Cerebral ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycemia, a common coexisting phenomenon in both stroke and cardiac arrest (CA), may further aggravate ischemic brain injury. To date, the therapeutic possibilities are lim-ited and the search for new treatment modalities is warranted. One aspect of such a research could be to better understand the cerebral pathogenesis induced by hyperglycemic ischemia-reperfusion. We investigated the combination of ischemia and hyperglycemia in two experimental models of stroke and CA. The aims were to test the neuroprotective potential of the sulfonated nitrone 2-sulfophenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (S-PBN) in focal hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia (1), to outline the short-terms effects of hyperglycemia in prolonged (2) and short CA (3) and to performed a global transcriptome analysis of brain from hyperglycemic and normoglycemic CA (4). In a stroke model rats were made hyperglycemic prior to transient middle cerebral artery oc-clusion and randomized to S-PBN or saline. We found that S-PBN may ameliorate hyperglyce-mic-ischemic brain damage by improving the neurological performance after 1 day of survival, but did not reduce the infarct size. To study the cerebral oxidative state and perfusion after CA, pigs were randomized and clamped at blood glucose levels of 8.5 ̶ 10.0 mmol/L (high) and 4.0 ̶ 5.5 mmol/L (normal), sub-jected to 12 ̶ min of CA, followed by 8 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and ob-served for 180 min. Increased oxygenation was found at higher glucose levels measured by near-infrared light spec-troscopy after CA. Tendencies toward increased protein S100β and 15-keto-dihydro-prostaglandin F2α were observed in the hyperglycemic group. We hypothesized that in combination with a brief period of CA, the preischemic hyperglycemia would worsen the cerebral injury compared with normoglycemia. We used a glycemic protocol similar to that in Paper II, whereby pigs were subjected to 5 ̶ min of CA, followed by 8 min of CPR, and observed for 180 mins. An increased level of the cerebral marker S100β was found in hyperglycemic pigs compared with normoglycemic pigs after CA. Global transcriptome analysis using microarray analysis revealed a different early metabolic gene expression in hyperglycemic CA compared with normoglycemic CA.

Bakgrund: Dödligheten vid hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus är hög och endast några få procent av de som drabbas räddas till livet. Tidig behandling är en avgörande faktor för överlevnad. Överlevnaden kan ökas markant av att människor på platsen, bystanders, ingriper med hjärt-lungräddning (HLR). Att vårda och utföra vårdhandlingar är inte exklusivt för sjuksköterskor. Vid hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus är det istället bystandern som förväntas utföra vårdhandlingen. I många fall sker dock inget ingripande trots att hjärtstoppet bevittnas och den vårdande handlingen uteblir därför. Syfte: Syftet med arbetet var att identifiera faktorer som påverkar människors vilja att ingripa vid hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus. Metod: Arbetet designades som en litteraturstudie där artiklar med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats ingick. Resultat: Resultatet baserades på potentiella bystanders antaganden av hur de skulle agera och faktiska bystanders erfarenheter av att ha agerat. Skillnader i faktorer som påverkade viljan observerades mellan dessa. Viljan påverkades till stor del av rädslor, bristande HLR-kunskaper samt scenariot kring hjärtstoppet där bland annat en familjerelation mellan den drabbade och bystandern utgjorde en påverkande faktor. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att hindrande faktorer för viljan skulle kunna påverkas positivt genom förbättrad HLR-utbildning. Klinisk betydelse: Med hjälp av identifierade faktorer kan befintlig HLR-utbildning ses över och eventuellt förbättras. Detta skulle kunna öka antalet ingripanden och därigenom överlevnaden vid hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus. / Background: The lethality is high in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and only a few percent of the victim’s lives are saved. Early treatment is crucial for survival. People at the scene can increase the survival significantly through CPR interventions. To care and the act of caring is not exclusively for nurses. In cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the bystander could be the one that performs the act of caring. In many cases, however, no interventions are made although the arrest is witnessed and therefore no act of caring is being performed. Objective: The aim of this essay was to identify factors that influence people's willingness to intervene in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Method: This study was designed as a literature study and both quantitative and qualitative research articles were included in the analysis. Results: The result was based on potential bystander's assumptions of how they would act and actual bystanders experience having acted. Differences in factors affecting the willingness were observed between them. The will seemed influenced by fears, lack of CPR skills and the scenario surrounding the arrest. A family tie between the victim and the bystander appeared also as an influencing factor. Conclusion: The findings show that the non-willingness to act could be affected positively by improved CPR training. Clinical significance: In light to the identified factors, improvement of the existing CPR training and increased education could improve the probability of intervention by bystanders and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival.

No description available.

This thesis investigated whether out­come after in-hospital cardiac arrest patients could be improved by a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) educational intervention focusing on all hospital healthcare professionals. Annually in Sweden, approximately 3000 in-hospital patients suffer a cardiac arrest in which CPR is attempted, and which 900 will survive. The thesis is based on five papers: Paper I was a methodological study concluding in a reliable multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ) aimed at measuring CPR knowledge. Paper II was an intervention study. The intervention consisted of educating 3144 healthcare professionals in CPR. The MCQ from Paper I was answered by the healthcare professionals both before (82% response rate) and after (98% response rate) education. Theoretical knowledge improved in all the different groups of healthcare professionals after the intervention. Paper III was an observational laboratory study investigating the practical CPR skills of 74 healthcare professionals’. Willingness to use an automated external defibrillator (AED) improved generally after educa­tion, and there were no major differences in CPR skills between the different healthcare professions. Paper IV investigated, by use of a questionnaire, the attitudes to CPR of 2152 healthcare professionals (82% response rate). A majority of healthcare professionals reported a positive attitude to resuscitation. Paper V was a register study of patients suffering from cardiac arrest. The intervention tended not to reduce the delay to start of treatment or to increase overall survival. However, our results suggested indirect signs of an improved cerebral function among survivors. In conclusion, CPR education and the introduction of AEDs in-hospital – improved healthcare professionals knowledge, skills, and attitudes – did not improve patients’ survival to hospital discharge, but the functional status among survivors improved.

Le patient de réanimation est dans la plus part des cas un patient vulnérable et dépendant. Les principes fondamentaux de l’éthique sont bousculés et le réanimateur est face à des de nombreuses interrogations éthiques qui jalonnent le parcours du patient de son admission à sa sortie. Malgré une réflexion éthique formalisée guidant les décisions d’admission et de non-admission en réanimation pour les malades à haut risque de mortalité, la part laissée à la subjectivité est importante. Il n’y a pas cependant de situation figée pour laquelle un patient ne doit pas bénéficier de la réanimation. Une décision de non-admission en réanimation s'apparente à une décision de limitation thérapeutique. Ce schéma éthique s’accorde avec les principes éthiques : autonomie, bienfaisance, non malfaisance et justice distributive mais l'urgence rend souvent difficile l'analyse complète du dossier du patient.Le manque de lits de réanimation disponibles est susceptible d’influer sur la stratégie de triage soulignant l’impact de critères subjectifs dans le processus décisionnel. Ceci peut conduire à une sur-mortalité. Les études princeps réalisées sur les décisions de limitations et d’arrêt thérapeutiques (LAT) ont été à l’origine du débat sur la non-obstination déraisonnable aboutissant à terme à la promulgation de la Loi Leonetti. Ces données ont permis de corriger des dysfonctionnements éthiques lors des décisions de LAT. A la suite des questionnements récents de notre société nous avons analysé la réflexion des réanimateurs sur l’euthanasie.La réalisation de prélèvements d’organe chez des patients décédés d’arrêt cardiaque impose l’admission en réanimation de patients pour les quels les traitements n’ont plus l’objectif de les sauver, mais de préserver leurs organes pour le bien d’autrui. Ces situations soulignent les interrogations sur : la définition de la mort, l’instrumentalisation du corps, le consentement au don, l’information des proches et plus largement du public. / The critically ill patient is a vulnerable and dependent patient. The fundamental principles of ethics are rushed and the physician is faced with many ethical issues along the route of the patient from the discussion of his admission to discharge.Despite a formal ethical reflection guiding decisions of admission and non ICU admission these decisions of patients at high risk of mortality, the part left to subjectivity is important. The evolution of medical knowledge and advances in supported patients that there are no fixed position for which a patient should not receive resuscitation. A determination of non-ICU admission is similar to a decision of withholding or withdrawing therapies. This ethical scheme fits well with the ethical principles autonomy, beneficence , non-maleficence and distributive justice. The urgency makes it difficult to complete analysis of patient records because the data are not always available. The lack of available beds is likely to affect the sorting strategy highlighting the impact of subjective criteria in decision-making. This could induce excess mortality. The initial studies dedicated to withholding and withdrawing therapies have been the source of debate on the non-unreasonable obstinacy leading eventually to the enactment of the Leonetti's Law. These data were used to correct malfunctions in real ethical decisions of withholding or withdrawing. Following the recent issues of our society on euthanasia, we completed our reflection and asked if intensivists would support a law of exception euthanasia.The realization of organ harvesting in patients who died of cardiac arrest requires taking in resuscitation of patients for which treatments have more goals to save for, but to preserve their bodies for the sake of other patients. These situations highlight the questions: the definition of death, the manipulation of the body, the implicit or explicit consent and the information aspects of family and wider public.

Malgré de très nombreuses études expérimentales et cliniques dans le domaine de l'arrêt circulatoire, seulement 2% à 12% des patients quittent l'hôpital avec une bonne récupération neurologique. Il est donc nécessaire de proposer de nouvelles thérapeutiques pour tenter d'augmenter la survie après un arrêt circulatoire. Pour atteindre ce but il semble indispensable d'améliorer la qualité du massage cardiaque durant la réanimation et de protéger le myocarde et le cerveau contre les phénomènes d'ischémie-reperfusion. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons évalués dans une étude pré hospitalière l'utilisation d'un dispositif innovant de massage cardiaque interne par minithoracotomie et montré une amélioration de l'hémodynamique en comparaison avec le massage cardiaque standard. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons testés les possibles effets protecteurs de l'EPO (érythropoïétine) dans deux types d'arrêt circulatoire. Dans un modèle d'arrêt cardiaque expérimental chez le rat nous avons démontré que lorsque l'EPO était injectée avant l'arrêt cardiaque, la réanimation initiale était améliorée et la survie des animaux augmentée ce qui pouvaient suggérer un effet cardio et/ou neuroprotecteur de l'EPO contre les effets délétères de l'ischémie reperfusion. Dans une étude clinique en chirurgie cardiaque sous circulation extra corporelle, nous n'avons pas pu démontré d'effet bénéfique de l'EPO ni sur l'ischémie myocardique, ni sur l'ischémie cérébrale ni sur les paramètres de l'inflammation. Sur la base de ces deux études, il est donc difficile de conclure sur le potentiel rôle bénéfique de l'EPO dans l'arrêt circulatoire. Néanmoins, sur la seule base des résultats expérimentaux, l'EPO pourrait faire partie de l'arsenal thérapeutique pour mieux protéger le myocarde et le cerveau contre les effets délétères de l'ischémie reperfusion après un arrêt cardiaque. / Despite extensive experimental and clinical research on cardiac arrest, only 2-12% of resuscitated patients are discharged from hospital in good neurological conditions. There is, therefore, a dear need for new therapies that improve survival after cardiac arrest. It ‘s necessary to improve the quality of cardiac massage and to protect against cardiac and cerebral ischemia occurring during cardiac arrest. In a first part, we evaluated the prehospital feasibility of performing a new method of minimally invasive direct cardiac massage (MID-CM®) and we suggested that better haemodynamic results can be obtained than with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In a second part, we tested erythropoietin (EPO) against placebo in two model of cardiac arrest. In an experimental model of cardiac arrest, we demonstrated that EPO, when administrated before cardiac arrest, improved initial resuscitation and increased the duration of post-resuscitation survival. In a second model of circulatory arrest during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, EPO administration did not protect against cerebral ischemia and inflammatory response occurring during cardiac surgery with CPB. It is difficult to make definitive conclusion on the potential role of EPO in myocardial and cerebral protection after circulatory arrest. We can hope that EPO administration will represent pharmacological approach in upcoming years to additional myocardial salvage of the reperfused myocardium after cardiac arrest.

Objetivo: estudar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da solução salina hipertônica/dextran, comparada com solução salina normal, em pacientes com sepse grave. Modelo: ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo, duplo-cego, controlado. Local: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário. Pacientes: 29 pacientes com sepse grave, admitidos na UTI com pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) menor que 12 mmHg. Intervenções: os pacientes foram randomizados para receber 250 ml da solução salina normal [NaCl 0,9%] (Grupo SS, n=16) ou solução salina hipertônica [NaCl 7,5%]/dextran 70 8% ( Grupo SSH, n=13). Medidas e resultados: para cada grupo foram coletadas medidas hemodinâmicas, gasometrias (arterial e venosa), lactato e sódio séricos nos tempos 0, 30 minutos, 60 minutos, 120 minutos e 180 minutos. Durante o período do estudo não foi permitida qualquer alteração na infusão tanto de fluidos quanto das drogas vasopressoras. A POAP foi maior no grupo SSH, com a diferença sendo maior em 30 minutos (10,7±3,2 mmHg vs. 6,8±3,2 mmHg) e 60 minutos (10,3±3 mmHg vs. 7,4±2,9 mmHg); p<0,05. O índice cardíaco aumentou apenas no grupo SSH, sendo que as diferenças foram maiores em 30 minutos (6,5±4,7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,8±3,4 l min-1 m-2), em 60 minutos (4,9±4,5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3,7±3,3 l min-1 m-2) e em 120 minutos (5,0±4,3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4,1±3,4 l min-1 m-2); p<0,05. O índice sistólico seguiu o mesmo padrão e foi maior em 30 minutos (53,6[39,2-62,8] ml m-2 vs. 35,6[31,2-49,2] ml m-2) e em 60 minutos (46,8[39,7-56,6] ml m-2 vs. 33,9[32,2-47,7] ml m-2); p<0,05. A resistência vascular sistêmica diminuiu no grupo SSH e foi menor nos tempos 30 minutos (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), em 60 minutos (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) e em 120 minutos (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0,05. O sódio sérico aumentou no grupo SSH e foi maior do que o grupo SS em 30 minutos (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), em 60 minutos (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), em 120 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) e em 180 minutos (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1); p<0,05. Conclusão: Solução salina hipertônica/dextran pode melhorar a performance cardiovascular na ressuscitação de pacientes com sepse grave. Os efeitos hemodinâmicos parecem estar relacionados tanto ao efeito no volume quanto a melhora da função cardíaca. A SSH/dextran podem ajudar a restaurar rapidamente a estabilidade hemodinâmica em pacientes sépticos, hipovolêmicos, sem apresentar efeitos indesejáveis significativos. / Objective: to study the hemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution compared with a normal saline solution in severe septic patients. Design: prospective double blind and control-randomised study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital Patients: Twenty nine severe septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) lower than 12 mmHg. Interventions: Patients were randomised to receive 250 ml of blinded solutions of either normal saline (SS group, n=16) or hypertonic saline (NaCl 7,5%)/dextran 70 8% (HSS group, n=13) solutions. Measurements and Results: Hemodynamic, blood gases, blood lactate and sodium data were collected for each group at the following time points: baseline, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min and 180 min. During the study period, it was not allowed further fluid or vasoactive infusion rate modifications. PAOP was higher in the HSS group with the differences being greater at 30 (10.7±3.2 mmHg vs. 6.8±3.2 mmHg) and 60 min (10.3±3 mmHg vs. 7.4±2.9 mmHg); p<0.05. The cardiac index increased only in the HSS group with differences being greater at 30 (6.5±4.7 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.8±3.4 l min-1 m-2), 60 (4.9±4.5 l min-1 m-2 vs. 3.7±3.3 l min-1 m-2) and 120 min (5.0±4.3 l min-1 m-2 vs. 4.1±3.4 l min-1 m-2); p<0.05. The stroke volume index followed a comparable course and it was higher at 30 (53.6[39.2-62.8] ml m-2 vs. 35.6[31.2-49.2] ml m-2) and 60 min (46.8[39.7-56.6] ml m-2 vs. 33.9[32.2-47.7] ml m-2); p<0.05. Systemic vascular resistance decreased in the HSS group and became lower at 30 (824±277 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1139±245 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2), 60 (921±256 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1246±308 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2) and 120 min (925±226 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 vs. 1269±494 dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2); p<0.05. The serum sodium levels increased in the HSS group and were higher than in the SS group at 30 (145±3 mEq l-1 vs. 137±7 mEq l-1), 60 (143±4 mEq l-1 vs. 136±77 mEq l-1), 120 (142±5 mEq l-1vs. 136±7 mEq l-1) and 180 min (142±5 mEq l-1 vs. 136±87 mEq l-1 ); p<0.05. Conclusion: Hypertonic saline/dextran solution can improve cardiovascular performance in the resuscitation of severe septic patients. The hemodynamic effect appears related both to a volume effect and an improvement in cardiac function. Hypertonic saline/colloid solutions may help to rapidly restore hemodynamic stability in hypovolemic septic patients without significant side effects.

Introdução: Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é uma emergência médica, quando ocorrer fora do ambiente hospitalar, o imediato atendimento à vítima é vital. A imediata Reanimação Cardiopulmonar (RCP), no ambiente extra-hospitalar é muito importante. A denominação aeroespacial reúne ambiente aéreo (cabine de aeronaves pressurizadas, altitude) e, espacial (ambiente com microgravidade, flutuação). No ambiente aéreo, importa a condição hipobárica e a hipóxia resultante. Quanto ao ambiente espacial, importa a condição de microgravidade e a incapacidade de exercer força e peso, como na superfície terrestre. Estes, e outros aspectos da RCP aeroespacial, são abordados no presente estudo. Objetivos: Ambiente aéreo: avaliar a qualidade do ar expirado, por um socorrista, durante RCP, em ambiente hipobárico, e, avaliar a suplementação de oxigênio para o socorrista, como forma de correção da mistura gasosa expirada, na altitude. Ambiente espacial: avaliar a eficácia de uma nova posição para RCP, por um só indivíduo, sem auxílio, na microgravidade. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizou-se uma câmara hipobárica, para a simulação da altitude, no ambiente aéreo. A RCP foi avaliada ao nível do mar e na altitude de 8.000 pés. Vôos parabólicos foram utilizados para a simulação de microgravidade. Um manequim foi o modelo de PCR em ambos os ambientes. No ambiente aéreo, avaliou-se a oferta de oxigênio expirada (boca-a-boca), pelo socorrista à vítima. Em microgravidade foi avaliada a efetividade da posição estudada, abraço da vítima com as pernas e o uso das mesmas, como apoio para a RCP, através da profundidade (mm), e freqüência (por minuto), das compressões torácicas e, da ventilação (volume de ar em mililitros). Resultados: Pressão de oxigênio cai de +108,3 mmHg (nível do mar), para +72,3 mmHg (8.000 pés). Com suplementação o valor é +108,0 mmHg. RCP em microgravidade: + 41,3 mm, + 80,2 /min, (sem ventilação). Massagem + ventilação (+ 44,0 mm, + 68,3 /min, + 491,0 ml de ar). Conclusões: Existe importante redução na oferta de oxigênio, à vítima de PCR, em altitude de 8.000 pés. Suplementação de oxigênio ao socorrista, 4 litros/minuto, por óculos nasal, pode corrigir esta redução. A posição proposta, para o ambiente espacial, deve ser considerada com uma possibilidade de RCP na microgravidade. / Introduction: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a medical emergency, and when occurring outside the hospital environment, immediate victim’s assistance is vital. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) at the extra-hospital environment is very important. Aerospace denomination joins an aerial environment (pressurized airplane cabins, altitude), and space (microgravity environment, floating). Within the aerial environment, hypobaric condition and resulting hypoxia do matter. Considering the space environment, microgravity condition and the inability to exert force and weight such as at the surface level, are important. Those and other aspects of aerospace CPR are approached in this present study. Objectives: Aerial environment: To evaluate the quality of exhaled air from the practitioner, during CPR within a hypobaric environment, and to assess supplemental oxygen offer to the practitioner as a form of correcting the exhaled gas mixture at altitude. Space environment: To assess the efficacy of a new CPR position, for a sole, unassisted individual at microgravity. Material and Methods: A hypobaric chamber for aerial environment altitude simulation was employed. CPR was assessed at sea level and at the altitude of 8,000 feet. Parabolic flights were employed for microgravity simulation. A CPR manikin was the model for both environments. At the aerial environment, exhaled (mouth-to-mouth) oxygen offer by the practitioner to the victim was assessed. In microgravity, the effectiveness of the studied position, which consisted of securing the victim with the legs and using them for CPR restraint, was evaluated by depth (millimeters), and frequency (per minute) of chest compressions, and ventilation (air volume in milliliters). Results: Oxygen pressure falls from ± 108.3 mmHg (at sea level) to ± 72.3 mmHg (8,000 feet). With supplementation, the value is ± 108.0 mmHg. CPR in microgravity: ± 41.3 mm, ± 80.2/minute (without ventilation). Massage + ventilation (± 44.0 mm, ± 68.3/minute, ± 491.0 ml of air). Conclusions: There is an important reduction of oxygen offer to the CPR victim at the altitude of 8,000 feet. Oxygen supplementation to the medic assistant at 4 liters/minute through nasal cannulae may correct such reduction. The proposed position for the spatial environment should be considered as a possibility for CPR at microgravity.

This dissertation deals with equipment handling problems of nurses on the Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation Department and training of new nurses for equipment handling. New nurses are therefore overloaded with lots of new information concerning nursing care, documentation, instruments, team etc. This dissertation consists of two parts ? theoretical and empirical one. The theoretical part deals with ARD description, monitoring, technical equipment, work of nurse on ARD and her adaptation process. The empirical part used a qualitative research method. Information was gathered from a semi-structured interview. The current state in context of nurse work with technical equipment on ARD was analysed in the first period of research. Tutorial material was created on the basis of gathered information which was applied in practice. Feedback on created tutorial material was found in the last period. The focus group was created by 10 respondents who work as general nurses on ARD in selected hospitals. Four goals and five research questions were stated during the investigation. The first goal was to map what technical equipment nurses on ARD are working with; the second goal was to find out how the training of new nurses on ARD is carried out; the third goal was to create training material concerning technology, not only for new nurses on ARD; and the fourth goal was to find out feedback on provided tutorial material from nurses on ARD. Research questions were: 1.What technical equipment do nurses operate on ARD? 2. How are new nurses on ARD trained? 3. What means are used during the training of new nurses? 4. According to nurses, what information regarding technology should a handbook for nurses on ARD contain? 5. What opinion do nurses on ARD have of created training material?The first goal was to map what technical equipment nurses on ARD are working with. From research results it is evident that nurses on ARD operate lots of equipment ? monitors, infusion pumps, linear pumps, ventilators, dialysis, suction bottles, defibrillators, laminar boxes, ICP monitors, patient lifters, medical heaters and coolers, nebulizers, plasmaferesis, PICCO, LIDCO, Vigileo, enternal pumps, anti-decubitus mattresses, anaesthetic equipment, EKG, haemoglobinmeters, glucometers, ABR analyser, bronchoscopes and Level. The second goal was to find out how the training of new nurses on ARD is carried out. Research results are different in this area. Every respondent undertook a different form of adaptation process in variously long intervals. The third goal was to create training material concerning technology not only for new nurses on ARD. Training material was created on the basis of discussion analysis with respondents and didactic principles had been kept during its creation (visualisation, connection theory with practise, scientism, adequacy, actuality, feedback, consciousness and activity, individualization and orderliness). The fourth goal was to find out feedback on provided tutorial material from nurses on ARD. Training material was given to all respondents for approximately 14 days and afterwards feedback was obtained. The result was that all respondents liked the training material very much. Research results will be provided to head nurses on ARD from chosen hospitals where the research was carried out. The created training material will be provided to ARD in hospital Pelhrimov, p. o. Specific training material for individual workplaces and equipment will be created for other hospitals on the basis of declared wishes of respondents. We anticipate that the training material will not only be beneficial for new nurses on ARD.

This thesis deals with first aid knowledge among the general public. The theoretical part focuses on the basic aspects of first aid. The practical part is a survey of the results of the research, which are then evaluated and commented upon in the discussion. The research group consisted of people of working age. To obtain the data used quantitative research, carried out by polling, through a questionnaire. Based on its evaluation were confirmed or refuted in advance the hypothesis. These hypotheses were statistically verified. Research suggests that the level of knowledge of the general public is not sufficient.