På SSAB i Borlänge har man upptäckt att avgaser från färgen förorenar ugnarna vid härdning. Avgaserna består av lösningsmedel och andra flyktiga föreningar som sedan förkolnas och faller ner på lackerade plåtband. För att komma runt det här problemet har SSAB tillsammans med Akzo Nobel Industrial Finishes AB, i Gamleby, tillverkat en färg som inte ska ge ifrån sig något lösningsmedel och på så sätt minska bildandet av föroreningar i ugnarna. Färgen heter NOVA GreenCoat och innehåller rapsmetylester, RME, som är ett reaktivt lösningsmedel och ska binda till bindemedlet i färgen och på så sätt hindras från att avgå vid härdning. Syftet har varit att undersöka om en viss metod fungerar bra för att samla upp avgaser vid härdning. Avgaserna analyserades med GC-MS och härdningen studerades med FTIR. Arbetet har utförts både i Borlänge och i Gamleby. Metoden för uppsamling av avgaserna visade sig fungera, dock inte särskilt effektivt. Den skulle därför behöva optimeras. Härdningen kunde till viss del följas med hjälp av FTIR. Förändring i IR-spektrumet syntes för hydroxyltoppen vid cirka 3500 cm-1. En skillnad kunde ses för en topp vid 2858 cm-1 som uppkom i det ohärdade materialet innehållande RME, men den försvann under härdning. Toppen ökade med ökad mängd RME och syntes inte alls för de prover som inte innehöll RME. Samtliga gjorda analyser indikerade att RME avgick vid härdning. Vid analys med GC-MS kunde de föreningar som avgick från RME identifieras som: metyl-14-metyl pentadekanoat och/eller metyl hexadekanoat, olika former av metyl oktadekanoat samt olika former av metyl eikosanoat. Andra föreningar från klarlacken som avgick var lösningsmedel x och y samt i två av proverna hexametoximetylmelamin, HMMM. / Problems with exhaust gases from paint that contaminates the ovens have been discovered at SSAB in Borlänge.  The exhaust gases contain solvents and other volatiles that vaporize from the paint and later on carbonize and fall down on the next coming sheets. SSAB and Akzo Nobel Industrial Finishes AB have developed a paint that is not supposed to vaporize any solvents and therefore reduce the contaminations of the ovens. The paint is called NOVA GreenCoat and contains rapeseed methyl ester, RME. RME is a reactive solvent that is supposed to react with the binder in the paint and therefore be prevented from leaving during thermal cure. The purpose was to investigate whether a specific method worked well, for collecting the exhaust gases during thermal cure, or not. The collected exhaust gases were analyzed by using GC-MS and the cure was studied with FTIR. The work was executed both in Borlänge and Gamleby. The method for collecting the exhaust gases worked, unfortunately it wasn’t particularly effective. It therefore needs to be optimized. The cure could partially be studied by using FTIR. Changes in the IR-spectrum could be followed by looking at the hydroxyl peak at approximately 3500 cm-1. A certain difference was observed for a peak at 2858 cm-1 that appeared in the uncured material containing RME. The peak disappeared during cure. It increased with increased amount of RME and could not be observed at all for the samples that did not contain RME. All the analyzed samples indicated that RME vaporize during cure. When analyzed with GC-MS the volatiles that vaporize from RME were identified as: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and/or penta decanoic acid methyl-14-methyl ester, different forms of octadecanoic acid methyl ester and different forms of eicosanoic acid methyl ester. Other volatiles that vaporize from NOVA GreenCoat were solvent x and solvent y and for two of the samples hexa metoxy methyl melamine, HMMM, was also found.

The focus of this work is magma-crust interaction processes and associated crustal volatile release in subduction zone volcanoes, drawing on rock, mineral, and gas geochemistry as well as experimental petrology. Understanding the multitude of differentiation processes that modify an original magma during ascent to the surface is vital to unravel the contributions of the various sources that contribute to the final magmas erupted at volcanoes. In particular, magma-crust interaction (MCI) processes have been investigated at a variety of scales, from a local scale in the Vesuvius, Merapi, and Kelut studies, to a regional scale, in the Java to Bali segment of the Sunda Arc.  The role of crustal influences is still not well constrained in subduction systems, particulary in terms of the compositional impact of direct magma crust interplay. To address this shortcoming, we studied marble and calc-silicate (skarn) xenoliths, and used high resolution short timescale experimental petrology at Vesuvius volcano. The marbles and calc-silicates help to identify different mechanisms of magma-carbonate and magma-xenolith interaction, and the subsequent effects of volatile release on potential eruptive behaviour, while sequential short-duration experiments simulate the actual processes of carbonate assimilation employing natural materials and controlled magmatic conditions. The experiments highlight the efficiency of carbonate assimilation and associated carbonate-derived CO2 liberated over short timescales. The findings at Merapi and Kelut demonstrate a complex magmatic plumbing system underneath these volcanoes with magma residing at different depths, spanning from the mantle-crust boundary to the upper crust. The erupted products and volcanic gas emissions enable us to shed light on MCI-processes and associated volatile release in these systems. The knowledge gained from studying individual volcanoes (e.g., Merapi and Kelut) is then tested on a regional scale and applied to the entire Java and Bali arc segment. An attempt is presented to distinguish the extent of source versus crustal influences and establish a quantitative model of late stage crustal influence in this arc segment. This thesis therefore hopes to contribute to our knowledge of magma genesis and magma-crust interaction (MCI) processes that likely operate in subduction zone systems worldwide.

No description available.

No description available.

The present PhD study investigates the aspect of chemical ecology in the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, Lepidoptera: Crambidae): pherotypes reproductive isolation and host plant specialisation.All the experiences were designed to have ecologically relevant information about the chemical signals released or perceived by ECB moth during the reproduction period. Most of the work was conducted close to natural conditions and taking into account all the behavioural traits of ECB.First we investigated what can be the chemical landscape of maize field for host-seeking ECB moth. The whole volatile blends that make up the olfactory environment of maize field biotope was identified according to the ECB oviposition behaviour (Paper I). Secondly taking into account the diel periodicity of ECB behaviour we studied the diel changes of volatile profiles released from maize plant and from maize field (Paper II). Thirdly, we studied the process of host fidelity within the ECB host plants. The volatiles released from different host plants at the time of ECB oviposition flight were identified and the oviposition behaviour was studied in wind tunnel to evidence the host plant preferences of ovipositing females (Paper III). Fourthly, we address the question on assortative mating in ECB pherotypes and we investigated the chemical signals involved in the reproductive isolation in ECB pherotypes. We focused on the male pheromone produced by hairpencils and on courtship behaviour (Paper IV).

La thèse de Giovanni BETTI BENEVENTI portes sur la caractérisation électrique et la modélisationphysique de dispositifs de mémoire non-volatile à changement de phase. Cette thèse a été effectuée dans le cadre d'une cotutelle avec l'Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (Italie).Le manuscrit en anglais comporte quatre chapitres précédés d'une introduction et terminés par uneconclusion générale.Le premier chapitre présent un résumé concernant l'état de l'art des mémoires a changement de phase. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux résultats de caractérisation matériau et électrique obtenus sur déposition blanket et dispositifs de mémoire à changement de phase (PCM) basées sur le nouveau matériau GeTe dopé carbone (GeTeC).Le chapitre trois s'intéresse à l'implémentation et à la caractérisation expérimentale d'un setup demesure de bruit a basse fréquence sur dispositifs électroniques a deux terminaux développé auxlaboratoires de l'Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia en Italie.Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre est présentée une analyse rigoureuse de l'effet d'auto-chauffage Joulesur la caractéristique I-V des mémoires a changement de phase intégrant le matériau dans la phase polycristalline.

Motivation: The accurate and reliable measurement of the concentration of coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPVs) in ambient air has proved to be a challenge for occupational hygienists. The challenge must however be confronted due to, amongst others, the carcinogenic properties of some poly–aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in CTPVs. Aim: To determine the feasibility of a thermal desorption (TD) technique based method as an alternative method to be used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air by assessing it along criteria such as ease of use, cost, accuracy and precision by comparing it to NIOSH’s Method 5515 and OSHA’s Method 58 and to determine the level of exposure to CTPVs on the anode paste floor of an electric furnace, used for the smelting of platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate. Methodology: To satisfy the research objective, two accepted methods the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) method 5515 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) method 58 were used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs with a TD technique based method used as a third, alternative method. All three methods were used concurrently to measure the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air, at the anode paste floor of a platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate smelter. Results and conclusions: The NIOSH method proved to be the most precise method while the TD technique based method proved to be the most accurate. The TD technique based method proved to measure the widest range of individual CTPVs and were able to measure the highest concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene, an individual CTPV that is classified as a Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) chemical substance by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The OSHA method measured on average almost four times less total CTPVs than either the NIOSH or the TD technique based method and failed to readily measure individual CTPVs with a molecular weight lower than that of Phenanthrene. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Motivation: The accurate and reliable measurement of the concentration of coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPVs) in ambient air has proved to be a challenge for occupational hygienists. The challenge must however be confronted due to, amongst others, the carcinogenic properties of some poly–aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in CTPVs. Aim: To determine the feasibility of a thermal desorption (TD) technique based method as an alternative method to be used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air by assessing it along criteria such as ease of use, cost, accuracy and precision by comparing it to NIOSH’s Method 5515 and OSHA’s Method 58 and to determine the level of exposure to CTPVs on the anode paste floor of an electric furnace, used for the smelting of platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate. Methodology: To satisfy the research objective, two accepted methods the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) method 5515 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) method 58 were used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs with a TD technique based method used as a third, alternative method. All three methods were used concurrently to measure the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air, at the anode paste floor of a platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate smelter. Results and conclusions: The NIOSH method proved to be the most precise method while the TD technique based method proved to be the most accurate. The TD technique based method proved to measure the widest range of individual CTPVs and were able to measure the highest concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene, an individual CTPV that is classified as a Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) chemical substance by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The OSHA method measured on average almost four times less total CTPVs than either the NIOSH or the TD technique based method and failed to readily measure individual CTPVs with a molecular weight lower than that of Phenanthrene. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

De nos jours, les nouvelles technologies ne cessent d'évoluer et de former une partie intégrante dans la vie quotidienne de chacun. Ces dernières profitent du développement de systèmes électroniques complexes qui nécessitent l'utilisation de composants mémoires de plus en plus performants et présentant de grandes capacités de stockage. Ainsi, dans cette course à la miniaturisation, la technologie Flash jusqu'ici prépondérante sur le marché des mémoires non volatiles laisse aujourd'hui entrevoir ses limites. En conséquence, différentes mémoires émergentes résistives sont développées et parmi celles-ci se trouvent les mémoires à changement de phase PCRAM qui présentent un grand intérêt dans le monde des mémoires non volatiles grâce à leur bonne capacité de réduction d'échelle ainsi que leur coût réduit par rapport aux mémoires Flash. Cependant, pour être compétitives face aux autres technologies et pour prétendre à des applications embarquées, elles doivent répondre à plusieurs challenges tels que réduire leur courant de programmation, augmenter leur vitesse de programmation et améliorer leur stabilité thermique. Pour cela, différentes voies sont explorées dans la littérature, notamment l'utilisation d'architectures innovantes ou de matériaux à changement de phase alternatifs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'investigation des mécanismes de défaillance qui affectent la stabilité thermique et temporelle des mémoires à changement de phase, plus précisément la rétention de l'état RESET et la stabilité des états programmés affectée par le phénomène de « drift ». Le développement de matériaux alternatifs utilisant une stoechiométrie optimisée ou incorporant un dopage nous permet d'obtenir des dispositifs performants d'un point de vue électrique et présentant des propriétés de rétention satisfaisant les spécifications des applications embarquées en particulier l'automobile. De plus, grâce au développement d'une nouvelle procédure de pré-codage, ces dispositifs permettent de conserver les données préprogrammées sur la puce mémoire au cours de l'étape de soudure de cette dernière sur le circuit électronique. Ils constituent une solution prometteuse pour les applications de cartes sécurisées. Enfin, nous avons proposé une procédure de programmation optimisée qui permet de diminuer l'effet du drift de la résistance de l'état SET observé pour les matériaux alternatifs. Ensuite, nous avons montré via des mesures de bruit à basses fréquences que cet effet est dû à la relaxation structurale des zones amorphes présentes dans ces matériaux actifs. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois la diminution du bruit normalisé de l'état SET ainsi que l'influence majeure des défauts d'interfaces sur le bruit à basses fréquences de cet état. / Nowadays, new technologies are rising steadily and forming an integral part in the daily lives of everyone. They take advantage of the development of electronic systems for which the complexity requires the use of memory devices more and more efficient and with large storage capacities. Because of some performance degradation, the scaling of Flash technology who was so far predominant in the non-volatile memories market, is today reaching its limits. As a result, different emerging resistive memories are being developed. Among them, the phase-change memory technology PCRAM is very attractive because of its non-volatility, scalability, as well as reduced cost compared to standard Flash. Nevertheless, to compete with other technologies and to address the embedded applications market, PCRAM still face some challenges, such as decreasing the programming current densities, increasing the programming speed and increasing the thermal stability of the two memory states. For that purpose, different solutions have been tried in the literature, including using new device architectures and optimized phase-change materials. In this work, we are interested in investigating the failure mechanisms that affect thermal and temporal stability of phase change memories, in particular the retention of the RESET state and the stability of the programmed states disturbed by the drift phenomenon. The development of alternative materials using an optimized stoichiometry or incorporating doping allows us to achieve high electrical performance devices and to reach the required retention properties of embedded applications and particularly the automotive one. Moreover, thanks to the development of a new pre-coding procedure, these devices allow to keep stable the preprogrammed data on the memory chip during the soldering step of the latter on the electronic circuit. They represent a promising solution for Smart-Card applications. Finally, we have proposed an optimized programming procedure which enables to reduce the drift effect of the resistance of the SET state observed for optimized materials. This drift phenomenon was investigated by using low frequency noise measurements. Therefore, we have shown that this effect is due to the structural relaxation of amorphous parts in the active material. Besides, we highlighted for the first time the major influence of interface defects on the low-frequency noise of this state.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T20:35:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1623954 bytes, checksum: 8a3abb877583d97539e60ac1388438ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T20:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1623954 bytes, checksum: 8a3abb877583d97539e60ac1388438ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The study of proteolysis, lipolysis volatiles profile of caprine Coalho cheese to which were added probiotic bacteria during storage. The cheeses were named: QS, control sample of Coalho cheese prepared with a starter culture of Lactococcus lactis, subsp. lactis, and Lactococcus lactis, subsp. cremoris; QLA, Coalho cheese with culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus; QLP, Coalho cheese sample formulated with Lactobacillus paracasei; QB, Coalho cheese with Bifidobacterium lactis; and QC, Coalho cheese with co-culture containing the 3 microorganisms in associated. The cheeses were analyzed after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at the temperature of 10 °C ± 2 °C. The probiotic cell counts in cheese was superior to 6.5 log CFU g⁻¹ of cheese in the first day of storage, and surpassed 7 log CFU g⁻¹ of cheese in the 28th day of storage. Based on comparative studies carried out, it must be highlighted that the use of the various probiotic lactic cultures affects the lipid, protein, and aromatic profiles of caprine Coalho cheese during storage. It was verified that, when they were added to the Coalho cheese samples, the lactic cultures, regardless of type, presented lipolytic action (p < 0.01) during storage, causing a reduction in long chain fatty acids and an increase in short chain fatty acids. The acids released have direct influence in particular compounds of the aroma of the product, especially the characteristic caprine aroma, with an increase in caprylic, caproic and capric acids. It was observed that the addition of the Bifidobacterium lactis culture and the co-culture of probiotics had a positive effect on the fatty acid profile, with a higher production of volatiles, resulting in more concentrations during the CLA storage period (0.74 and 0.54 g/100 g of fatty acids), optimal values for the PUFA/SFA relationships (0.23 and 0.065) and DFA (50.23 and 45.08), associated with a reduction in the atherogenicity index (2.15 and 2.38) and in the trombosidade index (1.69 and 1.82). Twenty-five volatile compounds were identified in caprine Coalho cheese: six alcohols, four hydrocarbons, four terpenes, three acids, three ketones, three aldehydes and two esters. In the five types of cheese samples analyzed, one was able to observe the production of esters during storage and the reduction of aldehydes. The fruity aroma of esters is desirable, since it lessens undesirable aromas which are found in some compounds such as acids and aldehydes. The use of a combination of probiotic cultures (co-culture) also influenced (p < 0,01) the proteolysis of caprine Coalho cheese, providing a higher percentage of soluble protein, a higher proteolytic depth index and a greater release of fatty acids in the first day after processing.The probiotic caprine Coalho cheese samples presented a proteolysis rate which was at its highest after seven days of storage, and their fractions of αs₂ and k-casein were the ones with the highest degree of hydrolysis during storage. Among the samples prepared using isolated probiotic bacteria, it must be emphasized that B. lactis presented a more intense proteolytic action, showing a high percentage of soluble protein and a greater degradation of the αs₂ casein during storage. Probiotic cheeses produced using goat milk have excellent characteristics in terms of nutritional and aromatic attributes; highlighted the B. lactis and prodizidos adding the co-culture of probiotics. / O estudo da proteólise, lipólise e perfil de voláteis de queijo de coalho caprino ao qual foram adicionadas bactérias probióticas durante o armazenamento. Os queijos foram denominados de: QS, queijo de coalho controle elaborado com a cultura “starter” de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis e Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris; QLA, queijo de coalho com cultura de Lactobacillus acidophilus; QLP, queijo de coalho elaborado com Lactobacillus paracasei; QB, queijo de coalho com Bifidobacterium lactis; e QC, queijo de coalho com co-cultura, contendo os 3 micro-organismos em associado. Os queijos foram analisados após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento a 10 °C ± 2 °C. A contagem das células probióticas nos queijos foi superior a 6,5 log UFC g-1 de queijo no 1° dia de armazenamento e 7 log UFC g-1 de queijo, no 28° dia. Com base nos estudos comparativos realizados, ressalta-se que o uso das diferentes culturas láticas probióticas afetou o perfil lipídico, proteico e aromático do queijo de coalho caprino, durante o armazenamento. Verificou-se que as culturas láticas, independente do tipo, quando adicionadas aos queijos de coalho, apresentaram ação lipolítica (p < 0,01) durante o armazenamento, provocando a redução dos ácidos graxos de cadeia longa e aumento dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Os ácidos liberados influenciaram diretamente nos compostos do aroma peculiar do produto, principalmente, o aroma característico de caprinos, com aumento dos ácidos caprílico, caproico e cáprico. Observou-se efeito positivo da adição da cultura de Bifidobacterium lactis e da co-cultura de probióticos no perfil de ácidos graxos, e uma maior produção de voláteis, que resultou em maiores concentrações durante o período de estocagem do CLA (0,74 e 0,54 g/100g de ácidos graxos), e ótimos valores das relações AGPI/AGS (0,23 e 0,065) e DFA (50,23 e 45,08), associados à redução dos índices de aterogenicidade (2,15 e 2,38) e trombosidade (1,69 e 1,82). Vinte e cinco compostos voláteis foram identificados no queijo de coalho caprino: sendo seis alcoóis, quatro hidrocarbonetos, quatro terpenos, três ácidos, três cetonas, três aldeídos e dois ésteres. Nos cinco tipos de queijos de coalho caprino avaliados, observou-se produção de ésteres ao longo do armazenamento e redução de aldeídos. O aroma frutado dos ésteres é almejável, uma vez que suaviza aromas indesejáveis e característicos de alguns compostos como ácidos e aldeídos. A utilização da combinação das culturas probióticas (co-cultura) também influenciou (p < 7 0,01) a proteólise do queijo de coalho caprino, proporcionando maior teor de proteína solúvel, maior índice proteolítico de profundidade e maior liberação de aminoácidos no 1° dia após o processamento. Os queijos de coalho caprinos probióticos apresentaram índice de proteólise em extensão máxima após sete dias de estocagem, sendo que suas frações de αs2 e k-caseína foram as que obtiveram maior grau de hidrólise ao longo do armazenamento. Dentre os queijos elaborados com bactérias probióticas isoladas, enfatiza-se que a B. lactis exibiu ação proteolítica mais intensa, proporcionando elevado teor de proteína solúvel e maior degradação da fração de αs2 caseína ao longo do armazenamento. Os queijos probióticos fabricados a partir de leite de cabra possuem excelentes características em relação aos atributos nutricionais e aromáticos, em destaque os prodizidos adicionando Bifidobacterium lactis e a co-cultura de probióticos.