne e Silva Noll - 2016.pdf: 9305034 bytes, checksum: a94d63fce4c32355d983f357cecd7c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T16:30:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Priscilla Rayanne e Silva Noll - 2016.pdf: 9305034 bytes, checksum: a94d63fce4c32355d983f357cecd7c5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-24 / This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status, behavioral indicators, biochemical factors, eating pattern, and nutritional knowledge of students from the Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 with 122 students aged 14-19 years of a Federal Public Education Institution in the Midwest of Brazil. Demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, biochemical, nutritional and behavioral data were collected. Regarding to the time in residence at the institution, the students were grouped as freshmen in 2015 (Group 1, <8 months in the institution) and those who were freshmen in 2014 (Group 2, >20 months in the institution). Students presented behaviors risk, such as: cigarette smoking (13.1%), high alcohol consumption (45.9%), multiple sexual partners (77.1%), and early the age at first intercourse sexual (89.1%). These behaviors are intensified by fragile socioeconomic conditions (37.7% with family income up to 1 minimum wage and 51.6% from 1 to 3 minimum wages). However, they were physically active (70.5%). Spent longer time at the institution was associated with older age (p≤0.001), less doses of alcohol consumption (p=0.007), adequate BMI (p=0.027), and higher nutritional knowledge (p=0.017). Overweight prevalence (20.5%) was inversely associated with family income higher than 3 times the minimum wage (RP=0.84, CI 0.74-0.95) and breakfast consumption (RP=0.82, CI 0.72-0.92). Moreover, alterations in the arterial pressure (40.2%) were found, as well in lipid profile, such higher prevalence of inadequate HDL-c (96.7%) and LDL-c (31.7%). In conclusion, students present socioeconomic vulnerability, high prevalence of overweight and health risk behaviors, such as smoking, high alcohol consumption, and sexual behaviors. These results may be related to family distance. Such health-related behaviors in addition to changes in the biochemical and hemodynamic profile are risk factors for the development of non-communicable chronic diseases. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estado nutricional, indicadores comportamentais, perfil bioquímico, hábitos alimentares e conhecimentos nutricionais de escolares residentes do Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Ceres. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado durante o ano de 2015, com 122 escolares de 14 a 19 anos de uma instituição pública federal de ensino no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Foram coletados dados demográficos, socioeconômicos, antropométricos, hemodinâmico, bioquímicos, nutricionais e comportamentais. Em relação ao tempo de permanência na instituição, os escolares foram agrupados em ingressantes em 2015 (Grupo 1, aqueles com menos de 8 meses na instituição de ensino) e ingressantes até 2014 (Grupo 2, com mais de 20 meses na instituição). Os escolares apresentam diversos comportamentos de riscos, tais como: uso de cigarro (13,1%), alto consumo de álcool (45,9%), múltiplos parceiros sexuais (77,1%) e idade da primeira relação sexual precoce (89,1%). Tais comportamentos são agravados pelas frágeis condições socioeconômicas (37,7% com renda familiar até 1 salário mínimo e 51,6% de 1 a 3 salários mínimos). Apesar disso, foram considerados ativos fisicamente (70,5%). O maior tempo de permanência na instituição está associado com idade mais avançada (p≤0,001), consumo de menor número de doses de álcool (p=0,007), IMC adequado (p=0,027) e maior conhecimento nutricional (p=0,017). A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 20,5% e verificou-se uma associação inversa com a renda familiar maior que 3 salários mínimos (RP=0,84; IC 0,74-0,95) e com o consumo do café da manhã (RP=0,82; IC 0,72-0,92). Além disso, foram identificadas alterações na pressão arterial (40,2%) e no perfil lipídico, como alta prevalência inadequada de HDL-c (96,7%) e LDL-c (31,7%). Em conclusão, os escolares apresentam vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, alta prevalência de excesso de peso e diversos comportamentos de riscos à saúde, como uso de cigarro, alto consumo de álcool e comportamentos sexuais de risco. Esses resultados podem estar relacionados com a distância da família. Tais comportamentos somados as alterações no perfil bioquímico e hemodinâmico são fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Os animais são expostos a diferentes situações que podem colocar em risco sua sobrevivência. Na natureza estas situações, em geral, eliciam medo e ou ansiedade. A agressão é um conjunto de comportamentos direcionados a um indivíduo co específico, ou não, que tem como objetivo a aquisição de recursos ou proteção em situações de risco à sobrevivência. Considerando a interação entre medo/ansiedade e agressividade, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar se essas situações podem modificar o comportamento agressivo agressividade em camundongos. O propósito deste estudo foi investigar se a pre-exposição de camundongos a estímulos estressores incondicionados (campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado, exposição ao rato, exposição a odor de rato) e condicionados (choque nas patas) podem modular o futuro comportamento agressivo em camundongos. Para atingir esse objetivo, os animais foram previamente expostos a diferentes situações capazes de provocar um estado de ansiedade e/ou medo e posteriormente submetidos ao encontro agonístico (teste residente intruso). As alterações na reatividade emocional induzidas pelas variáveis independentes foram medidas usando a resposta de sobressalto potencializado pelo medo e a análise de vocalizações ultrassônicas. Devido à influência relevante da neurotransmissão de GABA na agressão, as mudanças comportamentais induzidas pelas variáveis utilizadas foram associadas com o benzodiazepínico diazepam. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo após análise mostrou que a pré-exposição de camundongos a situações aversivas que provocam medo e / ou ansiedade alteram o seu comportamento. / Aggression is defined as a behavioral repertoire mainly directed to a conspecific for acquisition of resources and protection. In this context, anxiety and fear-like behaviors is commonly triggered by these survivors situations. Since aggression and fear are highly correlated in the present study we investigated whether previous exposure to environmental unconditioned (rat presence and rat odor, open field and elevated plus-maze tests, foot-shocks) and conditioned aversive stimuli (fear-potentiated startle) can modulate future aggressive behavior in mice. To achieve this goal, the animals were previously exposed to different situations able to elicit a state of anxiety and/or fear and later submitted to the agonistic encounter. Changes on the emotional reactivity induced by the independent variables used were measured using the fear-potentiated startle response and ultrasonic vocalizations analysis. Due to the relevant influence of GABA neurotransmission on aggression, behavioral changes induced by the variables used were challenged with the prototypic benzodiazepine diazepam. In addition, regarding human aggression, the most effective and enduring pharmacological intervention rely on compounds that act as dopaminergic antagonists. Therefore, in our study, in order to verify the influence of dopamine neurotransmission on the modulation of aggression pharmacological manipulation was conducted with the systemic administration of the dopamine D2 agonist apomorphine. Both drugs were administered previously to the resident-intruder test. The data obtained in the present study after analysis show that the pre-exposure to aversive situations that trigger fear and/or anxiety changes mice behavior.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In farming systems with annual crops, the crop establishment period is characterized by intense soil disturbance in conventional tillage (CT) or disturbance only in the sowing line, in case of no-tillage (NT). The soil tillage enhances the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions whose should be investigated extensively during these short-term (scale days) that has implications in the carbon (C) dynamic in crop residues-soil-atmosphere system. This work was divided in two studies and they aimed quantify the role of main sources of soil C-CO2 (C labile soil and C crop-residues) and investigate the emission in different seasons. This study was carried out in a long-term experiment (installed in 1985) at Fundação Centro de Experimentação e Pesquisa (FUNDACEP) in a clay Typic Haplorthox. The first study evaluated the emissions of C-CO2 during 15 days of the spring 2009 and the fall 2010 using closed dynamic flow chamber with infrared analyzer. The crop residue input was black oat (Avena strigosa Schreber) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in spring 2009 and fall 2010, respectively. The second study evaluated the C-CO2 emissions during 23 days in fall 2007, 21 days in spring 2007, 15 days in spring 2009 and 15 days in fall 2010, also using closed dynamic chamber with infrared analyzer. The crop residues input were soybean, black oat + common vetch (Vicia sativa (L.) Walp.), black oat and soybean in fall 2007, spring 2007, spring 2009 and fall 2010, respectively. The temperature and soil moisture were also evaluated. The crop-residues were the main C-CO2 emission sources during the crop establishment period. Consequently, the soil C-labile exposed by tillage operations in the Oxisol had restricted contribution to the C-CO2 emissions. This result is probably related with organo-mineral C association that is frequently reported in soils with high Fe/Al oxides concentration and clay texture. In relation to the season effect, the crop-establishment period in spring had higher C-CO2 emissions than to fall. / Em sistemas de produção agrícola com culturas anuais, o período de implantação das culturas é caracterizado por intenso revolvimento do solo, no caso do preparo convencional (PC) e revolvimento apenas na linha de semeadura, no caso do plantio direto (PD). Como o preparo do solo é uma das práticas que potencializa as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) pelo mesmo, faz-se necessário o estudo do comportamento destas emissões de curto período (escala de dias), relacionadas à dinâmica do carbono (C) no sistema resíduos culturais-solo-atmosfera. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho, dividido em dois estudos, foram de quantificar a contribuição das principais fontes de C-CO2 do solo (C-lábil do solo e C dos resíduos culturais) no curto período e determinar as diferenças quantitativas entre as emissões de curto período em diferentes estações do ano. O trabalho foi realizado em experimento de longa duração (instalado em 1985), localizado na Fundação Centro de Experimentação e Pesquisa (FUNDACEP), em Latossolo Vermelho. O primeiro estudo avaliou as emissões de C-CO2 durante 15 dias da primavera de 2009 e do outono de 2010, utilizando câmara de fluxo fechado dinâmica com analisador infravermelho. O resíduo cultural no momento das avaliações foi aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreber.) e soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), na primavera de 2009 e outono de 2010, respectivamente. Já o segundo estudo avaliou as emissões de C-CO2 durante 23 dias do outono de 2007, 21 dias da primavera de 2007, 15 dias da primavera de 2009 e 15 dias do outono de 2010, também utilizando câmara de fluxo fechado dinâmica com analisador infravermelho. O resíduo cultural no momento das avaliações foi soja, aveia preta + ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa (L.) Walp.), aveia preta e soja, no outono de 2007, primavera de 2007, primavera de 2009 e outono de 2010, respectivamente. Além disso, foram avaliadas a temperatura e umidade do solo em ambos os estudos. Os estudos indicaram que o C dos resíduos culturais foi a principal fonte de emissão de C-CO2 do solo no período de implantação das culturas neste Latossolo. Consequentemente, o C-lábil do solo disponibilizado pelas operações de preparo apresentou limitada contribuição para o incremento das emissões. Este resultado provavelmente está relacionado às associações organo-minerais que são frequentemente reportadas em solos com altas concentrações de óxidos e de textura argilosa. Já em relação à estação do ano, a implantação de culturas na primavera apresentou maiores emissões de C-CO2 quando comparada ao outono.

This study investigated marital dissolution in the Tanzanian context. The study specifically focused on the potential effect of marital dissolution (both positive and negative) on early adolescents’ academic and psycho-social functioning. The primary research question directing the research is: ―How can insight into marital dissolution in Tanzania broaden our knowledge on its effect on children?‖ The conceptual framework for the study is based on attachment theory, crisis theory, family stress theory and life course theory. Epistemologically, the study utilised social constructivism as paradigm. A qualitative methodological approach was followed, implementing an instrumental case study as research design. I purposefully selected eight children from two children’s centres in Tanzania and four additional children from custodial homes. In addition, twelve parents, who had been separated from their partners, as well as twelve teachers and caregivers who have been involved with the child participants, participated in the study. For data collection I employed semi-structured interviews with the parents and children; focus group discussions with teachers and caregivers; interviews and narrations with children; and an analysis of existing documents. Field notes, a research diary and verbatim transcripts were utilised to document the data I collected. Following inductive thematic analysis four themes emerged, relating to the reasons for marital dissolution, the effect of marital dissolution on early adolescents’ functioning, trends following marital dissolution and managing marital dissolution in Tanzania. In terms of reasons for marital dissolution I identified the following subthemes: abuse, lack of commitment to the family, influence of others, and financial strain. In terms of the effect of marital dissolution on early adolescents’ functioning three subthemes emerged namely; effect on early adolescents’ academic performance, effect on early adolescents’ psycho-social well-being, and parents’ insight into the effect of marital dissolution on their children. With regard to trends following marital dissolution I identified the following three subthemes: positive effect of marital dissolution, change in living arrangements, and other related changes negatively affecting children. Finally, two subthemes emerged concerning the management of marital dissolution in Tanzania, namely minimising the effect of marital dissolution on children, and potential role of the Tanzanian government. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of Tanzanian couples merely separate, rather than following a legal divorce. Parents showed limited insight into the effect of marital dissolution on their children. Besides some children experiencing the separation of their parents as a relief, the majority of children were negatively affected in terms of their academic performance and psycho-social functioning. Children indicated the need to be involved in discussions preceding and during the separation process, yet Tanzanian parents did not value the involvement of their children during this process. Based on the findings I obtained I conclude that the effect of marital dissolution on children are not only continuous but that the effects in various areas of functioning are interrelated and cyclic in nature, and that children can experience the effects before, during and after marital dissolution. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Educational Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

La combinaison de l'internet des objets et des nouvelles technologies liées à l'énergie transforme le paysage de l'énergie dans la maison. Les installations de micro générateurs, dominées par les panneaux solaires photovoltaïques, sont en constante progression. C'est une opportunité pour la création et l'altération des comportements énergétiques. Cependant, ces transformations créent également un nouveau challenge que l'on appelle le « différentiel énergétique » à l'échelle de la maison : la consommation et la génération d'électricité des ménages sont désynchronisées. En effet, la génération locale est majoritairement incontrôlable et dépendante des conditions météorologiques alors que la consommation des ménages à tendance à se concentrer en soirée. Cette thèse vise à comprendre et supporter les pratiques de déplacement des consommations émergentes dans les ménages équipés de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques. En particulier, nous observons « Comment les outils numériques peuvent-ils tirer parti des pratiques de déplacement des consommations dans le contexte de micro génération domestique ? ». Pour adresser cette question nous avons combiné des approches empiriques et d'ingénierie, se renforçant et s'informant mutuellement les unes et les autres pour fournir une solution générale. Cela inclut la collection de données qualitatives et quantitatives, des analyses en collaboration avec les participants, des études longitudinales, des interviews, du co-design, des simulations et des tests en condition réelles. Tout au long de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé une méthodologie centrée sur l'utilisateur à chaque étape pour informer et valider la recherche en collaboration avec 38 ménages. A travers une investigation approfondi des routines telles que faire la lessive et se déplacer en voiture électrique, nous soulignons l'engagement naturel des ménages pour le déplacement des consommations. Cependant, cette activité se révèle complexe et fastidieuse. Nous révélons cette complexité à l'aide d'une analyse de donnée participative, une méthode élaborée afin d'analyser les données en collaboration avec les participants. Nous construisons une compréhension détaillée de la relation entre la génération d'électricité domestique et les routines du quotidien. Enfin, nous soulignons le besoin d'un support contextuel à travers le déploiement d'interventions sur le terrain. En perspective de la littérature, nous proposons un modèle conceptuel pour le support interactif de déplacement des consommations. / The combination of ubiquitous computing and emerging energy technologies is radically changing the home energy landscape. Domestic micro-generation, dominated by solar photovoltaic, is increasing at a rapid pace. This represents an opportunity for creating and altering energy behaviours. However, these transformations generate new challenges that we call the domestic energy gap: domestic electricity consumption and micro-generation are out of sync. Micro-generation is mainly uncontrollable production relying on weather while domestic energy consumption tends to happen mostly during the evening. This thesis focuses on understanding and supporting new domestic practices in the context of domestic solar electricity generation, looking at ‘Demand-Shifting’. Specifically, we look at how can digital tools leverage Demand-Shifting practices in the context of domestic micro-generation? Relying on a mixed-method approach, we provide a qualitative and quantitative answer with the collaboration of 38 participating households in several field studies including two spanning more than eight months. Through a deep investigation of laundry and electric mobility routines in the context of domestic micro-generation, we emphasised a natural engagement into Demand-Shifting which appeared as a complex and time-consuming task for participants which was not visible when we analysed their quantitative data. We revealed this complexity through Participatory Data Analyses, a method we designed to analyse the data in collaboration with the participating householders. This provided us with a comprehensive view of the relationship between domestic micro-generation and daily routines. Finally, we highlight the need for timely and contextual support through the deployment of interventions in-the-wild. Building on discussions of our findings in perspective of the literature, we propose a conceptual framework to support domestic interactive Demand-Shifting (iDS).

Coastal tourism is one of the most important way of leisure and entertainment in the world, which brings impact in varying degrees to the tourism destination. These effects relate to economic, social, and environmental aspects. With the concept of sustainability being widely used, sustainable tourism has received more attention. However, most studies focus on the tourism impact on the coastal environment, while the social and economic aspects were sparse explorations. Therefore, this research applies the qualitative method to explore the social and economic impact of tourism on the coastal city, Kalmar. Furthermore, the perspective of residents and business owners is the main way to reflect these effects. According to the results of the study, the development of the tourism industry will indeed bring some impact to the coastal city on economy and society. However, due to differences of cultural background and actual situation, these effects are not always the same. For example, for the economic impact of tourism business, the impact on the hotel is more noticeable than the impact on restaurants and bars.

Human migration and the search for something better has been part of humankind’s existence for centuries. In today's world, migration is triggered by a variety of factors. One such factor is the influence of tax on the income of skilled employees. Although prior research has been performed to determine the influence of tax on employee migration, this research made use of complex formulae and did not focus on a South African point of view. This study aims to determine whether tax plays a role when a South African skilled worker decides to migrate to the United Kingdom (UK) or Australia with the intention of working there. The study compares the different income tax consequences of a South African resident working in South Africa versus the same South African resident working abroad. The comparison is done by analysing the income tax acts of the three different countries. The study attempts to establish the difference in tax consequences for a South African skilled employee migrating to the United Kingdom or Australia on a temporary versus a permanent basis. Examples are used to illustrate the different effects. Together with known statistics and the results of the illustrative examples, the study concluded that individuals in the United Kingdom and Australia, in most cases, pay less tax compared to individuals in South Africa. AFRIKAANS : Die migrasie van mense en die soeke na iets beters is reeds eeue lank deel van menswees. In die hedendaagse wêreld word menslike migrasie deur ʼn aantal faktore aangespoor. Een van hierdie faktore kan moontlik die impak van belasting op geskoolde werknemers wees. Alhoewel daar voorheen studies gedoen is oor die impak van belasting op werknemermigrasie, is sodanige studies deur middel van komplekse formules uitgevoer en het die fokuspunt nooit Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers ingesluit nie. Hierdie studie beoog om te bepaal of inkomstebelasting ʼn rol speel in die besluitnemingsproses van ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse werknemer wat verhuis na die Verenigde Koningryk of Australië. Om die doelwit te behaal sal die studie die verskillende belastinggevolge vergelyk van ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse inwoner wat in Suid-Afrika werksaam is versus dieselfde Suid-Afrikaanse inwoner werksaam in die buiteland. Die vergelyking word gedoen deur die verskillende inkomstebelastingwette van die drie lande te ontleed. Die studie gaan verder deur die verskillende belastingberekeninge vir ʼn Suid-Afrikaanse inwoner wat na die Verenigde Koningryk of Australië verhuis het op ʼn tydelike basis versus ʼn permanente basis uit te voer. Voorbeelde word gebruik om die verskillende gevolge te illustreer. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Reyneke, D 2011, An international taxation comparison of South African employees working abroad, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03072012-165447 / > F12/4/155/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

Physical and social characteristics of neighborhoods are important to resident satisfaction for clinical and nonclinical populations. This study draws upon data collected from a sample of 172 individuals with psychiatric disabilities living in 16 supportive housing sites in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Research questions explore the extent to which subjective and objective measures of neighborhood physical and social environments contribute to neighborhood satisfaction for this population. Mixed methods were employed to construct a detailed understanding of the factors that influence satisfaction with one's neighborhood of residence. Predictor variables were neighborhood social climate, neighborhood physical quality, perceptions of safety, crime reports, neighborhood diversity, and WalkScore data. This study found that aspects of the social environment collectively accounted for more variance in neighborhood satisfaction than physical environmental variables; further, subjective assessments of the environment were more predictive of neighborhood satisfaction than objective indicators. Qualitative data were collected on aspects of the neighborhood that residents liked and disliked. These data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to contextualize quantitative findings. Findings provide important information regarding neighborhood features that contribute to or detract from neighborhood satisfaction among individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Supportive housing programs aiming to improve residents' well-being and increase residential tenure may consider looking to features of the neighborhood that most impact resident experiences.

This project offers a nature program that can be implemented into youth camp programs. Outdoor Residential Camp programs offered by youth organizations provide an outdoor camp experience for many children in the communty. Many offer participants resident summer camp programs which is a perfect venue for the outdoor experience. Children exposed to outdoor experiences develop a greater sense of responsibility to the natural environment around them. The schools are not doing enough to educate youth about the natural environment. This project was written specifically for the Azalea Trails Girl Scout Camp located in the San Jacinto Mountains of Southern California however, it could be adapted to be used at any residental camp setting.

This study investigates host community attitudes towards tourism in South Tyrol’s Puster Valley in Italy along with predispositions against the emerging phenomenon of overtourism and explores the factors influencing its formations, as similar research in the same European context with a more mature tourism industry is still underdeveloped. Applying quantitative methods, data was collected through an online survey between May and June 2021. A total of 17 attitude statements were analyzed using IBM’s SPSS and the results indicate that tourism impacts in the valley are perceived evenly throughout the whole community while it was proven with Social Exchange Theory that people involved within the tourism industry are less inclined to perceive negative impacts. Choosing the Pragser Wildsee as a case, the analysis further reveals that overtourism is not only affecting residents in its vicinity put has more far-reaching consequences. Even the results not being very surprising, the study is confirming tourism-related issues and suggests more need in investigating resident attitudes in similar environments.