China and India claimed two territories along their borders on the Himalayas: Aksai Chin in the west and the North-East Frontier Agency in the east. The border dispute escalated and, on October 20, 1962, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) opened fire on the two fronts and advanced into the disputed territories. One month later, on November 21, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew behind its disputed line of control. In response, the Indian government arrested over 2,000 Chinese living in India and interned them in Deoli, Rajasthan. When the Chinese were released between 1964 and 1966, they found their properties sold off by the Indian government. Many left India and immigrated to Canada. I interviewed four Indian-born Chinese who were interned and who now live in the Greater Toronto Area. I recorded their accounts of life in Deoli Detention Camp in Rajasthan.

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This thesis is a study of the impact of militarisation, conflict and Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) proliferation on women and children amongst the pastoralist communities of North East Africa. It explores the way pastoralists communities' lives have changed over the decades with the introduction of SALW to make cattle rustling a lethal pastime that involves all members of society but with implications for the vulnerable population caught between warring groups. The study delves into the variety of options facing them, such as the fact that the dangers posed by introduction of SALW in turn militarises the vulnerable population caught between being helpless bystanders or taking up arms to defend their herds or else perish from hunger when the remaining stock are stolen at gunpoint. After an introductory chapter examining thematic issues involved in the complex web knitted by militarisation, conflict, SALW proliferation, cattle rustling and pastoralist communities, the thesis examines circumstances surrounding the need to wage war on neighbours in cattle raids pitting pastoralist communities' against governments interested in the pursuit of politics that disfavour their interests. The following chapters examine various aspects of this complex militarisation/SALW proliferation/cattle rustling web placing it in the context of the subsequent implications for both the pastoralist communities' vulnerable population and the security of the entire region. It delves into ways the vulnerable population is impacted upon with a view to show that the side effects have far-reaching implications for the pastoralists and citizens of the states they belong to. We analyse existing efforts to combat proliferation and instruments aimed at protecting the vulnerable population in armed conflict with a view to ascertain their strengths and challenges. We finally examine possible ways out of the quagmire resulting from the marriage between SALW proliferation and cattle rustling and conclude by offering policy recommendations.

Ce travail porte sur les relatives dans les langues de l’aire Caucase – Anatolie de l’Est – Iran de l’Ouest dans une perspective aréale. Cette aire est connue pour concentrer une importante diversité génétique et typologique, avec une cinquantaine de langues appartenant à six familles distinctes : caucasique du Nord-Est, caucasique du Nord-Ouest, caucasique du Sud, turcique, indo-européenne et sémitique. Un grand nombre de ces langues sont en situation de contact et peuvent potentiellement s’influencer les unes les autres. Les relatives constituent une caractéristique intéressante à étudier dans une telle perspective car les constructions ayant fonction de relative peuvent varier selon nombreux paramètres d’une langue à l’autre ou au sein d’une même langue (position de la relative, finitude du verbe, etc.) ; chaque valeur possible pour un paramètre donné étant un trait pouvant potentiellement se diffuser. La première partie de cette thèse consiste en une description détaillée des stratégies de relativisation des langues de l’aire. Diverses stratégies sont identifiées, dont certaines couramment mentionnées dans la littérature, mais d’autres également plus atypiques du point de vue typologique. La deuxième partie consiste en une analyse des données décrites dans la première partie : après avoir identifié de manière précise les paramètres de variation et leurs différentes valeurs possibles parmi les stratégies disponibles de l’aire (environ 40 paramètres, 80 sous-paramètres et plus de 200 valeurs possibles), plusieurs zones géographiques sont mises en évidence où une même stratégie ou une même valeur pour un paramètre donné sont partagées par des langues non nécessairement apparentées génétiquement. Pour plusieurs de ces zones, il semble s’agir d’un phénomène de convergence, étant donné que les langues concernées divergent de leurs familles génétiques respectives et/ou le trait ou la stratégie partagé(e) est atypique. Pour finir, plusieurs facteurs pouvant intervenir dans la diffusion ou non d’une stratégie ou d’un trait linguistique sont suggérés. / This work deals with relative clauses in an areal perspective, focusing on languages of Caucasus – Eastern Anatolia – Western Iran area. This area is known to display an important linguistic diversity (genetic as well as typological) with about fifty languages belonging to six distinct families: North-East Caucasian, North-West Caucasian, South-Caucasian, Turkic, Indo-European and Semitic. Most of these languages are in contact and may influence each other. Besides, relative clauses constitute an interesting field to investigate in an areal perspective, given that the constructions used as relative clauses may vary according to numerous parameters, crosslinguistically or within the same language (e.g., position of the relative clause, finiteness of the verbal form, etc.); each value for a given parameter is a feature that may possibly diffuse across languages.The first part of this work is a fine-grained description of the relativization strategies available in the area. Various strategies are identified. The area displays all strategies commonly mentioned in the literature, as well as some typologically less common strategies.The second part of the work is an analysis of the data. After identifying all variation parameters and their different values in the strategies available in the area (i.e., about 40 main variation parameters, 80 sub-parameters and more than 200 potential values), several geographical areas are highlighted where the same strategy or the same value for a given parameter is shared by languages that are not necessarily genetically related. For some of these areas, it seems that a convergence phenomena is involved given that languages may diverge with this respect from their respective genealogical families and/or the shared feature or strategy is typologically uncommon. Finally, some factors that could be involved in the occurrence or not of a language-contact induced change are suggested. / Bu tezde bölgesel bir açıdan Kafkas – Doğu Anadolu – Batı İran bölgesinde konuşulan dillerde sıfat işlevli yan tümceler inceleniyor. Hem genetik hem de tipolojik olarak dilsel zenginliği ile tanınan bu bölgede günümüzde altı farklı aileden (Kuzeydoğu Kafkas dilleri, Kuzeybatı Kafkas dilleri, Güney Kafkas dilleri, Türk dilleri, Hint-Avrupa dilleri, Sami dilleri) elliyi aşkın dil konuşulmaktadır. Bu dillerin çoğu birbirleri ile temas halindeler ve birbilerini etkileyebiliyorlar. Bu bakımdan, sıfat işlevli yan tümce olarak kullanılan yapıların diller arasında, hatta aynı dil içinde dahi birçok parametreye göre çeşitlilik gösterdiğini (örneğin yan tümcenin nitelediği ada göre konumu, yan tümcedeki fiil şekli (tam donanımlı ya da sıfat-fiil oluşu), vb.), ve bu parametrelerin alabileceği değerlerin bir dilden diğerine yayılabilen bir nitelikte olduğunu göz önüne alırsak, sıfat işlevli yan tümcelerin bölgesel ve karşılaştırmalı bir açıdan ele alınabilecek zengin bir çalışma konusu olduğu belirgin hale gelmektedir. Tezin ilk kısmında, adı geçen bölgede konuşulan dillerdeki sıfat işlevli yan tümce yapıları ayrıntılı bir şekilde belgeleniyor. Bu belgeleme literatürde sıkça bahsi geçen alışılmış yapıların yanı sıra çok bilinmeyen, atipik yapıları da gün yüzüne çıkarıyor.Tezin ikinci kısmında ise birinci kısımda belgelenen veriler çözümleniyor. Sıfat işlevli yan tümcelere ait tüm parametreleri ve bu parametrelerin alabileceği farklı değerleri (toplamda yaklaşık 40 ana parametre, 80 alt-parametre ve 200’den fazla olası değer) saptadıktan sonra, aynı yapıyı ya da belli bir parametreye ait aynı değeri kullanan fakat genetik açıdan birbiri ile ilişkisi olmayan dillerin oluşturduğu birtakım coğrafi alan tespit ediliyor. Bu alanların bazısında saptanan diller, kullandıkları sıfat işlevli yan tümce yapıları veya bu yapılardaki bazı parametrelerin aldığı değerler bakımından genetik olarak ilişkili oldukları dillerden farklılık gösterdiklerinden ve/veya kullandıkları yapıların tipolojik olarak alışılmış olmadıklarından dolayı, bu belirtilen alanlarda bir yöneşme (convergence) meydana gelme olasılığı yüksektir. Son olarak da bir yapının ya da belli bir parametre değerinin yayılıp yayılmamasına sebep olabilecek bir kaç etken öneriliyor.