Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1404460 bytes, checksum: 2aebc176fa1794f822b88f505af727ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian government has initiated a policy to support the biodiesel production, developed through the National Programme of Use and Production of Biodiesel (PNPB), which will finally integrate agricultural families into fuel supply. The objective of the research is to analyse the contractual relations which are being formed between Brazil Ecodiesel and agricultural families, especially producers of mammon in the North East region, within the range of PNPB. The logic of the Principal-Agent of Moral Hazard was used to analyse the contract, attempting to solve the problem of asymmetry existing in such a connection and discussing, if the contract encourages families, producers of mammon, and affects the production. The results infer that agricultural families feel attracted to participate in contract and its design at first sight is appropriate to stimulate the efforts. However, other factors besides the contract, for example, questions in structural characteristics of agriculture, can influence that the connection would not be favourable for the parties involved and farmers will end up consolidation of a productive bio diesel network. / O governo brasileiro deu início a uma política de apoio à produção do biodiesel, desenvolvida por meio do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB), que tem por finalidade integrar os agricultores familiares à oferta de biocombustíveis. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar as relações contratuais que se formaram entre a empresa Brasil Ecodiesel e os agricultores familiares, em especial os produtores de mamona da região Nordeste, no âmbito do PNPB. Para analisar o contrato foi utilizada a lógica da abordagem Principal-Agente com Moral Hazard, atentando-se para o problema de assimetria de informação existente em tal relação, e discutido se o contrato incentiva os produtores familiares de mamona a se esforçarem na produção. Os resultados inferem que os agricultores familiares sentem-se atraídos a participar do contrato e que o desenho do contrato em primeira vista é adequado para estimular o esforço do mesmo. Porém, outros fatores além do contrato, como por exemplo, as características estruturais do setor agrícola em questão, podem influenciar para que a relação não seja favorável para as partes e esses agricultores acabarem por não se consolidar na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodrigoC.pdf: 1253605 bytes, checksum: 901bba0a33ba9a917533656bc7e7c6b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-08 / The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5? hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time / As caracter?sticas biol?gicas das tartarugas marinhas em conjunto com as diversas perturba??es antr?pica sofridas ao longo do tempo t?m reduzido v?rias popula??es para n?veis quase invi?veis de se manterem, atualmente, as quatro esp?cies registradas nesse trabalho s?o citadas na lista de fauna amea?ada da Uni?o Internacional para Conserva??o da Natureza - IUCN (Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea e Lepidochelys olivacea). Entre os principais riscos que est?o sujeitas as tartarugas marinhas podemos citar as atividades pesqueiras de maneira geral e em especial o espinhel pel?gico de superf?cie. O presente estudo apresenta o monitoramento realizado junto a duas frotas estrangeiras de espinhel de superf?cie sediadas no nordeste do Brasil, ente outubro de 2004 e setembro de 2005. Ambas atuaram no Atl?ntico Sul Ocidental, sendo que o espinhel chin?s teve como objetivo a captura de atuns (Thunnus spp), utilizando peixe como isca, anzol tipo tunna hook e imers?o do petrecho de pesca durante o dia. A esp?cie alvo do petrecho chamado de americano foi o espadarte (Xiphias gladius), que se caracterizou por utilizar lula como isca, anzol tipo J 9/0 offset 5?, atrator luminoso, imers?o noturna e mais rasa do que o chin?s. As informa??es a respeito do esfor?o e das capturas foram provenientes de observadores de bordo e utilizadas para calcular os ?ndices de capturas de tartarugas por 1000 anz?is (CPUE). O petrecho americano capturou mais tartarugas (CPUE= 0,059, N= 113) e foi mais representado por D. coriacea, enquanto o espinhel chin?s apresentou CPUE = 0,018 (N= 89) e L. olivacea como a esp?cie mais numerosa. O local mais comum de insers?o do anzol em C. caretta, C. mydas e L. olivacea foi a boca. As D.coriacea foram mais capturadas quando o anzol se prendeu externamente. N?o houve diferen?a significativa das capturas conforme o tipo de anzol, e os indiv?duos liberados vivos predominaram. Os resultados encontrados corroboram com o maior potencial de capturas de tartarugas atribu?do ?s caracter?sticas do petrecho que tem como alvo os espadartes. No entanto, testes estat?sticos demonstraram que, apesar do petrecho voltado ? captura de atuns interagir menos com tartarugas marinhas, as capturas na pescaria chinesa foram subestimadas devido ? dificuldade de comunica??o do observador com a tripula??o e recolhimento do espinhel durante a noite

Jan Kafka: Religious Policy of the Communist Party and the State in North-East Bohemia in years 1948-1960 Zkrácená anotace v anglickém jazyce The presented thesis surveys the development and forms of religious policy of the state in the region of North-East Bohemia. The study analyzes the role of the individual state institutions and security forces, in particular it pays attention to the role of the Church Departments at the National Committees (i.e. the Secretaires of Church Affairs). The thesis also examines the response of individual churches to the state policy and describes the strategies and positions held by church leaders (eg. catholic bishop Mořic Pícha), priests, monks and nuns. We also study the influence of government policy on relations among individual churches.

In dieser Dissertation werden die mittelalterlichen Kämme aus Knochen und Geweih des nordostdeutschen Raumes in Bezug auf Rohstoffe, Herstellung und Gestaltung analysiert. Um Verbindungen zu angrenzenden gut erschlossenen Fundgebieten erarbeiten zu können, wurde die Materiallücke der Kammfunde in Mecklenburg Vorpommern, Brandenburg und Berlin geschlossen. Mit der hier vorgelegten systematischen Erfassung zu Formen, Verzierung, Kammtypen und Maßangaben sowie der individuellen Darstellung im Katalog sind neu gefundene Artefakte und schon anderweitig publizierte Funde direkt miteinander vergleichbar. Im Kontext mit der umfangreichen Fundaufnahme und Kartierung werden Forschungsfragen zu Handwerk und Handel zur Zeit des Mittelalters gestellt und beantwortet. Experimente zur Rohmaterialbearbeitung und Herstellungsprozessen belegen den Werkzeuggebrauch und den Aufwand, der schon im Mittelalter betrieben werden musste, um einen Kamm herzustellen. Die Erfahrungen von praktisch forschenden HandwerkerInnen des 21. Jahrhunderts flossen in diese Arbeit mit ein. In der Gesamtschau ergibt sich eine Fundverteilung von vier Kammtypen vor allem im nördlichen Bereich des Arbeitsgebietes, mit Werkstätten an nahe dem Wasser gelegenen Handelsplätzen. Chronologische Tendenzen sind erkennbar. So sind beispielsweise einreihige Dreilagenkämme eher im frühen Mittelalter in den nördlichen Siedlungen der Slawen und Wikinger zu verankern, während Langzinkenkämme breiter gestreut in den deutschen Siedlungen ab dem späten Mittelalter zu finden sind. / This dissertation analyses the medieval combs made of bone and antlers of the northeast German region in terms of raw materials, production and design. In order to be able to establish connections to neighbouring well-published sites, and to close the gap in the incomplete research in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg and Berlin, the comb finds are collectively reviewed here. With the systematic survey of shapes, decorations, comb types and measurements presented here, as well as the individual presentation in the catalogue, newly found artefacts and finds that have already been published elsewhere can be directly compared with each other. In the context of the extensive survey and mapping, research questions on crafts and trade at the time of the Middle Ages are asked and answered. Experiments on raw material processing and manufacturing processes prove the use of tools and the effort undertaken to make a comb even in the Middle Ages. The experiences of practical craftsmen of the 21st century was incorporated into this work. Overall, there is a distribution of four types of combs, especially in the northern part of the study area, with workshops at trading sites near water. Chronological tendencies are recognisable with, for example, single-row three-layer combs being more likely to be present in the northern settlements of the Slavs and Vikings in the early Middle Ages, while long-tooth combs are more widely distributed in German settlements from the late Middle Ages onwards.

Dans cette thèse, j'étudie les pratiques de sorcellerie et de guérison chez les Khasi, une communauté tribale du nord-est de l'Inde. Ceux-ci forment la majorité de la population de l'état du Meghalaya. À la suite de la colonisation britannique, ils se sont principalement convertis au Christianisme. Cependant, malgré leur adoption d’un mode de vie ancrée dans la modernité et les changements socioculturels subséquents, les discours sur la sorcellerie prévalent encore aujourd'hui. Selon les Khasi, les pratiques de sorcellerie sont encore très répandues et plusieurs malédictions continuent d'affecter la population. Afin de lutter contre ce fléau, la guérison traditionnelle est fréquemment recherchée. Pour les Khasi, la preuve de l’existence de la sorcellerie se trouve dans les symptômes physiques ressentis par les victimes et par les morts mystérieuses qui se succèdent. Afin de mieux comprendre la réalité de la sorcellerie chez les Khasi, j'utilise l'approche théorique et méthodologique du tournant ontologique en anthropologie. Elle permet de jeter une lumière nouvelle sur l’étude de la sorcellerie. En effet, tout au long de l'histoire de l’anthropologie, les chercheurs ont voulu donner un sens à l'ensemble complexe de croyances et de pratiques qu'est la sorcellerie. Ils l'ont surtout expliqué comme faisant partie de la rationalité des peuples «primitifs», ou en réaction à des bouleversements sociaux. Le tournant ontologique apporte une nouvelle manière de comprendre la sorcellerie et sa réalité. Dans cette thèse, je m’appuie sur les travaux de Strathern, Descola et Viveiros De Castro, entre autres, pour montrer comment la sorcellerie peut être construite comme une réalité pour les anthropologues et les personnes qu'ils étudient. Je cherche à répondre à plusieurs questions : qu’est-ce que la sorcellerie pour les habitants du Meghalaya ? Comment la conceptualisent-ils ? Et quelle devrait être ma position d’anthropologue en matière de sorcellerie ? J'explore d'abord l'histoire sociopolitique des Khasi. Je présente un survol des événements marquants de l'histoire régionale récente, avant de souligner les particularités culturelles du groupe. Je démontre ensuite comment le paysage de guérison de Meghalaya est varié : on y retrouve des guérisseurs de religion tribale, hindoue, chrétienne et musulmane. Je donne un aperçu de leur approche respective de la sorcellerie. Je me concentre ensuite sur l'écosystème du mal à Meghalaya, expliquant et détaillant les principales malédictions affectant les Khasi et leurs voisins. Je présente la quête thérapeutique d’une famille qui a souffert de nombreuses pertes et tragédies et qui a cherché de l’aide auprès de guérisseurs de diverses confessions et ethnicités. À la suite de cette analyse, je définis la sorcellerie et la guérison selon le monde ontologique Khasi. Ces définitions émergent de la construction de la personne chez les Khasi et de la relation qu'ils entretiennent avec des entités non humaines. Dans leur monde ontologique, il est possible d'être maudit par des entités maléfiques et de guérir grâce aux dieux et déesses. Cette réalité est construite et validée à la fois par les guérisseurs et leurs patients. Ils partagent pour la plupart une compréhension commune du monde et du réel. / In this thesis, I study the practices of witchcraft among the Khasi, a tribal people of northeast India. The Khasi form most of the population of the state of Meghalaya. Following British colonization, they mainly converted to Christianity. However, despite adopting a modern lifestyle and the major socio-cultural changes it has brought, discourse on witchcraft still prevails today. According to the Khasi, witchcraft practices are widespread, and several curses continue to affect the population. In order to fight this scourge, traditional healing is frequently sought by the Khasi. From their point of view, proof of the existence of witchcraft can be found in the physical symptoms experienced by the victims and the mysterious deaths of many people. To better understand reality of witchcraft for the Khasi, I use the theoretical and methodological approach of the ontological shift in anthropology, because it sheds new light on the study of witchcraft. Indeed, throughout the history of anthropology, researchers have sought to make sense of the complex set of practices that is witchcraft. They have explained it as part of the rationality of "primitive" peoples, or as a reaction to social woes. The ontological turn offers a new way of understanding witchcraft and its reality. In this thesis, I draw upon the work of Strathern, Descola, and Viveiros De Castro, among others, to show how witchcraft can be constructed as a reality for both anthropologists and the people they study. I seek to answer several questions: what is witchcraft for the inhabitants of Meghalaya? How do they conceptualize it? How is this conception of witchcraft defined and redefined in a contemporary world? And finally, what should be my position as an anthropologist in regard to witchcraft? To answer these questions, I first explore the socio-political history of the Khasi, presenting a survey of the significant events in recent regional history, before highlighting the cultural particularities of the group. I then demonstrate how the healing landscape of Meghalaya is varied. I divide these practices according to the religion of the healers: tribal, Hindu, Christian and Muslim, and give an overview of their respective approach to witchcraft. I then focus on the ecosystem of evil in Meghalaya, explaining and detailing the major curses affecting the Khasi and their neighbours. I present the therapeutic quest of a family that had suffered many losses and sought out healers of different faiths and ethnicities. Considering this analysis, I define witchcraft and healing as it appears in the Khasi ontological world and show how they emerge from the construction of personhood among the Khasi, and from the relationship they have with non-human entities. The Khasi build an ontological world where it is possible to be cursed by evil entities and to be healed by gods and goddesses. This reality is constructed and validated by both healers and their patients. For the most part, they share a common understanding of the world and of what is real.

Les écarts de développement au sein de la Communauté européenne légitimèrent l’intervention publique dans les territoires défavorisés. Dès la signature du traité de Rome, celle-ci eut pour objectif de réduire les déséquilibres socioéconomiques qui concernaient de nombreuses régions. Des moyens considérables furent déployés devant la persistance des problèmes régionaux. La politique régionale devint une prérogative européenne, qui influença progressivement la mise en oeuvre des politiques régionales nationales. La portée de cette européanisation varia toutefois selon les États. Au Royaume-Uni, même si les gouvernements successifs ont accordé, depuis les années 1930, une attention particulière à l’action régionale, celle-ci n’est plus apparue comme une priorité au début des années 1980. Mais la diminution des aides régionales fut compensée par l’intervention des fonds structurels européens. Les réformes successives de ces fonds modifièrent les rapports entre le centre et la périphérie au Royaume-Uni. L’européanisation de la politique régionale britannique s’intensifia à partir de la fin des années 1980. Les gouvernements successifs lancèrent des décentralisations dont l’objectif fut de rapprocher Whitehall des régions. Même si ces innovations institutionnelles ont amélioré le rôle des régions, la persistance du retard de développement a mis en question les pratiques de gouvernance. / Public intervention in problem regions has been legitimated by regional development differences at the heart of the European Community. Since the Treaty of Rome, it has aimed at the reduction of socioeconomic imbalances affecting a number of regions. Persistent economic difficulties in problem regions have pushed the Community to invest considerable resources. The European regional policy has had a significant impact in shaping the regional policies of the Member States since the reforms of the structural funds in the late 1980s. But the Europeanization process was different according to the institutional architecture of the Member States. Despite a long tradition of regional policy dating back to the beginning of the 1930s, Britain has progressively deprioritised regional policy since the early 1980s. The reduction in regional assistance was compensated by European structural funds. As a consequence, the structural fund reforms resulted in changes in the centre-periphery relationship in the United Kingdom. Europeanization took a much greater role in this member state from the end of the 1980s onwards. Waves of decentralization were promoted by successive governments with the aim of bringing the regions closer to Whitehall. This led to the emergence of a new mode of governance. These innovations promoted a greater regional participation. But a persistent economic divide questions the success of “democratic renewal”.

La present tesi pretèn ser,tal com el seu mateix nom indica, un estudi de totes aquelles informacions que ens proporcionen les fonts escrites d'època tardoantiga (segles IV-VII)i que fan referència, directament o indirecta, a les terres del nord-est de Catalunya.Fou aquesta àrea geogràfica la que, d'ençà el segle IX, i un cop superada la invasió sarraïna que suposà, entre altres coses, la definitiva desaparició de la seu episcopal emporitana, acabà per convertir-se en el futur territori del bisbat de Girona, una demarcació que englovava els antics dominis eclesiàstics i territorials de les seus visigòtiques de Gerunda i Impurias. És una realitat que l'estudi de la tardoantiguitat al nord-est de Catalunya ha experimentat un important impuls en els darrers anys. Es en aquest marc, que la investigació que presentem, pretén ser una aportació a una millor comprensió d'aquest període, amb la sistematització i catalogació de tots aquells textos, la cronologia dels quals abraça el període comprés entre els segles IV-VII, on es fa menció expressa a l'àrea geogràfica que ens ocupa.Aquest estudi s'estructura en set parts clarament diferenciades encara que interdependents entre si, cadascuna de les quals amb una especificitat i una metodologia pròpia.A la primera d'elles (caps.2-3), i a mode d'introducció, es fixen els límits territorials (marc geogràfic) i cronològics (marc històric) de la investigació, elements del tot indispensables i necessaris per a comprendre millor l'escenari on tenen lloc els fets descrits.Un segon gran apartat està enterament dedicat a l'estudi i anàlisi de les principals aportacions realitzades per la historiografia del nostre país en els darrers segles, del XVII fins a l'actualitat, en l'estudi del tema que ens ocupa.En tercer lloc, es passa a analitzar individualment totes i cadascuna de les referències textuals recollides en aquest estudi. L'anàlisi l'hem divididida en cin grans apartats, atenent i respectant la diversa tipologia de les fonts consultades: 1) els itineraria romana; 2) els textos de la patrologia tardoantiga; 3) les actes conciliars; 4) els textos litúrgics; i 5) l'epigrafia. L'estudi de cada text es realitza d'una manera global i sitemàtica, analitzant l'autor, el text i l'època de composició, i tot això en el marc més ampli de la societat del seu temps.Un apartat certament important és enterament dedicat a l'estudi dels orígens i difusió del culte al màrtir Feliu de Girona durant l'antiguitat tardana, a partir sobretot de la informació proporcionada per les fonts escrites i epigràfiques de l'època. El culte al màrtir gironí del segle IV fou, sense cap mena de dubtes, un dels elements característics i definidors en la vida de la Gerunda tardoantiga i, al mateix temps, un signe del gran prestigi assolit per la seu episcopal gironina a la resta d'Hispània durant l'antiguitat tardana.Finalment, i després de presentar, a tall de síntesi, les principals conclusions d'aquesta investigació, un darrer gran apartat ve constituït per un apèndix documental, en el qual s'hi recullen, seguint un criteri cronològic, tots els textos estudiats, transcrits segons les principals edicions crítiques citades. Val a dir, que en aquesta investigació hem utilitzat en la majoria dels casos les millors edicions crítiques de cadascuna de les obres estudiades, un fet que ha permès, en ocasions, corregir antigues transcripcions molt menys acurades i crítiques que s'havien inclòs en moltes de les obres dels darrers dos-cents anys on s'estudiava el període històric que ens ocupa. / This doctoral thesis, as its name suggests, tries to be a study of all the information which can be obtained from the written sources in the late antique period (from the fourth to the seventh century) and which directly or indirectly refer to the lands in the northeast of Catalonia. From the ninth century onwards and once its people got over the Saracen invasion which, among other things, led to the end of the episcopal see in Impurias, this geographical area ended up becoming the future territory of the diocese of Girona. This area included the old ecclesiastical and territorial dominions of the visigothic sees of Gerunda and Impurias. It is a fact that the study of late antiquity has shown a major boost in the last years. It is within this framework that we are presenting this study, which tries to contribute to a better understanding of this period, by systematizing and cataloguing all the texts with a chronology between the fourth and seventh century A.D., where the geographical area we are dealing with is specifically mentioned.This study is organized into seven clearly different parts which are nevertheless interdependent, each one with its own specificity and methodology.In the first part (chs.2-3), and by way of introduction, the territorial and chronological boundaries of the study (geographical and historical framework) have been fixed, essential elements to better understand the scene in which the events described take place.There is a second big section which is etirely dedicated to the study and analysis of the main contributions from historiography to the study of the subject we are dealing with in our country in the last centuries, from the seventeenth century until today.Thirdly, there is an individual analysis of ace of the textual references collected in this study. The analysis has been divided into five big sections , following and respecting the diverse tipology of the sources consulted: 1) the itineraria romana; 2) text from the late antique patrology; 3) council minutes; 4) liturgical texts; and 5) epigraphy. Each text is studied globally and systematically by analysing the author, the text and the period of composition, and everything within the wider framework of the society of their time.A really important section is completely dedicated to the study of the origins and spreading of the worship of the martyr of Sant Feliu from Girona during late antiquity, especially from the information obtained from the written and epigraphic sources of that time. The worship of the martyr from Girona of the fourth century was without doubt one ot the characteristic and distinctive elements in the life of the late antique Gerunda and , at the same time, a sign of the great prestige achieved by the episcopal see from Girona to the rest of Hispania during late antiquity.Finally, and after synthetically presenting the main conclusions of this study, there is a final big section with a documentary appendix in which there are all the texts which have been studied, in chronological order, transcribed according to the main critical editions which have been quoted. It must be said that in this study we have mostly used the best critical editions of each of the works studied, which has occasionally allowed us to correct old much less accurate or critical transcriptions which had been included in many of the works of the last two hundred years, where the historical period we are dealing with was studied.

This study aimed at investigating the educational planning from 1999 to 2004 under the perspective of the school participation accomplished by the State bureaucratic apparatus, the Executive Secretary of Education of the State of Alagoas (SEE/AL), in the north-east of Brazil, since the setting up of the democratic education management model in the system in1999. This research was a case study where the qualitative approach was considered under the dialectical social-historical conception, using qualitative techniques: documentary primary and secondary documents, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with the technicians from the Executive Secretary of Education members of the school community - students, teachers, staff and parents. The accomplished study reveals that, during the setting up period of the democratic educational management in 1999, the restricted State of Alagoas, tried to get to know the community s demands so as to plan some actions intended to fulfill a participation culture through mechanisms established throughout the whole public system where there weren t any previously. However, it is inferred that most of the times the planned actions became exhausted as institutionalization and orientation for the teaching units, of a political and pedagogical content, being much more restricted to bureaucratic guidance of the working of the established mechanisms, such as filling in reports, receipts, and so on. Therefore, it was planned a few actions which promoted a more committed basis participation from segments such as the parents and students , through school societies and parents associations in the schools, thus weakening the democratic quality. The planning process itself inserted within a little participative environment with traditional type characteristics within the SEE s bureaucratic apparatus, the lack of a accomplishing a shared planning, and the constant changing of SEE managers resulted in consequences in the planned actions. Therein, the SEEL s discourse of building up a citizen school collided with the limitation of the State bureaucratic apparatus which has circumscribed itself to the planning of a relative participative culture, planning which widened participation to a determined extent, but intended a few learning actions of an active kind of participation. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar, no período de 1999-2004, o planejamento educacional, sob a perspectiva da participação escolar, realizado pelo aparelho burocrático estatal Secretaria Executiva de Educação de Alagoas (SEE/AL) a partir da implantação na rede do modelo de gestão educacional democrático em 1999. Esta pesquisa foi um estudo de caso onde consideramos a abordagem qualitativa sob a concepção sócio-histórica e dialética, utilizando técnicas qualitativas documentais documentos primários e secundários , bem como entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os técnicos da Secretaria Executiva de Educação e membros da comunidade escolar alunos, professores, funcionários e pais e questionários. O estudo realizado revela que no período de implantação do modelo de gestão educacional democrática, em 1999, o estado restrito alagoano procurou conhecer as demandas da comunidade para que fossem planejadas ações na intenção de concretizar uma cultura de participação, antes inexistente, através de mecanismos implantados em toda a rede pública de educação. No entanto, constata-se que as ações planejadas muitas vezes se esvaziaram, enquanto institucionalização e orientação para as unidades de ensino, de um conteúdo político-pedagógico, estando muito mais restritas às orientações burocráticas do funcionamento dos mecanismos implantados, como o preenchimento de relatórios, notas fiscais etc. Nesse sentido, foram planejadas poucas ações que fomentassem uma participação de base mais engajada de segmentos como os dos pais e alunos, através dos grêmios estudantis e associações de pais nas escolas, fragilizando, portanto, a qualidade democrática. O processo de planejamento inserido numa cultura pouco participativa apresentou ainda características consideradas tradicionais, constituindo-se num processo de planejamento descompartilhado no aparelho burocrático, pela ausência de ações focalizadas em uma participação de base e pelas sucessivas trocas dos gestores da Secretaria Executiva de Educação. Assim, o discurso de formar uma escola cidadã da burocracia estatal esbarrou na limitação do aparelho burocrático de Estado, que se limitou ao planejamento de uma cultura participativa relativa , planejamento que alargou a participação até determinado ponto, mas que resultou em poucas ações de aprendizado de uma participação ativa.

Thesis (M.A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / In rural South Africa (SA), poor reading comprehension skills in English First Additional Language (EFAL) are still found to be the main cause of poor academic achievement. For learners to comprehend the target language they must master the basic reading skills. This remains to be a great challenge for the rural schools in Limpopo. Rural learners are barely exposed to the language of the school, and they hardly have access to the EFAL reading materials or other learning aids. This study aims to evaluate the challenges that are faced in teaching and learning reading comprehension in rural primary schools in SA. This research study was framed by Cognitive constructivism and Schema theory in teaching and learning reading comprehension. A qualitative case study research design was adopted in the study. The sampled participants (one educator and 10 learners) were purposively selected to give answers to the research questions. The following data gathering techniques were used; observational field notes to gather data from the classroom context during the reading lessons, focus group interviews were conducted with the grade 6 learners, lastly, one educator was interviewed. The results prove the educators and learners are still facing challenges in the teaching and learning of EFAL. The study recommends, that the Department of Education intervenes by conducting more training workshops for the educators and parental involvement is encouraged as well for parents to be part of their children's educational journey.

China and India claimed two territories along their borders on the Himalayas: Aksai Chin in the west and the North-East Frontier Agency in the east. The border dispute escalated and, on October 20, 1962, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) opened fire on the two fronts and advanced into the disputed territories. One month later, on November 21, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew behind its disputed line of control. In response, the Indian government arrested over 2,000 Chinese living in India and interned them in Deoli, Rajasthan. When the Chinese were released between 1964 and 1966, they found their properties sold off by the Indian government. Many left India and immigrated to Canada. I interviewed four Indian-born Chinese who were interned and who now live in the Greater Toronto Area. I recorded their accounts of life in Deoli Detention Camp in Rajasthan.