Enligt Svenska hjärt- och lungräddningsregistret drabbas cirka 13 000 personer årligen av ett plötsligt hjärtstopp i Sverige och av dessa inleds hjärt-lungräddning [HLR] i cirka 8500 av fallen. HLR innebär att på konstgjord väg cirkulera blodet genom kompressioner och inblåsningar. Det kan vara en mycket traumatisk upplevelse för de närstående och sjuksköterskan har ett stort ansvar i att inkludera dem enligt de etiska riktlinjerna som finns avseende HLR.  Syftet med detta arbete var att beskriva närståendes inställning till och erfarenhet av att närvara vid hjärt-lungräddning inom akutsjukvården. En litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats har använts som metod. Totalt 17 artiklar har inkluderats, varav 9 kvantitativa och 8 kvalitativa. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Sophiahemmets framtagna granskningsinstrument för bedömning av den vetenskapliga kvalitén. Därefter påbörjades textanalysen där artiklarna först summerades i en artikelmatris, sedan plockades data som motsvarade syftet ut från respektive artikel. Data syntetiserades i kategorier och underkategorier. Resultatet baserades på tre övergripande huvudkategorier, individens inställning och förutsättningar till att närvara, omständigheter som påverkar upplevelsen och hur bemötande och kommunikation formar vårdrelationen. Majoriteten av de närstående hade en positiv inställning och även om det var en känslomässigt utmanande upplevelse var det viktigt att finnas där för sin närstående. Närstående hade dock ett stort behov av stöd i olika former både från andra närstående och vårdpersonal. Vårdpersonalens inställning och bemötande påverkade upplevelsen.  Slutsatsen var att anhöriga vill vara närvarande men behöver stöd för att bättre kunna hantera upplevelsen och minska risken för psykisk ohälsa. / According to the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Register, approximately 13,000 people suffer a sudden cardiac arrest annually in Sweden, and of these, cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR] is initiated in about 8,500 of the cases. CPR involves artificially circulating the blood through compressions and breaths. It can be a very traumatic experience for the relatives and the nurse has a responsibility to include them according to the ethical guidelines that exist regarding CPR. The aim of this study was to describe relatives’ attitudes to and experience of being present at cardiopulmonary resuscitation in emergency care. A literature review with a systematic approach has been used as a method. Database searches have been made in Cinahl and PubMed. A total of 17 articles have been included, of which nine are quantitative and eight qualitative. The articles were quality reviewed on the basis of Sophiahemmet’s review instrument for assessing scientific quality. Then the text analysis began, where the articles were first summarized in an article matrix, then data that corresponded to the purpose was picked out from each article. The data were synthesized into categories and subcategories. The result was based on three main categories, the individual’s attitude and conditions for attending, circumstances that affect the experience and how treatment and communication shape the care relationship. The majority of the relatives had a positive attitude and even though it was an emotionally challenging experience, it was important to be there for the loved one. However, relatives had a great need for support in various forms both from other relatives and healthcare professionals. The healthcare professional's attitude and treatment affected the experience. The conclusion was that relatives want to be present but need support to better manage the experience and reduce the risk of mental illness.

Bakgrund: Hjärtstopp är en global hälsoutmaning och utgör en allvarlig medicinsk nödsituation för både patienter och vårdpersonal. Snabb insats genom hjärt- och lungräddning (HLR) ökar chanserna att överleva. HLR-rådets riktlinjer redogörs tillsammans med betydelsen av samhälleliga aspekter, inklusive patientsäkerhet och delaktighet. Dessutom utforskas närståendes och sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bevittna och utföra HLR, samt betonar vikten av träning, stöd och hantering av moralisk stress inom vården. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors beskrivning av sina erfarenheter av närstående närvaro vid hjärtstopp.  Metod: I denna litteraturöversikt ingår tio vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ design. Vid datainsamlingen användes PubMed och CINAHL Complete som databaskällor. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre olika teman: Första teman handlade om etiska aspekter som bygger på två underteman: Dialog med anhöriga och att tvingas prioritera. Andra temat handlade om vikten av god vårdmiljö som bygger på en underteman: Behov av säker miljö. Tredje temat handlade om känslomässiga aspekter som bygger på tre underteman: Känsla av att vara iakttagen, Ökad tillit och självkänsla av närståendes närvaro och Pressad stämning. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter vid närståendes närvaro under hjärtstopp inkluderar etiska överväganden, prioritering, påverkan på vårdmiljön, känslomässiga aspekter och förbättringsmöjligheter. Trots utmaningar betonar sjuksköterskor vikten av etisk information och ser närvaron som en resurs för personcentrerad vård. Slutsatser pekar på möjligheter till utveckling och förbättringar under HLR av närstående vid hjärtstopp. / Background: Cardiac arrest is a global health challenge and constitutes a serious medical emergency. The importance of rapid intervention through cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is emphasized to increase the chances of survival. The guidelines of the CPR Council in Sweden are explained alongside the significance of societal aspects, including patient safety and involvement. Additionally, the experiences of relatives and nurses in witnessing and performing CPR are explored, highlighting the need for training, support, and management of moral stress within healthcare. Aim: The purpose was to illuminate how nurses describe their experiences of the presence of relatives during cardiac arrest. Method: In this literature review, ten scientific articles of qualitative design are included. PubMed and CINAHL Complete were used as database sources for data collection. Results: The results revealed three different themes: First themes dealt with ethical aspects based on two sub-themes: Dialogue with relatives and Being forced to prioritize. The second theme was about the importance of a good care environment, which is based on a sub-theme: Need for a safe environment. The third theme dealt with emotional aspects based on three sub-themes: The feeling of being watched, Increased trust and self-esteem due to the presence of loved ones and Pressured mood. Conclusions: Nurses' experiences of relatives' presence during cardiac arrest include ethical considerations, prioritization, impact on the care environment, emotional aspects, and opportunities for improvement. Despite challenges, nurses emphasize the importance of ethical information and consider the presence of relatives as a resource for person-centered care. Conclusions suggest possible development and improvements during CPR of relatives during cardiac arrest.

Bakgrund I Sverige drabbas tusentals människor av hjärtstopp årligen, och dessa omhändertas inom akutsjukvården. Den vanligaste orsaken till hjärtstopp är hjärtinfarkt. För att rädda deras liv genomförs hjärt- och lungräddning (HLR). Ett perspektiv till situationen är de närstående och deras närvaro under HLR. Personalen upplever bland annat att de närstående kan vara i vägen och ett stressmoment. Däremot upplever de också att de kan stärka bandet mellan varandra när de närvarar. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien var familjecentrerad vård och det syftar till att involvera de närstående och även ge dessa omvårdnad. Syftet var att belysa närståendes upplevelse av att ha närvarat vid HLR inom akutsjukvården och hur detta har påverkat de närstående efteråt. Metod Studien har genomförts som en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökmetod. Totalt har 15 artiklar inkluderats varav 10 var kvalitativa och fem var kvantitativa. De analyserades med en integrerad innehållsanalys. Resultatet fick fyra huvudkategorier vilka var Känslor under hjärt- och lungräddning, Delaktighet, Information samt Livet efter. Ur dessa har 10 underkategorier tagits fram. Dessa var Trygghet, förståelse, negativa känslor, vårdpersonalens roll, närståendes roll, valmöjlighet, tydlig information, bristen på information, positiva känslor efter samt negativa känslor efter. Studien kom fram till att det under HLR finns många känslor både positiva och negativa och att de närstående upplevde att stöd från vårdpersonalen var viktigt. Dessutom framkom det att informationen var en central del för att minska ångest och öka känslan av trygghet och hopp. Slutsatserna från studien är att de närstående upplever många känslor när de bevittnar HLR, de kan vara positiva eller negativa känslor. Dessutom önskar de närstående att de får stöd och att de önskar få valmöjligheten att vara delaktiga. Även efter situationen känner de många känslor. / Background In Sweden, thousands of people suffer from cardiac arrest every year, and these are dealt with in emergency medical care. The most common cause of cardiac arrest is heart attack. To save their lives, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed. One perspective to the situation is the relatives and their presence during CPR. The staff experiences, among other things, that the relatives can be in the way and are a moment of stress. However, they also feel that they can strengthen the bond between the staff and the relatives when they attend. The theoretical framework for the study was family-centered care which aims to involve the next of kin and also provide them with care. The aim was to shed light on the relatives' experience of having been present during CPR in emergency healthcare and how this has affected the relatives afterwards. Method The study has been carried out as a non-systematic literature review with a systematic search method. A total of 15 articles have been included, of which 10 were qualitative and five were quantitative. They were analyzed using an integrated content analysis. Results The results received four main categories, which were Feelings during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Participation, Information and Life after. From these, 10 subcategories have been developed. These were Safety, understanding, negative feelings, the role of the care staff, the role of relatives, choice, clear information, the lack of information, positive feelings after and negative feelings after. The study concluded that during CPR there are many emotions, both positive and negative, and that the relatives felt that the support of the healthcare staff was important. In addition, it emerged that the information was a central part of reducing anxiety and increasing the feeling of security and hope. The Conclusions from the study is that the relatives experience many emotions when they witness CPR, they can be positive or negative emotions. In addition, the relatives wish that they receive support and that they wish to be given the choice to participate. Even after the situation, they feel many emotions that will affect them.

Bakgrund Hjärtstopp är ett cirkulationsstillestånd, för att återfå cirkulationen krävs det att hjärt- och lungräddning påbörjas. All sjukvårdspersonal inklusive sjuksköterskor ska ha kompetensen att utföra hjärt- och lungräddning vid ett hjärtstopp. På sjukhus påbörjas hjärt- och lungräddning på cirka 2500 personer varje år, där finns resurser i form av defibrillator, läkemedel, handlingsplan samt kompetent personal som samverkar i team. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att utföra hjärt-och lungräddning på sjukhus. Metod Examensarbetet genomfördes som en strukturerad litteraturstudie med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter och baserades på 12 originalstudier. Artiklarna som valdes publicerades mellan årtalen 2014-2024 och var skrivna på engelska, samtliga artiklar söktes i databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. Fribergs analysmetod användes för dataanalys. Resultat I resultatet framkom tre huvudteman; sjuksköterskors emotionella upplevelser, omgivande faktorer och samverkan i team. Under dessa huvudteman framkom nio underkategorier. Slutsats Alla sjuksköterskor är en egen individ vilket innebar att upplevelsen skiljde sig. I litteraturöversikten framkom att upplevelsen av att utföra hjärt- och lungräddning innebar emotionella upplevelser som stress och etiska problem, sjuksköterskorna upplevde behov av debriefing samt gott teamarbete. / Background Cardiac arrest is a stoppage of circulation, to restore circulation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation must be started. All healthcare staff including nurses, must have the competence to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest. In hospitals, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is started on around 2,500 people every year, where there are resources in the form of defibrillators, medicines, management plans and competent staff who work together in teams. Aim The aim was to describe the nurses experience of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hospital. Method The degree work is carried out as a structured literature study with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews and based on 12 original studies. The articles that were selected were published between the years 2014-2024 and were written in English, all articles were searched in the databases Pubmed and Cinahl. Friberg's analysis method was used for data analysis. Results In the result, three main themes emerged: nurses, emotional experiences, environmental factors and cooperation in teams. Under these main themes, nine subcategories emerged. Conclusions All nurses are their own individual, which meant that the experience differed. In the literature review, it emerged that the experience of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation involved emotional experiences such as stress and ethical problems, the nurses experienced a need for debriefing and good teamwork.

The aim of the study was to describe the perceptions of critical care nurses concerning family witnessed resuscitation, presenting arguments for or against the practice thereof. A quantitative, descriptive and exploratory approach was used. For the study, a non- probability convenience sample of 100 critical care nurses from five critical care units were used. A combined open-ended and closed-ended questionnaire was used. The majority of critical care nurses in the study disapproved of the idea of family witnessed resuscitation. They believed it to be traumatic for relatives, threatening to the resuscitation process and increasing litigation. Although the dominant feeling was one of disapproval, some critical care nurses felt that family witnessed resuscitation was beneficial to relatives. Recommendations for future practice included incorporation of educational programmes for critical care nurses concerning family witnessed resuscitation and providing training to deal with the stresses of family witnessed resuscitation. / Health Studies / M.A (Health Studies)

Introdução: O prognóstico da parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) em ritmo não chocável (assistolia/atividade elétrica sem pulso) é ruim e não melhorou significativamente nas últimas décadas. Embora a epinefrina seja o vasopressor recomendado, há evidências de que ela eleva o consumo de oxigênio, reduz a pressão de perfusão subendocárdica, causa grave disfunção miocárdica e piora a microcirculação cerebral durante a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Vasopressina foi muito estudada nos últimos anos e não se mostrou superior à epinefrina. Naloxona e terlipressina têm sido cogitadas como potenciais vasopressores no tratamento da PCR, entretanto há poucos estudos publicados e os resultados são controversos e inconclusivos. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos da terlipressina ou naloxona na PCR induzida por hipóxia e compará-las com o tratamento-padrão (epinefrina ou vasopressina). Métodos: Estudo experimental, randomizado, cego e controlado. Ratos Wistar adultos, machos, foram anestesiados, submetidos a traqueostomia e ventilados mecanicamente. A PCR foi induzida por obstrução da traqueia e mantida por 3,5 minutos. Em seguida, os animais foram ressuscitados de forma padronizada e randomizados em um dos grupos: placebo (n = 7), vasopressina (n = 7), epinefrina (n = 7), naloxona (n = 7) ou terlipressina (n = 21). Variáveis hemodinâmicas foram monitorizadas durante todo o experimento (via cateter intra-arterial e intraventricular) e mensuradas na base, no 10o (T10), 20o (T20), 30o (T30), 45o (T45) e 60o (T60) minutos pós-PCR. Amostras de sangue arterial foram coletadas para gasometria, hemoglobina, bioquímica e lactato em quatro momentos [base, 11o (T11), 31o (T31), e 59o (T59) minutos pós-PCR]. Resultados: Os grupos foram homogêneos e não houve diferença significativa entre eles nas variáveis de base. O retorno da circulação espontânea ocorreu em 57% dos animais no grupo placebo (4 de 7) e 100% nos demais grupos (p = 0,002). A ! sobrevida em 1 hora foi de 57% no grupo placebo, 71,4% no grupo epinefrina, 90,5% no grupo terlipressina e de 100% nos demais grupos. Comparado com o grupo epinefrina, o grupo terlipressina teve maiores valores de PAM no T10 (164 vs 111 mmHg; p = 0,02), T20 (157 vs 97 mmHg; p < 0,0001), T30 (140 vs 67 mmHg; p < 0,0001), T45 (117 vs 67 mmHg; p = 0,002) e T60 (98 vs 62 mmHg; p = 0,026). O lactato arterial no grupo naloxona foi significativamente menor quando comparado ao grupo epinefrina, no T11 (5,15 vs 8,82 mmol/L), T31 (2,57 vs 5,24 mmol/L) e T59 (2,1 vs 4,1 mmol/L)[p = 0,002]. Ao longo da 1a hora pós-PCR, o grupo naloxona apresentou o melhor perfil do excesso de bases (-7,78 mmol/L) quando comparado ao grupo epinefrina (-12,78 mmol/L; p = 0,014) e ao grupo terlipressina (-11,31 mmol/L; p = 0,024). Conclusões: Neste modelo de PCR induzida por hipóxia em ratos, terlipressina e naloxona foram eficazes como vasopressores na RCP e apresentaram melhor perfil metabólico que a epinefrina. A terlipressina resultou em uma maior estabilidade hemodinâmica na 1a hora pós-PCR comparada com a epinefrina ou a vasopressina. Os efeitos metabólicos favoráveis da naloxona não são explicados pelos valores da PAM / Introduction: The prognosis of cardiac arrest (CA) with nonshockable rhythm (asystole/pulseless electrical activity) is poor and not improved significantly in recent decades. Epinephrine is the most commonly used vasopressor, although there is evidence that its use correlates with myocardial dysfunction and worsens the cerebral microcirculation. Vasopressin has been widely studied in recent years and was not superior to epinephrine. Naloxone and terlipressin have been considered as potential vasopressors in the treatment of CA, however, there are few published studies and the results are controversial and inconclusive. Objectives: To evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of terlipressin or naloxone in CA induced by hypoxia and compare with standard treatment with epinephrine or vasopressin. Methods: Experimental, randomized, blinded and controlled trial. Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, the proximal trachea was surgically exposed, and a 14-gauge cannula was inserted 10 mm into the trachea to the larynx. They were mechanically ventilated and monitored. The CA was induced by tracheal obstruction and maintained for 3.5 minutes. Subsequently, the animals were resuscitated using standard maneuvers and randomized to one of groups: placebo (n=7), vasopressin (n=7), epinephrine (n=7), naloxone (n=7) or terlipressin (n=21). Hemodynamic variables were monitored throughout the study (intra-arterial and intra-ventricular catheter) and measured at baseline, in the 10th (T10), 20th (T20), 30th (T30), 45th (T45) and 60th (T60) minute post-cardiac arrest. Arterial blood samples were collected for hemoglobin, biochemistry, blood gases and lactate at four moments: baseline, 11th (T11), 31st (T31) and 59th (T59) minute post-cardiac arrest. Results: The groups were homogenous and there were no significant differences among them regarding the baseline variables. The return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurred in 57% of the animals (4 of 7) in the placebo group and in 100% in the ! other groups (P=0.002). One-hour survival was 57% in the placebo group, 71.4% in the epinephrine group, 90.5% in the terlipressin and 100% in the naloxone group. Compared with the epinephrine group, the terlipressin groups had a significantly higher MAP at the T10 (164 x 111 mmHg; P=0.02), T20 (157 x 97 mmHg; P<0.0001), T30 (140 x 67 mmHg; P=0.0001), T45 (117 x 67 mmHg; P=0.002) and T60 (98 x 62 mmHg; P= 0.026). The blood lactate in naloxone group was significantly lower when compared to epinephrine group in the T11 (5.15 x 8.82 mmol/L), T31 (2.57 x 5.24 mmol/L) and T59 (2.1 x 4.1)[P=0.002]. Along the first hour after cardiac arrest, the naloxone group showed the best profile of base excess (- 7.78 mmol/L) when compared to epinephrine (-12.78 mmol/L, P= 0.014) and terlipressin group (-11.31 mmol/L, P=0.024). Conclusions: In this model of CA induced by hypoxia in rats, terlipressin and naloxone were effective as vasopressors in resuscitation and had better metabolic profile compared to epinephrine. Terlipressin resulted in higher hemodynamic stability in the first hour after CA and significantly better than epinephrine or vasopressin. The favorable metabolic effects of naloxone are not explained by the values of MAP

Introdução: O prognóstico da parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) em ritmo não chocável (assistolia/atividade elétrica sem pulso) é ruim e não melhorou significativamente nas últimas décadas. Embora a epinefrina seja o vasopressor recomendado, há evidências de que ela eleva o consumo de oxigênio, reduz a pressão de perfusão subendocárdica, causa grave disfunção miocárdica e piora a microcirculação cerebral durante a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar. Vasopressina foi muito estudada nos últimos anos e não se mostrou superior à epinefrina. Naloxona e terlipressina têm sido cogitadas como potenciais vasopressores no tratamento da PCR, entretanto há poucos estudos publicados e os resultados são controversos e inconclusivos. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos da terlipressina ou naloxona na PCR induzida por hipóxia e compará-las com o tratamento-padrão (epinefrina ou vasopressina). Métodos: Estudo experimental, randomizado, cego e controlado. Ratos Wistar adultos, machos, foram anestesiados, submetidos a traqueostomia e ventilados mecanicamente. A PCR foi induzida por obstrução da traqueia e mantida por 3,5 minutos. Em seguida, os animais foram ressuscitados de forma padronizada e randomizados em um dos grupos: placebo (n = 7), vasopressina (n = 7), epinefrina (n = 7), naloxona (n = 7) ou terlipressina (n = 21). Variáveis hemodinâmicas foram monitorizadas durante todo o experimento (via cateter intra-arterial e intraventricular) e mensuradas na base, no 10o (T10), 20o (T20), 30o (T30), 45o (T45) e 60o (T60) minutos pós-PCR. Amostras de sangue arterial foram coletadas para gasometria, hemoglobina, bioquímica e lactato em quatro momentos [base, 11o (T11), 31o (T31), e 59o (T59) minutos pós-PCR]. Resultados: Os grupos foram homogêneos e não houve diferença significativa entre eles nas variáveis de base. O retorno da circulação espontânea ocorreu em 57% dos animais no grupo placebo (4 de 7) e 100% nos demais grupos (p = 0,002). A ! sobrevida em 1 hora foi de 57% no grupo placebo, 71,4% no grupo epinefrina, 90,5% no grupo terlipressina e de 100% nos demais grupos. Comparado com o grupo epinefrina, o grupo terlipressina teve maiores valores de PAM no T10 (164 vs 111 mmHg; p = 0,02), T20 (157 vs 97 mmHg; p < 0,0001), T30 (140 vs 67 mmHg; p < 0,0001), T45 (117 vs 67 mmHg; p = 0,002) e T60 (98 vs 62 mmHg; p = 0,026). O lactato arterial no grupo naloxona foi significativamente menor quando comparado ao grupo epinefrina, no T11 (5,15 vs 8,82 mmol/L), T31 (2,57 vs 5,24 mmol/L) e T59 (2,1 vs 4,1 mmol/L)[p = 0,002]. Ao longo da 1a hora pós-PCR, o grupo naloxona apresentou o melhor perfil do excesso de bases (-7,78 mmol/L) quando comparado ao grupo epinefrina (-12,78 mmol/L; p = 0,014) e ao grupo terlipressina (-11,31 mmol/L; p = 0,024). Conclusões: Neste modelo de PCR induzida por hipóxia em ratos, terlipressina e naloxona foram eficazes como vasopressores na RCP e apresentaram melhor perfil metabólico que a epinefrina. A terlipressina resultou em uma maior estabilidade hemodinâmica na 1a hora pós-PCR comparada com a epinefrina ou a vasopressina. Os efeitos metabólicos favoráveis da naloxona não são explicados pelos valores da PAM / Introduction: The prognosis of cardiac arrest (CA) with nonshockable rhythm (asystole/pulseless electrical activity) is poor and not improved significantly in recent decades. Epinephrine is the most commonly used vasopressor, although there is evidence that its use correlates with myocardial dysfunction and worsens the cerebral microcirculation. Vasopressin has been widely studied in recent years and was not superior to epinephrine. Naloxone and terlipressin have been considered as potential vasopressors in the treatment of CA, however, there are few published studies and the results are controversial and inconclusive. Objectives: To evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of terlipressin or naloxone in CA induced by hypoxia and compare with standard treatment with epinephrine or vasopressin. Methods: Experimental, randomized, blinded and controlled trial. Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, the proximal trachea was surgically exposed, and a 14-gauge cannula was inserted 10 mm into the trachea to the larynx. They were mechanically ventilated and monitored. The CA was induced by tracheal obstruction and maintained for 3.5 minutes. Subsequently, the animals were resuscitated using standard maneuvers and randomized to one of groups: placebo (n=7), vasopressin (n=7), epinephrine (n=7), naloxone (n=7) or terlipressin (n=21). Hemodynamic variables were monitored throughout the study (intra-arterial and intra-ventricular catheter) and measured at baseline, in the 10th (T10), 20th (T20), 30th (T30), 45th (T45) and 60th (T60) minute post-cardiac arrest. Arterial blood samples were collected for hemoglobin, biochemistry, blood gases and lactate at four moments: baseline, 11th (T11), 31st (T31) and 59th (T59) minute post-cardiac arrest. Results: The groups were homogenous and there were no significant differences among them regarding the baseline variables. The return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurred in 57% of the animals (4 of 7) in the placebo group and in 100% in the ! other groups (P=0.002). One-hour survival was 57% in the placebo group, 71.4% in the epinephrine group, 90.5% in the terlipressin and 100% in the naloxone group. Compared with the epinephrine group, the terlipressin groups had a significantly higher MAP at the T10 (164 x 111 mmHg; P=0.02), T20 (157 x 97 mmHg; P<0.0001), T30 (140 x 67 mmHg; P=0.0001), T45 (117 x 67 mmHg; P=0.002) and T60 (98 x 62 mmHg; P= 0.026). The blood lactate in naloxone group was significantly lower when compared to epinephrine group in the T11 (5.15 x 8.82 mmol/L), T31 (2.57 x 5.24 mmol/L) and T59 (2.1 x 4.1)[P=0.002]. Along the first hour after cardiac arrest, the naloxone group showed the best profile of base excess (- 7.78 mmol/L) when compared to epinephrine (-12.78 mmol/L, P= 0.014) and terlipressin group (-11.31 mmol/L, P=0.024). Conclusions: In this model of CA induced by hypoxia in rats, terlipressin and naloxone were effective as vasopressors in resuscitation and had better metabolic profile compared to epinephrine. Terlipressin resulted in higher hemodynamic stability in the first hour after CA and significantly better than epinephrine or vasopressin. The favorable metabolic effects of naloxone are not explained by the values of MAP

The aim of the study was to describe the perceptions of critical care nurses concerning family witnessed resuscitation, presenting arguments for or against the practice thereof. A quantitative, descriptive and exploratory approach was used. For the study, a non- probability convenience sample of 100 critical care nurses from five critical care units were used. A combined open-ended and closed-ended questionnaire was used. The majority of critical care nurses in the study disapproved of the idea of family witnessed resuscitation. They believed it to be traumatic for relatives, threatening to the resuscitation process and increasing litigation. Although the dominant feeling was one of disapproval, some critical care nurses felt that family witnessed resuscitation was beneficial to relatives. Recommendations for future practice included incorporation of educational programmes for critical care nurses concerning family witnessed resuscitation and providing training to deal with the stresses of family witnessed resuscitation. / Health Studies / M.A (Health Studies)

The thesis is devoted to the issue of non-professional first aid provision. Everyone should have knowledge of first aid procedures, because in the Czech Republic there is a statutory duty to provide first aid. It is therefore necessary to start training as soon as possible, already in school-aged children. The thesis is focused on pupils of 8th grade of primary schools in České Budějovice and their knowledge of first aid. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part basic information on first aid is given. News and changes brought about by global directive in resuscitation Guidelines 2005. It also gives and account of individual diseases with brief descriptions, causes and emergency procedures. The last two chapters are focused on the Red Cross activities and first aid training in schools. The practical part examines the attitude of pupils to first-aid provision and their first aid knowledge. In this section, the following two objectives and hypotheses were stated: The first objective is to determine the pupils´ interest to get involved in first aid training. The other objective is to monitor the first aid knowledge and skills of primary school pupils before and after the training implementation. Hypothesis 1 assumes that primary school pupils are interested in obtaining information relating to first aid. The second hypothesis determines if the pupils´ awareness got improved after the training. To meet the goals of the thesis quantitative research was used. To pupils interested in the issue, professional instruction in first aid, led by a worker of the Red Cross in České Budějovice, was provided. Based on the pre and post test, a questionnaire survey was carried out when the pupils responded in writing to questions in two questionnaires. The first questionnaire contained 19 and the second 21 questions. Total 122 questionnaires were distributed. The goals of the thesis were met and after the questionnaires evaluation, both my hypothesis were confirmed. The research has shown the pupils' interest in the issue and a better understanding after the training. In order to improve basic first aid knowledge in primary school pupils it would certainly be beneficial to put emphasis on first aid training in schools.

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