Yes / In today’s rapidly changing business landscape, organizations increasingly invest in different technologies to enhance their innovation capabilities. Among the technological investment, a notable development is the applications of big data analytics (BDA), which plays a pivotal role in supporting firms’ decision-making processes. Big data technologies are important factors that could help both exploratory and exploitative innovation, which could affect the efforts to combat climate change and ease the shift to green energy. However, studies that comprehensively examine BDA’s impact on innovation capability and technological cycle remain scarce. This study therefore investigates the impact of BDA on innovation capability, technological cycle, and firm performance. It develops a conceptual model, validated using CB-SEM, through responses from 356 firms. It is found that both innovation capability and firm performance are significantly influenced by big data technology. This study highlights that BDA helps to address the pressing challenges of climate change mitigation and the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. However, our results are based on managerial perceptions in a single country. To enhance generalizability, future studies could employ a more objective approach and explore different contexts. Multidimensional constructs, moderating factors, and rival models could also be considered in future studies.

Tese defendida pela pesquisa na Universidad Nacional de Misiones / Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-10-25T13:44:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daisy_tese.pdf: 3796196 bytes, checksum: a7267279e77fc9ae844b01b7b4ca4278 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-26T11:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daisy_tese.pdf: 3796196 bytes, checksum: a7267279e77fc9ae844b01b7b4ca4278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The main aim of this study is to investigate if the NITs (Technological Innovation Nucleus) as part of a public policy of the national system of technological innovation have a relevant role in the social and economic Brazilian development. Assumes that to incorporate research and development into the innovative goods and services production points out to a growth perspective of the social per capta wealth and work productivity. Argues that in Brazil, developing nation, it represents a path towards the overcomig of social inequalities since, conditioned to the diffusion of a type of management that makes possible to combine the innovation culture to with a culture for the human development, without dissociating it from the "Principle of Responsibility" in accordance with Hans Jonas concerning the "duty" referring to human conduct. In this sense, it explores as theoretical framework, science, technology and innovation in the context of the National Innovation System, the organizational culture and the public policy evaluation. The methodological design, rooted on the identification of organizational cultures typologies and its linkages to the productivities criteria, proposes to add to the traditional administration criteria, efficiency, efficacy, ad a reinterpretation of effectiveness, by adding them to the philosophical criteria of relevance of the humane. Qualitative research is chosen, rooted in the quantitative method (questionnaire) and qualitative (interviews), to identify the cultural typologies that prevail in the public NITs of the Rio de Janeiro State. Supported by the experimental method, it is presented an evaluation and technological innovation management building model, allied to the meaning proposed in this study. Conclusions, recognize that the NITs, mostly, have very capable managers concerning the scientific research techniques althogh they develop a management approach isolated from the research existing environment in the ICTs and, even worse of the market. So it is shown taht the main dificulties were not present in the such management wich a bureaucratic culture brings to the innovation environment, although presents some idiosyncrasies from the bureaucratic culture as the decision making model and the hierarchical structure are present. They are conscious of the need to amplify their management action toward results, but They don’t necessarely consider, yet, the criteria of effectiveness and relevance in the same sense of this study one. / El estudio tiene como objetivo investigar si los NIT, como parte de la política del Sistema Nacional de Innovación Tecnológica, poseen un papel relevante en el desarrollo económico y social brasileño. Asume que incorporar investigación y desarrollo en la producción de bienes y servicios innovadores, apunta hacia una perspectiva de crecimiento de la productividad del trabajo y de la riqueza per cápita en la sociedad. Defiende que en Brasil, nación en desarrollo, representa un camino en el sentido de vencer las desigualdades sociales, dado que, condicionadas a la difusión de un tipo de gestión que permita aliar la cultura de la innovación a la cultura de la formación humana, sin disociarlo del “Principio Responsabilidad” de Jonas en lo que concierne al “deber “referente a la conducta humana. En este sentido explora como marco teórico a la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en el contexto del Sistema Nacional de Innovación, la cultura organizacional y la evaluación de las políticas públicas. El diseño metodológico, anclado en la identificación de las tipologías de la cultura organizacional y su vinculo con los criterios de productividad, propone agregar a los criterios tradicionales en la administración, eficiencia y eficacia, una relectura de efectividad, sumándolos al criterio filosófico de la relevancia del ser humano. En este sentido se opta por la investigación cualitativa basada en el método cuantitativo (cuestionario) y cualitativo (entrevista) para identificar las tipologías culturales que prevalecen en los NIT públicos del estado de Rio de Janeiro. Amparado en el método experimental, se presenta un modelo de evaluación y de construcción de la gestión de la innovación tecnológica, aliado al sentido defendido en este estudio. Se concluye, reconociendo que los NIT, en su mayoría, poseen gestores muy capacitados en relación a las técnicas involucradas en los asuntos de investigación, pero desarrollan una gestión de manera aislada de lo cotidiano del entrono de la investigación en las ICT e, inclusive, del mercado. Asimismo se constata que no se muestran presentes en la gestión las principales dificultades que una cultura burocrática proporciona al entorno de la innovación, aunque presenta algunas idiosincrasias provenientes de la cultura burocrática como modelo del proceso decisorio y la estructura jerarquizada. Son conscientes de la necesidad de DIRECIONAR el foco de acción gerencial para los resultados, pero no consideran, necesariamente, los criterios de efectividad y DA relevancia en el sentido PARA O QUAL se orienta este estudio.

In general, concern for innovation has always been present in the studies of economists. The classical theory was interested more in its effect than its economic causes and Neoclassical gives only secondary to the issue of innovation treatment, expanding the classical concepts. Neoclassical theory saw technology as an exogenous variable, revealing itself unable to explain the change inherent in the process of economic development. Differentiating, these economists, Joseph Schumpeter emphasizes the word "innovation" to feature a number of innovations that can be introduced in the economic system and substantially alter the relations between producers and consumers is a key element for economic development. In his "Theory of Economic Development" (TDE) seeks to distinguish definitions of invention and innovation. For him, innovation is the engine of economic development, that is, through innovation that the business is able to offer new products, better quality products, or reduced costs, allowing you to earn higher profits than other entrepreneurs and thus, the innovative entrepreneur happens to be imitated by other capitalists. And this movement generates a cycle, which is called spectacular economic growth, which is interrupted when the extraordinary profits are diluted among competitors, causing the economy to find a new balance point. The creation of a new technology leads to destruction of the old, this destruction that Schumpeter called "creative destruction." It was from this theory that evolutionary or neo-Schumpeterian current began to see the phenomenon of innovation in the economy for another look, placing it in the center of the investigation. For them, innovation must be seen as the result of a complex and continuous process of experience in the relations between science, technology, research and development in academic institutions, industry and government, only through the interaction of these three actors known as "triple helix" you can create a sustainable and durable innovation system in the era of the knowledge economy. However, the main challenge of Brazilian academic institutions in the twenty-first century is to incorporate innovation and entrepreneurship in teaching, research and extension, aimed at both the training of qualified professionals to market, how to play a role in the system Innovation and economic and technological development. To fulfill this new role, academic institutions had help Innovation Act, 2004. Among various measures, management mechanisms have been developed for scientific and technological institutions and their relationship with the companies. Thus, universities and federal institutes defined by law as an Institution of Science and Technology (ICT) became responsible for structuring an internal organ, called the Center for Technological Innovation (NIT), with the function to manage their innovation policies. Thus, the general objective of this research is to understand how the Technological Innovation Centers-NITs of ICTs (UFS, NIT-IFS and Embrapa Coastal Tablelands) disseminate a culture of innovation, intellectual property and technology transfer. To this end, we sought a methodology of qualitative and descriptive. The survey is divided into five parts: introduction; the second chapter that addressed the economic theories; the third chapter that discussed concepts of innovation, innovation process, licensing and transfer in ICT; the fourth chapter analyzed the results obtained from the questionnaire to NITs (CINTTEC / UFS, NIT / IFS end SPAT / Embrapa Coastal Tablelands) and lastly the final considerations. / De um modo geral, a preocupação com a inovação sempre esteve presente nos estudos dos economistas. A teoria clássica interessou-se mais em seus efeitos do que em suas causas econômicas e os neoclássicos dá um tratamento apenas secundário à questão da inovação, ampliando os conceitos clássicos. A teoria neoclássica enxergava a tecnologia como uma variável exógena, revelando-se incapaz de explicar a mudança inerente ao processo de desenvolvimento econômico. Diferenciando, destes economistas, Joseph Schumpeter enfatiza a palavra “inovação” para caracterizar uma série de novidades que podem ser introduzidas no sistema econômico e que alteram substancialmente as relações entre produtores e consumidores, sendo elemento fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico. Em sua “Teoria do Desenvolvimento Econômico” (TDE) busca distingui definições de invenção e inovação. Para ele, a inovação é o motor do desenvolvimento econômico, ou seja, é por meio da inovação que o empresário consegue oferecer novos produtos, produtos de melhor qualidade, ou a custos reduzidos, que lhe permite auferir lucros mais elevados do que os outros empresários e assim, o empresário inovador passa a ser imitado pelos demais capitalistas. E esse movimento gera um ciclo, o qual é chamado de crescimento econômico espetacular, que se interrompe quando os lucros extraordinários forem diluídos entre os concorrentes, fazendo com que a economia encontre um novo ponto de equilíbrio. A criação de uma nova tecnologia leva a destruição da velha, a esta destruição, que Schumpeter chamou de “destruição criadora”. Foi a partir deste teórico que a corrente evolucionária ou neo-schumpeteriana começou a enxergar o fenômeno da inovação na economia por um outro olhar, colocando-a no centro da investigação. Para eles, inovação deve ser vista como resultante de um processo complexo e contínuo de experiências nas relações entre ciência, tecnologia, pesquisa e desenvolvimento nas instituições acadêmicas, indústrias e governo, somente através da interação desses três atores, conhecido como “tríplice hélice”, é possível criar um sistema de inovação sustentável e durável na era da economia do conhecimento. No entanto, o principal desafio das instituições acadêmicas brasileiras no século XXI é o de incorporar a inovação e empreendedorismo nas atividades de ensino, de pesquisa e de extensão, objetivando tanto a formação de profissionais qualificados para o mercado, quanto em desempenhar um papel no Sistema de Inovação e no desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico. Para cumprir este novo papel, as instituições acadêmicas tiveram ajuda da lei de Inovação, 2004. Dentre várias medidas, foram desenvolvidos mecanismos de gestão para as instituições científicas e tecnológicas e sua relação com as empresas. Desse modo, as universidades e institutos federais definidos em lei como Instituição de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT) se tornaram responsáveis por estruturar um órgão interno, chamado Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT), com a função de gerir suas políticas de inovação. Logo, o objetivo geral dessa pesquisa é entender como os Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica-NITs das ICTs (UFS, NIT-IFS e Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros) disseminam a cultura da inovação, da propriedade intelectual e da transferência de tecnologia. Para esse fim, buscou-se uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa e de caráter descritivo. A pesquisa está dividida em cinco partes: a introdução; o segundo capítulo que abordou das teorias econômicas; o terceiro capítulo que discutiu conceitos da inovação, processo de inovação, licenciamento e de transferência nas ICTs; o quarto capítulo que analisou os resultados obtidos da aplicação do questionário aos NITs (CINTTEC/UFS, NIT/IFS E SPAT/Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros) e o por último as considerações finais.

This thesis presents a qualitative study of the role of devices in the technological innovation phenomena of two venture medical equipment companies located in the Midlands, UK. The inquiry takes an empirical and non-foundational approach based on post-ANT and process philosophy. In particular, the thesis employs the theoretical lenses of both ANT and post-ANT concepts, Deleuze’s and Guattari’s machinic thought and Michel Serres’ parasitic philosophy. The data for this thesis comes from a fieldwork study lasting around one year. The methodology is mainly based on interviews and observations of engineers, technicians and managers working in venture companies. The central argument of this thesis shows that the venture organizing process of technological innovation is the product of discursive and non-discursive elements that act in several forms, keeping the venture company working but crucially reorganizing it. The present thesis offers a conceptualization of the device as a parasite-selector that reorganizes the venture company’s work activities and brings novelty to their operation. Equally, the mediational power of diagrams - which presents constitutional indifference - participates in the definition and production of the engineers’, managers’ and technicians’ professional identities. The thesis shows how the ideas regarding innovation in use at Med Dialysis and Med Diabetes bring forth the necessity of a life that embraces the uncertainty and ambiguity of the market. As a consequence, engineers and technicians build their professional identities by embracing the uncertainty of the venture company. This thesis names this process ‘engineering the engineer’. This is a process that leads to the emergence of a professional identity that this thesis tentatively calls the ‘venture engineer’.

There is consensus about a need to reduce the amount of green-house gas emission in the electricity industry to be able to deal with the probable consequences of climate change. This necessitates extensive investments in technologies used to generate electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E). To stimulate such investments, governments have enacted several policy instruments. However, the outcomes of these instruments are mixed. This thesis delineates two reasons for the different effects of policies. First, the development of the renewable electricity industry hinges on a set of driving forces that differ across regions, through the years and for different actors. Given that, policy instruments are not only driving forces behind the renewable electricity industry and can thus by themselves not explain its development. Second, RES-E investors comprise a heterogeneous group of actors whose perceptions of business opportunities vary substantially and are also based on a variety of driving forces. Hence, RES-E investors may react differently to changes within the electricity industry, as well as to government policies that aim to create a more sustainable electricity industry. Garnering a better understanding of these reactions is therefore important as they influence the pace of transition to a more sustainable electricity industry. This is an interdisciplinary study that brings together several theories and research areas. First, using the technological innovation system perspective, it identifies systemic driving forces behind the development of the renewable energy industry that will also accelerate the electricity industry transitions to sustainability. To gain a better insight into the role of policy instruments as such as well as in relation to other driving forces, this thesis explores what factors are accounted for in attempts to assess the instruments’ performance. Second, drawing on sustainability transition studies and dynamic capability theories, this thesis seeks to explore which firms are willing to contribute—and capable of contributing—to sustainability transitions in the electricity industry. The thesis argues that good forecast and policy plans need to be built on a solid understanding of the firms that change the structure of the electricity industry through their RES-E investments. This thesis leverages a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Empirical data are collected through two extensive literature reviews on the driving forces of the renewable energy industry development in Europe, a longitudinal case study on a European multinational energy company, and statistical analyses of data on RES-E investors in Sweden. The thesis makes theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions to this area of research. The findings explain what motivates the development of the renewable energy industry; who competes in the renewable electricity industry; and what the future renewable electricity industry may look like. The thesis outlines implications for policies, for managers as well as for renewable energy technologies. / <p>This research was conducted within the framework of the “European Doctorate in Industrial Management” - EDIM - which is funded by The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of European Commission under Erasmus Mundus Action 1 programme. </p><p>QC 20160119</p>

Le discours sur l’innovation oriente la recherche scientifique médicale publique vers un développement technologique et économique à court terme. À ce titre, la médecine régénératrice est une thérapie innovatrice marquée par une logique d’accumulation spéculative qui porte à la fois sur les cellules humaines et sur la façon de mener la recherche. Or, une réorganisation de la recherche scientifique liée à une nouvelle conception économique de la science et de la technologie ainsi qu’un rôle différent attribué à l’État constituent le cadre institutionnel contemporain qui émerge à la fin des années 1970. Le changement induit par cette idée d’innovation et sur lequel s’attarde ce mémoire porte non pas sur l’usage ou la destination de la science, mais sur l’extension du raisonnement économique. Celui-ci ne survient pas à l’étape du développement, après que la recherche ait été effectuée en vertu du modèle de la « Big Science ». Au contraire, il remonte du marché pour s’installer très tôt au stade de la compréhension des mécanismes biologiques et dans un espace qui relève de la propriété collective : le laboratoire public. Le passage du caractère « exogène » à « endogène » de la recherche scientifique publique vis-à-vis de l’économie est au cœur d’une discussion sur l’hégémonie de la logique de marché. / This dissertation discusses the idea of technological innovation in regenerative medicine in Canada. While this potentially groundbreaking therapy is publicly funded and at an early stage of the understanding of cellular processes, the analysis shows that it is already concerned with the marketing of the scientific work. This raises questions about how public laboratories framed by a scientific research closely tied up with economic concerns and with a shift in the role of the State carry speculation and lead to a technological oriented production of knowledge. This writing doesn’t debate science as a mean or science as an end. It is rather about the extension of the economic reasoning. Indeed, the market’s reading grid as the starting point is the story of the hegemony of a specific logic which turns regenerative medicine research into an economic venture.

[pt] No contexto da nova economia, um grupo particular de empresas vem se destacando - as Pequenas Empresas de Inovação Tecnológica. Essas empresas surgem em torno de novas idéias de produtos e serviços com base em conhecimentos específicos sobre uma determinada tecnologia e introduzem inovações tecnológicas na estrutura industrial, contribuindo para o crescimento econômico e a geração de novos postos de trabalho, em especial os de mão-deobra altamente qualificada. Recentemente, uma tendência emergente de formação de alianças estratégicas entre essas empresas tem configurado um novo comportamento estratégico. Entretanto, a literatura contemporânea sobre alianças estratégicas tem sido parcimoniosa na sua abordagem desse tema. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é verificar a suposição de que a principal vantagem competitiva que tais alianças estratégicas proporcionam a essas empresas é a redução da incerteza tecnológica e de mercado. Visa-se também contribuir para a literatura emergente sobre esse novo comportamento estratégico. Pretende-se ainda entender como diferentes tipos de financiamento podem impactar na forma dessas alianças e, por fim, adaptar um modelo conceitual de análise, derivado da Visão da Firma Baseada em Recursos, que auxilie a análise dessas alianças. O desenvolvimento do trabalho está baseado no estudo de caso da aliança estratégica formada entre a Gavea Sensors e a FiberSensing, duas pequenas empresas de mesma base tecnológica, uma situada no Brasil e outra em Portugal. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a suposição e demonstraram que diferentes tipos de financiamento impactam na forma dessas alianças estratégicas. Por fim, são indicadas propostas de estudos futuros e de políticas públicas. / [en] In the new economy context, a particular group of firms has been getting a lot of attention - The Small Technology-Based Firms. These firms emerge around new ideas of products and services based on specific knowledge about specific technology. They introduce technology innovation in the industrial structure, contributing for economic growth and employment creation of highly qualified workmanship. Recently, an emergent tendency of strategic alliance formation between these firms has been configuring a new strategic behavior. Nevertheless, contemporary literature about strategic alliances has been parsimonious about this subject. The main purpose of this dissertation is to verify the assumption that the main competitive advantage that these kind of strategic alliances provide to Small Technology-Based Firms is reduction of market and technology uncertainty. The impact of different types of firm-financing on these alliances was also investigated. In addition, a conceptual framework based on Resource-based Theory of the Firm, which aids the analysis of these alliances, was adapted. This work is based on the case study of the strategic alliance formed between two small firms, one in Brazil and the other in Portugal, based on the same technology: Gavea Sensors and FiberSensing. Results confirm the assumption mentioned above, and show that different types of financing have influence on the form these strategic alliances take. Finally, future studies and public policies were suggested.

Esta tese de doutorado trata de como processos inovativos podem ser viabilizados e estimulados a partir da externalização de capabilities antes realizadas internamente à empresa. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi escolhido o setor farmacêutico, cujo processo inovativo é constante e permeia, em diferentes graus, todas as etapas da cadeia, além da organização da sua cadeia ser propícia à desverticalização. A unidade de análise utilizada é a capability, neste caso as atividades relacionadas a pesquisa e desenvolvimento e manufatura. A partir da consulta de uma base de dados estrangeira, foi selecionado um conjunto de artigos técnicos que incluiu o tema e o setor alvo da tese. A sistematização dos dados permitiu identificar o tipo de atividade externalizada, a situação em que isso ocorria, suas principais motivações e resultados, bem como os detalhes das empresas envolvidas. A análise da externalização de atividades de pesquisa mostra quatro formas de aceleração da inovação: (1) aquela alcançada a partir do acesso a tecnologias que não seriam acessíveis de outra maneira, acelerando a fase clínica do desenvolvimento; (2) a que agrega etapas permitindo acelerar a fase clínica do desenvolvimento; (3) a da etapa de formulação que possibilitou acelerar o estágio de desenvolvimento, e (4) a relacionada a estágios da química de descoberta permitindo acelerar a própria fase, além da conseguinte. A análise da externalização de atividades de manufatura mostra um movimento de inclusão de etapas a jusante da cadeia, no caso aquelas de desenvolvimento, constantes nos dados analisados beneficia a manufatura além do produto final, mas também em termos de inovação de processo. A aceleração da inovação ocorre principalmente por possibilitar ter o produto mais rápido para ser lançado ao mercado. Os dados são convergentes com o argumento central de que ao permitir acesso a capabilities fora das fronteiras da firma, o outsourcing é ferramenta que viabiliza a inovação. A conclusão é de que as decisões tomadas não seguem uma norma pré-determinada, uma prescrição. Não há mais o referencial seguro da integração vertical, nem de uma best practice. Cada empresa deve decidir, a partir de parâmetros que ela mesma pode determinar, a melhor forma de resolver os desafios competitivos que lhe são propostos de maneira irrecusável e incontornável. / Innovation has become a central element of the economic system. This thesis focuses on how outsourcing capabilities can foster innovation process. It does so by analyzing the pharmaceutical sector, an innovative industry which value chain can be easily disaggregated in several stages that embrace different industrial actors. The analysis unit is the capability, in this case the capabilities related to research and manufacturing activities. By means of a database searching, a system with a range of technical articles treating the central subject of the thesis was build up. The information has been classified in order to identify outsourced activities, in which situations outsourcing happens, as well as main reasons and outcomes of the outsourcing process. It also allowed knowing better what kind of companies were involved in the strategy. Outsourcing research pharmaceutical capabilities provides four main routes to nurture innovation: (1) by accessing new technologies, (2) by aggregating research phases, (3) by means of outsourced formulation activity and (4) outsourced drug discovery chemistry. In the case of manufacturing capabilities, outsourcing has incorporated upstream phases of the value chain, mainly the ones related to development activities. Eventually, innovation is boosted as products can reach the market in a faster way. The analysis demonstrates the core argument herein developed: by connecting distributed capabilities, outsourcing is a useful tool that accelerates innovation.

Muitos estudos analisam as características do empreendedor relacionando-as com desempenho (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996), com a descoberta de oportunidades empreendedoras (Shane, 2000), criação de novos empreendimentos (Gartner, 1985), entre outros. Em empresas baseadas em conhecimento a inovação é fundamental para a competitividade, refletido na capacidade de lançar novos produtos. Essa prerrogativa leva incubadoras a buscarem em seus processos de seleção empresas que apresentem potencial inovativo, analisando tanto o plano de negócios e a ideia, quanto as capacidades do time de gestão ou do empreendedor proponente da ideia (Aerts, Matthyssens & Vandenbempt, 2007). Assim, o objetivo geral desse estudo foi analisar a contribuição do background do empreendedor para a inovação de produtos em empresas incubadas de base tecnológica do estado de São Paulo. Especificamente, o estudo busca (1) identificar o background dos empreendedores de empresas vinculadas a incubadoras de empresas de base tecnológica; (2) Identificar o nível de inovação de produtos dessas empresas; (3) identificar a relação entre o background do empreendedor e a inovação de produtos nessas empresas; e (4) identificar a interferência do tamanho da organização nessas relações. Para alcançar esses objetivos, o estudo foi conduzido junto a incubadoras de empresas de base tecnológica localizadas no Estado de São Paulo, envolvendo 461 organizações. Um modelo conceitual foi elaborado, incluindo variáveis de input (características do empreendedor - educação e experiência), output (número de produtos lançados no mercado) e moderadora (tamanho da empresa). Um questionário foi aplicado aos gestores das empresas incubadas, resultando em 95 respostas válidas. Uma análise quantitativa foi realizada, baseado principalmente no método estatístico Regressão Logística. Como resultado, foi preliminarmente concluído que o background do empreendedor, particularmente, a formação técnica, tem uma importante associação com a inovação de produtos. Além disso, o tamanho da organização moderou significativamente essa relação, indicando que em empresas maiores parece indicar uma contribuição mais significativa da área de educação técnica - particularmente em disciplinas exatas, para a inovação em produtos. Já em empresas menores, além da associação significativa da educação técnica do empreendedor, a experiência também foi significativa para a inovação de produtos em empresas menores. Indicando que em empresas menores o conhecimento centra-se no empreendedor, enquanto que empresas maiores, o conhecimento é disseminado na equipe. Essas descobertas, a serem confirmadas em estudos futuros e considerando as limitações do presente estudo, complementam a literatura e abre novas perspectivas para instruir incubadoras a selecionarem melhor suas empresas incubadas / Many studies look entrepreneurial characteristics relating them with performance (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996), discovering new entrepreneurial opportunities (Shane, 2000), creation of new enterprises (Gartner, 1985), among others. In knowledge-based enterprises innovation is fundamental to competitiveness, reflected in their capacity of launching new products. This prerogative leads incubators to seek in their selection processes companies that present innovative potential, analyzing both, the business plan and the idea, as well as, the entrepreneurial or management team capabilities (Aerts, Matthyssens & Vandenbempt, 2007). The overall objective of this study was to analyze the contribution of the background of entrepreneurs to the innovative performance in technology-based Businesses Incubated Firms. More specifically, the study tries: (1) to identify the background of entrepreneurs of companies linked to technology based business incubators; (2) Identify the level of product innovation of these firms; (3) Identify the relationships between the background of the entrepreneur and the product innovation of the firms; and (4) Identify the interference of the size of the firms on these relationships. The study was conducted together incubators located in the State of São Paulo, evolving 461 organizations. A conceptual model was conceived, including input (entrepreneurial characteristics - education and experience), output (number of innovative products launched to the market) and moderating (firm size) variables. A questionnaire was applied to the general managers of the incubators, resulting in 95 valid answers. A quantitative analysis was made, based mostly on logistic regression statistical methods. As a result, it was preliminary concluded that entrepreneur background, particularly, the technical education, has an important influence on product innovation level. Also firm size moderated significantly those relationships, indicating that in larger firms it seems to appear a more significance contribution of technical education area - particularly in exact disciplines - to firm innovative performance. In smaller enterprises, in addition to significant association of entrepreneur\'s technical education, the experience was significant to product innovation, that indicate in smaller firms the organizational knowledge focuses on entrepreneur, while in larger companies the organizational knowledge is disseminated among the team. These finds, to be confirmed in future studies and considering the limitations of the present investigation, complement the literature and open new perspectives on the most adequated firms and managers to be selected to take place in Incubators

O setor de software é muito dinâmico e competitivo, o que obriga as empresas a constantemente se transformar, seja pela incorporação de novas tecnologias, pela implementação de inovações em produtos e serviços, ou pela exploração de novos modelos de negócio. Neste cenário, empresas de software, para se manterem competitivas, precisam desenvolver rotinas de inteligência tecnológica (IT) que permitam coletar, analisar e tomar decisões sobre oportunidades e ameaças tecnológicas. Empresas de diversos setores têm adotado uma técnica de IT denominada roadmap tecnológico, que sucintamente representa uma visão de futuro que identifica a rota tecnológica, ou seja, as tecnologias a serem adotadas no futuro, associadas aos produtos a serem desenvolvidos e aos mercados a serem explorados. Neste contexto, esta tese procurou responder à questão \"Como empresas brasileiras de software realizam atividades de elaboração de roadmap tecnológico?\". Com base na literatura sobre roadmaps foi possível elaborar um modelo conceitual com as principais características identificadas em termos de objetivos, fontes de informação, barreiras, processo/conteúdo e benefícios dos roadmaps. Foi adotada a metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos, com amostragem intencional, sendo selecionadas duas empresas de pequeno, duas de médio e duas de grande porte. O modelo conceitual elaborado para esta tese se mostrou muito útil, pois permitiu descrever os casos analisando sempre as mesmas dimensões, facilitando a comparação. Foi possível verificar, por exemplo, as características da atividade de elaboração de roadmaps importantes para todas as empresas estudadas, bem como aquelas importantes apenas para empresas de grande porte. Os casos evidenciam que há duas importantes influências do porte da empresa sobre a atividade de elaboração de roadmaps. Primeiro, a complexidade das interações internas e externas durante todo o processo é maior nas grandes empresas. Segundo, a organização do processo também é mais elaborada nas grandes empresas. Adicionalmente, este estudo permitiu identificar particularidades do setor de software com relação à elaboração de roadmaps: a) Foco no curto prazo - as empresas pesquisadas possuem foco no curto prazo, em geral trabalhando nas decisões tecnológicas e de funcionalidades para a próxima versão de seus produtos; e, b) Gestão de códigos do software - a estratégia da empresa sobre códigos ativos (ou seja, vigentes em clientes) a serem mantidos está relacionada ao roadmap e pode limitar o potencial de crescimento da firma. Visando cobrir um hiato existente entre a prática das empresas estudadas (foco em curto prazo) e a literatura (foco em longo prazo), é apresentada nesta tese uma proposta de metodologia para elaboração de roadmap tecnológico de longo prazo para empresas de software. Este estudo traz contribuições práticas e teóricas. Empresas de software, e eventualmente de setores correlatos, podem se beneficiar deste estudo por permitir comparar sua atividade de elaboração de roadmaps com a das empresas estudadas, bem como identificar pontos para aprimoramento à medida que planeja crescer. Do ponto de vista acadêmico, este estudo oferece diversas contribuições. Primeiramente, o modelo conceitual adotado nesta tese pode ser utilizado em outros estudos sobre roadmaps, inclusive em outros setores. Os estudos de caso evidenciam como a atividade de elaboração de roadmaps se diferencia em empresas de diferentes portes. Por fim, foram identificadas particularidades das empresas de software na atividade de elaboração de roadmaps. / The software industry is highly dynamic and competitive. Companies competing in this industry must continuously transform themselves, through the incorporation of new technologies, innovation in products and services, or the exploration of new business models. Given this scenario, in order to remain competitive, software companies should develop technological intelligence (TI) routines to enable them to collect, analyse and make decisions regarding technological opportunities and threats. Companies from different industries are adopting a TI technique named technological roadmapping, which succinctly presents a future vision that identifies a technological path, that is, the technologies to be adopted in the future, together with the products to be developed and markets to be explored. Against this backdrop, this thesis addresses the question of \"How do Brazilian software companies carry out technological roadmapping activities?\" Based on the literature on roadmaps it has been possible to develop a conceptual model with the main characteristics in terms of objectives, sources of information, barriers, components and benefits of roadmaps. A multiple case studies methodology was adopted, with an intentional sample. Two small, two medium and two large companies were selected. The conceptual model developed for this thesis proved effective, as it enabled the description of the cases while always analysing the same dimensions, which facilitated the comparison. It was possible to verify, for example, the characteristics of the roadmapping activity important for all the companies studied, as well as those important only for large companies. The cases show that there are two important influences on roadmapping activities stemming from the size of the firm. First, the complexity of internal and external interactions throughout the process is greater for large companies. Second, the organization of the process is also more developed in large companies. Furthermore, this study identified some characteristics unique to the software industry with regards to the development of roadmaps: a) Focus on the short term - the companies surveyed have focused on the short-term, typically working with technology decisions and features for the next version of products; and, b) Management of software codes - the company\'s strategy for active codes (i.e. currently used with clients) to be maintained is related to the roadmap and may limit the potential growth of the firm. With a view to bridging a gap that exists between the practice of the companies studied (focus on short-term) and literature on the subject (focus on long-term), a proposed methodology for developing a long-term technological roadmap for software companies is presented in this thesis. This study presents theoretical and practical contributions. Software companies, and possibly related industries, can benefit from this study by comparing their roadmapping activities to those from the companies studied, and identifying points for improvement as they plan to grow. From an academic perspective, this study offers several contributions. First, the conceptual model adopted in this thesis can be used in other roadmap studies, including in other sectors. The case studies show how the roadmapping activities differ in firms of different sizes. Finally, characteristics specifically related to software companies in the roadmapping activity have been identified.