Les travaux de recherche présentés portent sur l'utilisation des produits de la liquéfaction des écorces d'épicéa dans le phénol pour la préservation du bois. Les produits de la liquéfaction permettent la synthèse d'une résine thermodurcissable de type phénolique. Les résines formulées sont imprégnées dans le bois suivi d'un durcissement in situ. Un prétraitement est mis au point dans le but d'enrichir la fraction phénolique des écorces. Ce prétraitement consiste à hydrolyser les polysaccharides principalement la cellulose et les hémicelluloses dans une solution acide. Ce prétraitement permet d'obtenir un taux de lignine dans les écorces de 60 %, et un taux de cellulose de 28 %. Un procédé de liquéfaction dans un système composé de phénol, d'eau et d'éthanol est optimisé dans le but d'obtenir des taux de liquéfaction supérieur à 85 %, et un taux d'écorces liquéfiées par rapport à la masse de phénol supérieur à 50 %. Les produits de la liquéfaction présentent l'avantage de polymériser sans ajout de formaldéhyde. La durabilité conférée au bois par les résines est bonne, surtout pour les résines phénol/formaldéhyde. Les résines sont peu lessivables. L'imprégnation du bois par les résines provoque un gonflement du bois ce qui améliore la stabilité dimensionnelle de ce dernier / This work focuses on the use of liquefaction products of spruce bark in phenol for the wood preservation. The liquefaction products allow the synthesis of phenolic thermosetting resins. The formulated resins were impregnated into the wood followed by in situ polymerization. A pretreatment was developed in order to increase the phenolic compounds in the spruce bark. This step is an acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides. This pretreatment allowed obtaining a Klason lignin content of 60 %, and a cellulose content of 28 %. A liquefaction process was developed in a mixture of solvent composed of phenol, ethanol, and water. The optimized experimental conditions allowed obtaining a liquefaction yield superior to 85 %, with liqui?ed bark/phenol ratio superior to 50 %. The lique?ed products had the advantage to polymerize without formaldehyde. The resins enhanced the wood durability especially for the phenol/formaldehyde resins. The leaching was low. The wood impregnation allowed a wood swelling, thereby the impregnated wood had a better dimensional stability

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, comparativamente, a influência do cimento biocerâmico EndoSequence BC a diferentes cimentos endodônticos sobre a resistência de união do conjuno cimento resinoso/pino de fibra de vidro à dentina radicular. Setenta e dois dentes caninos selecionados tiveram a coroa seccionada transversalmente e o remanescente radicular padronizado em 17mm. O canal radicular foi preparado com Reciproc R50 e NaOCl 1%. Os espécimes foram distribuídos conforme o cimento obturador utilizado (n=12): G1-controle (sem cimento); G2- óxido de zinco e eugenol (EndoFill) G3- hidróxido de cálcio (Sealapex); G4- resina epóxi (AHPlus); G5-resina epóxi e hidróxido de cálcio (Sealer Plus) e G6- biocerâmico (EndoSequence BC). Decorridas 48h da obturação, as raízes foram desobturadas e preparadas para receber o pino de fibra de vidro. Após secagem do canal, os pinos foram cimentados com Panavia F 2.0. Dez raízes de cada grupo foram seccionadas transversalmente para obtenção dos slices. O primeiro slice de cada terço foi submetido ao teste de resistência de união (push-out) e padrão de falha. No segundo slice foi avaliada a interface adesiva dentina/cimento resinoso, por meio de microscopia de varredura confocal a laser (MVCL). Dois espécimes de cada grupo não tiveram o pino cimentado no canal radicular e foram destinados à microscopia eletrônica de varredura para observação de remanescente de material obturador na superfície dentinária. Os dados referentes à resistência de união foram submetidos ao teste Shapiro-Wilk, seguido de ANOVA two way. Os dados referentes à MVCL foram analisados pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste Dunn ( = 5%). Os grupos controle e AHPLus apresentaram os maiores valores de RU (p<0,05). Os cimentos EndoSequence BC, Sealer Plus e Sealapex apresentaram os valores intermediários de RU, sem diferença estatística entre eles. O cimento EndoFill apresentou os menores valores de RU com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos demais grupos (p<0,05). Quanto aos terços radiculares, os maiores valores de RU foram observados no terço cervical (p<0,05). As imagens de MEV demonstraram no geral, presença de poucos remanescentes de material obturador na superfície radicular em todos os grupos. Quanto a análise da interface cimento resinoso/dentina, a maioria dos grupos apresentou adaptação razoável, com exceção do EndoFill. Concluiu-se que os cimentos endodônticos Endosequence BC, Sealapex, Sealer Plus e EndoFill influenciaram negativamente a RU do conjunto pino/cimento resinoso à dentina radicular / The aim of this study was to compare the influence of EndoSequence BC bioceramic sealer on the bond strength (BS) of resin cement/fiber post in root canals filled with different sealers. The coronary of seventy-two canines were removed and the root length standardized at 17mm. The root canal was prepared with Reciproc R50 and 1% NaOCl. The specimens were distributed according to the filling material used (n=12): G1- control (no sealer); G2- zinc oxide and eugenol (EndoFill) G3- calcium hydroxide (Sealapex); G4- epoxy resin (AHPlus); G5- epoxy resin and calcium hydroxide (Sealer Plus) and G6- bioceramic (EndoSequence BC). Later forthy eight hours, the roots were prepared to insert the fiberpost. Fiberposts were attached with Panavia F 2.0. Ten roots of each group were sectioned transversely, obtaining slices of cervical, medium and apical root canal thirds. The BS of the first slice of each third was evaluated by push-out test and failures was analyzed by stereo microscope. The interface between dentin wall/resin cement of the second slice was evaluated by confocal laser microscopy (CLM). Two specimens from group were not restored with fiberpost, and assigned to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the remaining material on the dentin surface. Data on the bond strength were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by two way ANOVA. The CLM data were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests ( = 5%). The control and AHPLus groups had the highest RU values (p <0.05). The EndoSequence BC, Sealer Plus and Sealapex sealers presented the intermediate values of RU, with no statistical difference between them. EndoFill sealer presented the lowest values of RU with a statistically significant difference in relation to the other groups (p <0.05). Regarding root thirds, the highest BS values were observed in cervical third (p <0.05). SEM images showed presence of few remaning filling material on the root surface in all groups. Regarding the dentine/resin cement interfaces analyzes most of the groups presented average adaptation, unless the G2. It was concluded that Endosequence BC, Sealapex, Sealer Plus and EndoFill endodontic sealers poor influenced the BS of the fiber post/resin cement in root canal dentin

A ocorrência de nectários extraflorais (NEF) em espécies de Passifloraceae é muito comum e sua presença, assim como sua forma, é utilizada como característica diagnóstica para espécies do grupo. Contudo, glândulas extraflorais em Passiflora foetida L., anteriormente descritas como nectário, ao serem analisadas quanto à natureza química do exsudato, foram reconhecidas como glândulas de resina, apresentando estrutura anatômica distintas dos NEF. Desta maneira, realizamos um estudo anatômico, ultraestrutural e químico das glândulas foliares de Passiflora L., procurando estabelecer as claras diferenciações morfológicas e química dos exsudatos dos tipos glandulares presentes. Foram utilizadas técnicas de anatomia, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Além de testes histoquímicos para a identificação in situ das substâncias armazenadas, e técnicas de cromatografia de camada delgada e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para as análises de lipídios e aminoácidos, respectivamente, presentes nos exsudatos das glândulas foliares. Também foram utilizadas fitas para glicose, como auxílio para o reconhecimento de carboidratos e definição das glândulas como nectários. Os NEF apresentam formas muito variadas que foram agrupadas em nectários elevados e planos, ambos com anatomia similar. O néctar extrafloral além de ter grande quantidade de açúcares, também apresenta aminoácidos e lipídios em sua composição. Já as glândulas de resina são morfológica e anatomicamente muito distintas. Quimicamente, além de não apresentarem reação para os testes de açúcares, possuem grande quantidade de substâncias lipofílicas, incluindo uma variedade de terpenos, e presença de aminoácidos. As diferentes técnicas utilizadas nos permitiram melhor definir os tipos, e subtipos, glandulares, ressaltando as diferenças entre NEF e glândulas de resina. Novas hipóteses também foram propostas para a ocorrência de glândulas de resina no grupo, aumentando o número de espécies com esse tipo glandular / The occurrence of extrafloral nectaries (EFN) in Passifloraceae species is very common, such that their presence and their shape are widely used as a diagnostic characteristic for species within this group. However, extrafloral glands in Passiflora foetida L., previously described as nectaries, were recognized as resin glands when the chemical nature of the exudate was analyzed, showing a distinct anatomical structure from the EFN. Therefore, we carried out an extensive anatomical, ultrastructural and chemical study of the leaf glands of Passiflora L. The goal was to establish clear morphological and chemical differences among the exudates of the observed glandular types. Usual techniques of plant anatomy, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used. In addition to histochemical tests for the in situ identification of the stored substances, techniques of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography were respectively employed for the analysis of lipids and amino acids present in the exudates of the foliar glands. Ribbons of glucose test were also used as an aid to the recognition of carbohydrates and the definition of glands as nectaries. The EFN showed very varied forms, which were grouped as elevated or flattened nectaries, both with similar anatomy. Additionally, to having a large amount of sugars, extrafloral nectar also had amino acids and lipids in the composition. On the other hand, resin glands were observed to be morphologically and anatomically very distinct from the EFN. Besides not reacting to sugar tests, they chemically have a large amount of lipophilic substances, including a variety of terpenes and the presence of amino acids. The different techniques used allowed us to better define the glandular types and subtypes, emphasizing the differences between EFN and resin glands. New hypotheses were also proposed for the occurrence of resin glands in the group, increasing the number of species with this glandular type

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / A split-mouth, double-blind trial evaluated the effects of a surface sealant on the clinical performance of Class I composite resin restorations. In 16 patients, 27 pairs of maxillary and mandibular molars or premolars with Class I carious lesions or unsatisfactory restorations were restored with composite resin. For each pair, 1 surface was sealed with surface sealant. Clinical evaluations of marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, anatomical form, and secondary caries were performed by 2 experienced operators using modified US Public Health Service criteria 1-2 weeks and 6 and 12 months after treatment. Data were analyzed with the McNemar test (P < 0.05). After 6 months, only 1 (4%) sealed restoration presented a Bravo rating for marginal integrity. After 12 months, the Bravo ratings for marginal integrity were 2 (7%) for sealed restorations and 1 (4%) for nonsealed restorations. Restorations received a score of Alfa for all other parameters at all time periods. There were no statistically significant differences within or between the sealed and nonsealed groups (P = 1.0). The use of a surface sealant did not improve the clinical performance of posterior composite resin Class I restorations. / Revisión por pares

Afin d'optimiser les propriétés d'un composite polymère chargé, il est possible de procéder à un greffage de la charge afin de la rendre compatible avec le milieu continu dans laquelle elle est dispersée. Le sujet de recherche consiste à étudier et optimiser le mécanisme de greffage de molécules organiques à la surface de charges minérales.Développé il y a quelques années par la société GTI Process (groupe Mader), le "giral" est une formulation qui permet d'une part d'obtenir une bonne dispersion entre une charge et une matrice polymère et d'autre part d'augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du matériau composite final. Il se compose d'un silane, d'un acide méthacrylique et d'un dispersant. Toutefois, le mécanisme existant lors de l'ajout de giral dans une formulation charge/résine n'a pas été identifié. Nous nous sommes proposé de le comprendre. Après avoir identifié les interactions entre la surface de la silice et les constituants du giral, il nous a paru intéressant de faire évoluer la formulation du dispersant.Dans un premier temps, ce mécanisme a été étudié sur une charge témoin bien maîtrisée : la silice.La silice retenue a l'avantage de posséder une surface spécifique importante. Des analyses thermogravimétrique et infrarouge ont été réalisées sur différents échantillons (synthétisés à partir de silice et d'un ou plusieurs constituants du giral) afin de déterminer les espèces adsorbées ou greffées à la surface de la silice. Des analyses RMN du solide 13C et 29Si ont également été réalisées dans le but de déterminer les liaisons mises en jeu. En parallèle, des études en CGI (Chromatographie Gazeuse Inverse) ont été menées.Dans un second temps, des nouvelles structures ont été développées pour améliorer le dispersant contenu dans la formulation du Giral puis la formulation en synthétisant un seul composé qui regroupe toutes les fonctionnalités requises pour disperser la silice dans une résine polyester. De plus, ces nouvelles structures vont permettre d’augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du matériau composite final. Tous les composés synthétisés, dans ce travail, ont un squelette polymère qui est la polycaprolactone. L’architecture, la composition, la taille et la structure de ces polymères ont été optimisées suivant la charge à disperser. Nous avons ainsi synthétisé une large gamme de dispersants modèles fonctionnalisés et étudié leur comportement dans l'application. D'autre part, seules les méthodes de synthèse en masse, plus adaptées pour une production industrielle, ont été retenues. Ces polymères ont tout d'abord été synthétisés en laboratoire puis dans le milieu industriel. Une fois les polymères synthétisés, plusieurs essais ont été réalisés pour connaître leur influence au niveau des propriétés mécaniques du matériau composite final, déterminer les structures les plus adaptées pour répondre aux contraintes mécaniques, et connaître les quantités nécessaires pour obtenir les meilleurs résultats. Des mesures de viscosité et des essais mécaniques (essais de traction et de flexion 3 points) ont été réalisés. L'utilisation de ces composés développés au cours de ce travail de thèse ont permis de diminuer la viscosité d’une résine polyester chargée et ainsi de pouvoir augmenter le taux de charge. De plus, les faciès de rupture ont été observés par microscopie électronique à balayage afin d'observer la cohésion entre les charges et la matrice polymère du composite. La rupture apparaît au niveau de la charge et du polymère. L'efficacité de ces nouvelles structures dans l’application s'est avérée comparable, voire meilleure par rapport au dispersant de référence et au giral. / To increase the properties of a composite based with polymer and tiller, it is possible to modify the tiller surface to make it compatible with the polymer in which it is dispersed. The aim is to study and optimize the mechanism of organic molecules grafting on mineral fillers surface. Developed several years ago by GTI Process (Mader group), the "giral" i s a formulation that allows a good dispersion between the tiller and the polymer matrix and also an increase of the final composite material mechanical properties. "Giral" is composed of a silane, a methacrylic acid and a dispersant. However, its mechanism with a mixture based on tiller and pol yester resin has not been identified, we proposed to understand it. After identifying the interaction between the surface of silica and "giral" components, it seemed interesting to modify the dispersant. In a first part, the "giral" mechanism has been studied on silica which is a well-known tiller. Silica used has a high specific surface area. Thermogravimetric and infrared analysis have been performed on different samples (synthesized from silica modified by one or more "giral"components) to determine the adsorbed or grafted species on silica surface. NMR analyses of 13C and 29 Si solid and Inverse gas chromatography studies were also conducted. In a second part, new structures have been developed to improve the dispersant in the "giral" formulation and the formulation itself by synthesizing a single compound that includes all the features required for the dispersion of silica in polyester resin. Moreover, these new structures will help to increase the mechanical properties of the final composite material. All compounds synthesized in this work, have a polymer backbone which is polycaprolactone. The architecture, composition, size and structure of these polymers were optimized according to the tiller used. We have synthesized functionalized dispersants and studied their behavior in the application. On the other hand, only syntheses by mass, more suitable for industrial production, were selected. These polymers have been first synthesized in the laboratory and then in industry. Once the polymers synthesized several tests were done to determine their influence in the final composite material mechanical properties, the most appropriate structures to mechanical stress, and the amounts required for best results. Viscosity measurements and mechanical tests were done. These new dispersants developed have reduced the viscosity of the mixture based on polyester resin and tiller, and thus can increase the tiller rate. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy to observe cohesion between the tiller and the polymer matrix. The effectiveness of these new structures in the application are comparable or even better to the "giral" formulation.

Les travaux réalisés lors de cette thèse s’effectuent dans le cadre du projet FIXAPIN. Ce projet, financé par la région Nouvelle Aquitaine, est mené en collaboration avec différentes entreprises (Gascogne Bois, Bardage Bois Neoclin, Lesbats Scieries d’Aquitaine, Scierie Labadie et FPBOIS) spécialisées dans le domaine du sciage du bois de pin maritime et l'Institut technologique FCBA. L’objectif du projet est de limiter voire d’empêcher l’exsudation de la résine généralement observée sur la surface des planches de bois de pin maritime utilisées en extérieur comme bardage. L’exsudation de la résine est un frein important à l’utilisation de ce bois en extérieur et ces recherches s’inscrivent dans une démarche d’amélioration continue de la qualité des produits de la filière du pin maritime.Le bois de pin maritime peut présenter un taux de résine supérieur à 10 % de sa masse. La résine est constituée d’environ 70 % de colophane (fraction solide) et de 30 % d’essence de térébenthine (fraction liquide et volatile). À la suite d’essais préliminaires, les recherches réalisées lors de cette thèse se sont concentrées sur l’optimisation du cycle de séchage du bois afin de fixer la résine dans les planches. Les propriétés thermiques de la résine associée à des analyses physico-chimiques ont été étudiées afin de mettre en place des procédures de séchage optimisées ayant pour but d’augmenter la température de ramollissement de la résine à un seuil supérieur à la température maximum atteignable par un bardage extérieur.Les résultats ont permis de démontrer l’efficacité d’un séchage/traitement thermique du bois à haute température (> 120 °C) permettant d’envisager la poursuite de ces travaux aux échelles pilotes puis industrielles. De plus, des séchages longs à basse température (< 60 °C) peuvent également représenter une voie prometteuse concernant le séchage du bois en séchoir traditionnel. / The work realised in the context of this thesis is carried out within the FIXAPIN project. This project, funded by the Nouvelle Aquitaine council, is carried out in collaboration with several companies (Gascogne Bois, Bardage Bois Neoclin, Lesbats Scieries d'Aquitaine, Scierie Labadie and FPBOIS) specialized in the sawing of maritime pine wood and the FCBA Technological Institute.The aim of the project is to limit or even to prevent the exudation of the resin generally observed on the surface of maritime pine wood boards used outdoors as wood siding. The resin exudation is a major constraint to the external use of this wood and this research project is part of a continuous improvement process of the maritime pine products quality.Maritime pine wood can have a resin amount greater than 10% of its mass. The resin consists approximately of 70% rosin (solid fraction) and 30% turpentine (liquid and volatile fraction). Based on preliminary tests, the research carried out during this thesis focused on optimizing the wood drying process in order to fix the resin in the wood boards. The thermal properties of the resin associated with physico-chemical analyses were studied in order to implement optimized drying procedures to increase the resin softening temperature to a threshold higher than the maximum temperature attainable by an exterior siding.The results have demonstrated the effectiveness of drying / heat treatment of wood at high temperature (> 120 ° C) to allow the pursuit of this work at pilot than industrial scales. Furthermore, long drying at low temperatures (<60 ° C) may also be a promising approach regarding the wood drying process in traditional kilns.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous rechercherons comment éliminer les opérations de non-valeur-ajoutée dans la fabrication des pièces en matériaux composites incluant la fixation des puces RFID directement dans les pièces en matériaux composites utilisées dans les industries aéronautiques et spatiales. Nous proposerons une nouvelle méthode innovante. Cette méthode industrielle utilise la technologie RFID pour aider éliminer les étapes de non-valeur-ajoutée qui empêchent des améliorations opérationnelles. En plus d’aider à éliminer des opérations de non-valeur-ajoutée, cette technologie peut permettre d’augmenter la communication transverse entre des processus opérationnels. L'utilisation appropriée de technologie RFID peut aussi aider à augmenter la visibilité des produits, des données et des outils dans la fabrication. Les étapes de contrôle inutiles qui induisent des délais de processus plus importants et des coûts additionnels plus élevés peuvent automatiquement être éliminées. De plus, cette méthode permet d’assurer une macro et micro traçabilité. La technologie RFID marche très bien tant avec la fibre de verre qu'avec les composés de fibre de carbone industriels. L’intégration de ces aides technologiques dans les pièces composites permet de créer des matériaux "intelligents" et de communiquer avec d'autres systèmes industriels qui sont voisins, ou dans un autre pays via le logiciel. Et cette capacité peut aider à réduire la documentation et améliorer la traçabilité pendant les phases industrielles transverses de l'entreprise. Les Informations peuvent être stockées sur la puce à l’avance ou bien après chaque processus. Ceci permet aussi d’élaborer de nouveaux processus et des occasions de traitement de la part de la société pour les parties qui sont en service. De cette façon, la puce peut permettre une communication entre le fabricant et le client. Les informations sur l'Étiquette RFID permettent aux pièces d'être gérées plus rapidement et à distance pendant tout le cycle de vie de la pièce. Les informations enregistrées sur la puce pendant la fabrication de la pièce composite peuvent même être lues, avec un ajout d’information, pendant que la pièce est en service. La méthode que nous proposons est la fixation la puce RFID dans les pièces en matériaux composites. Le dépistage et le contrôle automatiques de ces parties permettra à nos processus industriels d'être plus efficaces et visibles pendant la fabrication, aussi bien que le support après la livraison du produit. Dans un proche avenir, des entreprises nationales et internationales transformeront leur ingénierie et procédés de fabrication en appliquant cette méthode novatrice qui accélère les cycles de vie, maximise l'efficacité et élimine des étapes inutiles dans le processus. En conséquence, ces entreprises seront dans une bien meilleure position pour maximiser leur productivité et des nouvelles occasions de produit/marché aussi bien que la documentation de produit efficace et les processus de production aideront des entreprise ou les clients à abaisser leurs coûts d'exploitation, à augmenter la productivité des salariés, à améliorer la conformité, le délai de diminution et à faire des progrès plus rapides dans le domaine de la durabilité. En résumé, le fait de diminuer le délai de livraison à chaque étape dans le processus "On-Target" soutiendra) grandement la performance de " On-Cost" et " On-Quality". En utilisant cette méthode, les fabricants deviendront capables de diminuer considérablement leurs coûts, d’améliorer de façon significative les améliorations de processus, d’augmenter l’innovation à chaque étape du processus et de lancer dans l’entreprise des actions qui lui conféreront une vaste excellence opérationnelle. / The main objective of this thesis is to improve the traditional manufacturing processes in the company and to replace the traditional manufacturing methodology by new method in order to improve the manufacturing efficiency (time, cost, quality, safety of the products etc.). In the frame of this thesis, we will focus on how to eliminate the non-value added operations in the manufacturing by the embedding RFID tags directly in the composite parts used in aerospace companies. We will propose a new innovative state of the art composite manufacturing method that uses RFID technology to help eliminate non-value added manual steps that impede operational improvements. This technology can help to eliminate non-value added operations and increase the communication across operational processes. The appropriate use of RFID technology can also help increase the visibility of the products, data, and tools in manufacturing. The unnecessary control steps which induce higher process lead-times and higher additional costs can automatically be eliminated. The macro and micro traceability of processes and products (such as the part information, lifecycle, movement history and location) can all be automated and digitized with less manual intervention and less paper documentation. Carefully using this technology across our production processes, we can rapidly transform operational processes and improve their accuracy, control and efficiency. This is a lean, innovative and value adding innovative approach that significantly increases the visibility and monitoring of processes. RFID technology works very well with both glass and carbon fibre composites’ manufacturing. This technology helps makes the composite parts “smart” and communicate with other manufacturing systems that are nearby or in another country via software. And this capability can help reduce documentation and improve traceability during the manufacturing phases and across the company. Information can be stored on the tag before and/or after each process. This also enables new process and company service opportunities for parts that are in-service. In this way, the tag can enable a communication between the manufacturer and customer. The information on the RFID Tag enables the parts to be managed faster and remotely across the full lifecycle of the part. The information recorded on the RFID Tag during the manufacturing of the composite parts can even be read and more information can be read during in-service. This information can create an advantage for any modification of the parts, repair, and maintenance in the future. In this way, RFID based processes can reduce unnecessary steps across the whole supply chain and reduce the high workload of manual processes and documentation. Furthermore, costs can be minimized due to increased visibility and elimination of unnecessary steps across processes. Using RFID technology by direct embedding of the RFID Tag in the composite parts intends to measure and reduce “Process Variation”. The idea here is not to move the tasks, but to optimize and eliminating the non-value added tasks by using RFID based production method “embedding of RFID Tag in Composite parts”. The method that we propose is embedding the RFID tag in the composite parts. Automatically tracking and monitoring these parts will enable our industrial processes to be more efficient and visible during manufacturing as well as in service-processes that occur after delivery of the product. As mentioned previously, the intention here to enable our composite parts to be “smart” so they can be communicated to automatically across their lifecycle. This will help create an industrial "Internet of Things”. [...]

A iminente escassez de recursos naturais e de fontes energéticas não renováveis são forças motrizes para a adoção de práticas sustentáveis. Dentre os processos industriais que fazem uso intensivo de recursos naturais, estão os que utilizam processos de usinagem baseados em ferramentas abrasivas para desbaste, esmerilhamento, corte, entre outros. A partir deste panorama geral, é possível enxergar a necessidade de estudar os processos de usinagem com ferramentas abrasivas a fim de aumentar a compreensão sobre eles e de torná-los sustentáveis. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, por meio do comportamento mecânico de compósitos abrasivos resinoides, o potencial de reciclagem de grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas. No presente trabalho, foi estudada a preparação e caracterização de compósitos abrasivos resinoides reforçados com grãos alumina reciclada e virgem. Uma das aluminas recicladas é oriunda de rebolos e discos de corte resinoides, outra alumina é oriunda de rebolos vitrificados, e a última, composta por alumina branca, é recuperada de rebolos vitrificados refugados ou usados. As amostras de grãos de alumina reciclada e a de grãos de alumina marrom virgem foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de fluorescência de raios X (FRX), difratometria de raios X (DRX), microscopias óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Corpos de prova de compósitos utilizando os quatro tipos de alumina foram preparados por meio da mistura, prensagem e tratamento térmico de grãos de alumina e resinas fenólicas resol e novolaca. Por fim, os compósitos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), módulo elástico por excitação por impulso, impacto Izod, flexão em quatro pontos, análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA), dureza por Sand Blasting Penetration (SBP), porosidade pelo método de Arquimedes e microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que os compósitos de alumina reciclada apresentaram depreciação em todas as propriedades estudadas em relação ao compósito de alumina virgem, exceto a resistência ao impacto Izod, no qual todas as amostras apresentaram baixa resistência. A razão desta baixa resistência ao impacto deveu-se à estrutura formada pelo grão de alumina, ligante (resina fenólica) e porosidade, na qual a baixa proporção de resina fenólica (10% m.) foi a responsável pelo resultado. Por outro lado, a causa da depreciação nas propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelos compósitos de alumina reciclada foi a menor concentração em alumina e a presença de impurezas oriundas da produção das ferramentas abrasivas. Neste caso, o compósito de alumina branca reciclada apresentou melhores resultados das propriedades mecânicas em relação aos compósitos de alumina oriunda de rebolos vitrificados e os de alumina oriunda de rebolos e discos resinoides. Concluindo, o potencial de reciclagem dos grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas visando o seu reaproveitamento no processo de fabricação destas ferramentas é limitado pela sua pureza, de modo que se no processo de reciclagem dos grãos for aumentada a concentração de alumina haverá possibilidade de seu reaproveitamento. / The imminent scarcity of natural resources and nonrenewable energy sources are driving forces for the adoption of sustainable practices. Among the industrial processes that make intensive use of natural resources, there are those that use machining processes based on abrasive tools for roughing, grinding, cutting, among others. From this general panorama, it is possible to see the need to study the machining processes with abrasive tools in order to increase the understanding about them. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate, through the mechanical behavior of resin-bound abrasive composites, the recycling potential of alumina grits from abrasive tools. In the present work, the preparation and characterization of resinoid abrasive composites reinforced with recycled and virgin alumina grits was studied. One of the recycled aluminas comes from resin-bound grinding wheels and thin wheel cut-off discs, another alumina comes from vitrified grinding wheels, and the latter, composed of white alumina, is recovered from scrapped or used glazed grinding wheels. The samples of recycled alumina grits and virgin brown alumina grits were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composite test bodies using the four types of alumina were prepared by mixing, pressing and heat treatment of alumina grits and resol and novolak phenolic resins. Finally, the composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impulse excitation elastic modulus, Izod impact, four-point flexing, dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Sand Blasting Penetration hardness (SBP), porosity by the Archimedes method and optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the mechanical tests showed that the recycled alumina composites presented depreciation in all the studied properties in relation to the virgin alumina composite, except the Izod impact resistance, in which all the samples presented low resistance. The reason for this low impact strength was due to the structure formed by the alumina grit, binder (phenolic resin) and porosity, in which the low proportion of phenolic resin (10% m) was responsible for the result. On the other hand, the reason for the depreciation in the mechanical properties presented by the recycled alumina composites was the lower concentration in alumina and the presence of impurities from the production of the abrasive tools. In this case, the recycled white alumina composite presented better mechanical properties in relation to alumina composites from vitrified grinding wheels and those from alumina from grinding wheels and resinoid disks. In conclusion, the recycling potential of the alumina grits from abrasive tools aiming at their reuse in the process of manufacturing these tools is limited by their purity, so that if in the grit recycling process the alumina concentration increases it will make possible its reuse.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dureza de um cimento resinoso dual autoadesivo (RelyX U200) e um cimento resinoso dual convencional (RelyX ARC) fotoativados sob materiais restauradores indiretos, utilizando unidades fotoativadoras com diferentes comprimentos de ondas (LED Elipar Freelight 2, LED Bluephase, Laser AccuCure 3000TM), por meio de teste de nanoendentação. Para a obtenção dos espécimes foram utilizados incisivos bovinos que após profilaxia, foram submetidos a cortes no limite amelo-cementário para a separação da porção coronária. Após inclusão, os espécimes foram submetidos ao desgaste para exposição de dentina e padronização do substrato. Para simular clinicamente restaurações indiretas foram confeccionadas peças em cerâmica IPS e.max® Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) e em resina composta indireta SR Adoro (Ivoclar Vivadent) que foram cimentadas nas superfícies dentinárias. Os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente em baixa velocidade e constante irrigação e polidos em politriz. Foi estabelecido um grupo controle positivo, no qual o cimento foi fotoativado sem a interposição de material restaurador indireto e um grupo controle negativo, no qual, após a cimentação do material restaurador indireto, a fotoativação foi suprimida, ocorrendo apenas a polimerização química do cimento. Todos os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C durante 7 dias e após esse período, foram submetidos ao teste de nanoendentação na linha de cimentação, com o auxílo do ultra-microdurômetro (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). O ciclo aplicado foi de 100mN. Foram realizadas cinco nanoendentações em cada espécime, cujas médias resultaram nos valores de cada superfície. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Podese concluir que o cimento RelyX ARC apresentou maiores valores de dureza do que o RelyX U200 e este foi mais dependente da fotoativação para alcançar uma polimerização adequada. A dureza dos cimentos resinosos avaliados foi influenciada negativamente pela interposição do material restaurador indireto e apenas os LEDs foram capazes de manter o mesmo grau de polimerização dos cimentos quando interposto um material restaurador indireto. / This study aimed to evaluate the hardness of a dual cure self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200) and a dual cure conventional resin cement (RelyX ARC) light curing units with different wavelengths (Elipar Freelight 2 LED, Bluephase LED, AccuCure 3000TM Laser) through nanoindentadion test. To obtain the specimens bovine incisors were used after prophylaxis. The tooth were sectioned at the limit amelocement for the separation of the coronal portion. After inclusion, the dentin surface of the specimens were exposed to standardize the substrate. To clinically simulate indirect restorations ceramic pieces were made (IPS e.max® Press/Ivoclar Vivadent) and indirect composite resin (SR Adoro/Ivoclar Vivadent) were cemented on dentin surfaces. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally at low speed with constant irrigation and polished. A positive control group was stablished, in which the cement was light cured without the interposition of indirect restorative material, and a negative control group, in which, after cementation of the indirect restorative material, the light curing was removed, occurring only the chemical polymerization of the cement. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days. Nanoindentadion hardness of the cement layer was measured under 100mN load (Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness Tester). Five nanoindentations in each specimen were obtained, which resulted in the average values of each surface. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0,05). RelyX ARC pesented higher values of hardness than RelyX U200 and this was more dependent on the polymerization. The hardness of the evaluated resin cements was negatively influenced by the interposition of an indirect restorative material and only the LEDs were able to maintain the same degree of polymerization of the cement when an indirect restorative material was used.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a microdureza de dois cimentos resinosos de polimerização dual (RelyX U100®, 3M-ESPE e Panavia F 2.0®, Kuraray), empregados na cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro (Fibrekor-Jeneric® Pentron) variando o modo de polimerização em químico, fotoativação imediata ou tardia após 5min através de luz halógena, avaliando também o efeito do armazenamento em água deionizada por três meses. Este trabalho testou as seguintes hipóteses nulas: não há diferença nos valores de microdureza entre os cimentos, modo de polimerização, efeito do armazenamento e entre os terços radiculares. Sessenta raízes de incisivos bovinos, com 16mm de comprimento cérvico-apical, tiveram seus condutos obturados e, posteriormente, preparados para cimentação do pino intracanal. Os espécimes foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 10), cada um subdividido em 2 subgrupos com 5 espécimes para cada cimento. Os pinos foram cimentados de acordo com o protocolo descrito por cada fabricante. No grupo A1, os espécimes foram mantidos em ambiente à prova de luz para que ocorresse apenas a polimerização química. No grupo B1, os espécimes foram cimentados e submetidos à fotoativação imediata, e, no grupo C1, realizou-se a fotoativação após 5 minutos. As raízes foram seccionadas longitudinalmente, para que a linha de cimento pudesse ser exposta e os testes de microdureza realizados. Após 7 dias, as médias de microdureza (± desvio padrão) foram obtidas, para os terços cervical, médio e apical, respectivamente: A1 (Panavia) - 41,25 ±3,38 / 38,17±1,74 / 35,63±1,73; A1 (U100) - 59,43±4,32 / 52,14±3,00 / 50,27±4,13; B1 (Panavia) - 75,29±4,84 / 60,36±6,76 / 48,97±3,33; B1 (U100) 62,41±6,83 / 53,99±4,74 / 49,04±2,20; C1 (Panavia) - 70,22±93 / 61,00±4,48 / 56,46±7,51; C1 (U100) - 62,40±6,66 / 53,69±2,00 / 51,54±2,18. Para os grupos armazenados em água, os valores médios de microdureza (± desvio padrão) obtidos nos 3 grupos, químico (grupo A2), fotoativado imediatamente (grupo B2) e fotoativado tardiamente (grupo C2), nos terços cervical, médio e apical, respectivamente, foram: A2 (Panavia) - 37,17±1,38 / 35,01±0,74 / 34,10±2,37; A2 (U100) - 52,39±2,00 / 52,13±3,01 / 51,06±1,48; B2 (Panavia) - 63,01±2,17 / 55,94±2,10 / 48,55±1,62; B2 (U100) - 58,81±2,34 / 55,19±1,42 / 55,71±3,17; C2 (Panavia) - 56,99±1,21 / 51,29±1,81 / 48,29±3,00; C2 (U100) - 59,02±2,04 / 57,05±2,04 / 54,95±1,05. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA a 4 critérios (cimento, modo de polimerização, armazenamento e terços), que detectou diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, e o teste de Tukey foi aplicado para comparações individuais. Os resultados mostraram que: a fotoativação com luz halógena promoveu um aumento significativo nos valores de microdureza para o cimento Panavia; o armaz namento em água por três meses reduziu os valores de microdureza para a maioria dos grupos, sendo que o cimento o U100 apresentou menor variação de dureza quando comparado ao Panavia; os terços que receberam maior intensidade de luz halógena tiveram maior aumento de microdureza para ambos os cimentos, especialmente para o cimento Panavia. Conclui-se, portanto, que as hipóteses de nulidade propostas foram rejeitadas. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the microhardness of two dual cure resin cements (RelyX - U100®, 3M-ESPE and Panavia F 2.0®, Kuraray), used for fiberglass posts (Fibrekor ® - Jeneric Pentron) cementation. Chemical cure and a halogen immediate and late light cure source were compared, and the effect of storage in deionized water for three months was also evaluated. This study tested the following null hypotheses: there is no difference between the microhardness values for each dual cure resin cement, cure source type, storage time, or root thirds. Sixty bovine incisor roots 16mm long had their roots restored and then prepared for post cementation. The specimens were divided into 6 groups (n = 10), and each group was subdivided into 2 subgroups with 5 specimens for each cement. The posts were cemented according to manufacturers instructions. In group A1, the specimens were kept in a light-proof environment to ensure only a chemical cure. In group B1, the specimens were restored and subjected to immediate light curing, and in group C1, light curing was performed after 5 minutes. The roots were longitudinally sectioned to expose the cement line and perform microhardness tests. After 7 days, the average microhardness (± standard deviation) values were obtained for the cervical, medium and apical thirds, respectively: A1 (Panavia ) - 41,25±3,38 / 38,17±1,74 / 35,63±1,73; A1 (U100) - 59,43±4,32 / 52,14±3,00 / 50,27±4,13; B1 (Panavia) - 75,29±4,84 / 60,36±6,76 / 48,97±3,33; B1 (U100) - 62,41±6,83 / 53,99±4,74 / 49,04±2,20; C1 (Panavia) - 70,22±1,93 / 61,00±4,48 / 56,46±7,51; C1 (U100) - 62,40±6,66 / 53,69±2,00 / 51,54±2,18. For the 3 groups stored in deionized water (chemical [group A2], immediate light curing [group B2] and late light curing [group C2]), the average microhardness values (± standard deviation) obtained for the cervical, medium and apical thirds, respectively were: A2 (Panavia) - 37,17±1,38 / 35,01±0,74 / 34,10±2,37; A2 (U100) - 52,39±2,00 / 52,13±3,01 / 51,06±1,48; B2 (Panavia) - 63,01±2,17 / 55,94±2,10 / 48,55±1,62; B2 (U100) - 58,81±2,34 / 55,19±1,42 / 55,71±3,17; C2 (Panavia) - 56,99±1,21 / 51,29±1,81 / 48,29±3,00; C2 (U100) - 59,02±2,04 / 57,05±2,04 / 54,95±1,05. ANOVA testing was used to detect statistical differences among the 4 criteria (cements, cure mode, storage and thirds) and the Tukey test was used for individual comparisons. The results showed that the halogen light cure promoted a significant increase in microhardness values for Panavia cement; storage in water for three months reduced microhardness values for most of the groups, although U100 resulted in less microhardness variation compared to Panavia; the thirds that received a higher intensity of halogen light had a higher increase in the average values of microhardness for both cements, especially for Panavia. Therefore, the null hypotheses proposed in this work were rejected.