<p>Understanding signalling pathways that control pancreatic endocrine tumour (PET) development and proliferation may reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The pathogenesis for sporadic and hereditary PETs, apart from mutations of the <i>MEN1</i> and <i>VHL</i> tumour suppressor genes, is still elusive. The protein product of the <i>MEN1</i> gene, menin, regulates many genes. The aim of this thesis was to identify genes involved in pancreatic endocrine tumourigenesis, with special reference to Notch signalling.</p><p>Messenger RNA and protein expression of NOTCH1, HES1, HEY1, ASCL1, NEUROG3, NEUROD1, DLK1, POU3F4, PDX1, RPL10, DKK1 and TPH1 were studied in human PETs, sporadic and MEN 1, as well as in tumours from heterozygous <i>Men1</i> mice. For comparison, normal and <i>MEN1</i> non-tumourous human and mouse pancreatic specimens were used. Nuclear expression of HES1 was consistently absent in PETs. In mouse tumours this coincided with loss of menin expression, and there was a correlation between <i>Men1</i> expression and several Notch signalling factors. A new phenotype consisting of numerous menin-expressing endocrine cell clusters, smaller than islets, was found in <i>Men1</i> mice. Expression of NEUROG3 and NEUROD1 was predominantly localised to the cytoplasm in PETs and islets from MEN 1 patients and <i>Men1</i> mice, whereas expression was solely nuclear in wt mice. Differences in expression levels of Pou3f4, Rpl10 and Dlk1 between islets of <i>Men1</i> and wt mice were observed.</p><p>In addition, combined RNA interference and microarray expression analysis in the pancreatic endocrine cell line BON1 identified 158 target genes of ASCL1. For two of these, DKK1 (a negative regulator of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway) and TPH1, immunohistochemistry was performed on PETs. In concordance with the microarray finding, DKK1 expression showed an inverse relation to ASCL1 expression.</p><p>Altered subcellular localisation of HES1, NEUROD1 and NEUROG3 and down-regulation of DKK1 may contribute to tumourigenesis.</p>

Understanding signalling pathways that control pancreatic endocrine tumour (PET) development and proliferation may reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The pathogenesis for sporadic and hereditary PETs, apart from mutations of the MEN1 and VHL tumour suppressor genes, is still elusive. The protein product of the MEN1 gene, menin, regulates many genes. The aim of this thesis was to identify genes involved in pancreatic endocrine tumourigenesis, with special reference to Notch signalling. Messenger RNA and protein expression of NOTCH1, HES1, HEY1, ASCL1, NEUROG3, NEUROD1, DLK1, POU3F4, PDX1, RPL10, DKK1 and TPH1 were studied in human PETs, sporadic and MEN 1, as well as in tumours from heterozygous Men1 mice. For comparison, normal and MEN1 non-tumourous human and mouse pancreatic specimens were used. Nuclear expression of HES1 was consistently absent in PETs. In mouse tumours this coincided with loss of menin expression, and there was a correlation between Men1 expression and several Notch signalling factors. A new phenotype consisting of numerous menin-expressing endocrine cell clusters, smaller than islets, was found in Men1 mice. Expression of NEUROG3 and NEUROD1 was predominantly localised to the cytoplasm in PETs and islets from MEN 1 patients and Men1 mice, whereas expression was solely nuclear in wt mice. Differences in expression levels of Pou3f4, Rpl10 and Dlk1 between islets of Men1 and wt mice were observed. In addition, combined RNA interference and microarray expression analysis in the pancreatic endocrine cell line BON1 identified 158 target genes of ASCL1. For two of these, DKK1 (a negative regulator of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway) and TPH1, immunohistochemistry was performed on PETs. In concordance with the microarray finding, DKK1 expression showed an inverse relation to ASCL1 expression. Altered subcellular localisation of HES1, NEUROD1 and NEUROG3 and down-regulation of DKK1 may contribute to tumourigenesis.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents an important therapeutic option for patients lacking suitable donors. Delayed posttransplant immune recovery constitutes one of its major complications and is most pronounced in the T cellular compartment. A novel strategy to promote de novo thymopoiesis from donor derived HSCs and to accelerate T cellular reconstitution in patients after HSCT consists in the adoptive transfer of in vitro generated T cell progenitor cells. Identification of Notch1 as the key regulator of early T-lineage development has allowed the generation of Notch ligand-based culture systems, which provide a powerful tool to generate T-lymphoid progenitors in vitro. The efficacy of murine T-lymphoid progenitors to promote T cell reconstitution has been well demonstrated in conventional mouse models. In consistency, in vitro-generated human T cell progenitors were demonstrated to promote thymic recovery in humanized mice. Yet, positive effects of in vitro generated human T cell precursors on peripheral T cell reconstitution have not been demonstrated. Moreover currently used Notch-based co-culture systems consist of genetically modified murine cell lines. With view to establishing a clinically applicable system, feeder-cell-free Notch-ligand culture systems for the generation of T-lymphopoietic progenitors are warranted. During my PhD project I developed a new culture system based on the immobilized Notch ligand Delta-like-4 (DL-4). Exposure of human CD34+ cord blood cells to immobilized DL-4 enabled the in vitro generation of high number of T cell progenitors, which harboured the phenotype of immature early thymic progenitor cells (ETP) and prothymocytes (proT). ETP and proT cell generated during DL-4 culture upregulated essential genes involved in early T-lymphoid development (i.e. IL7Rα, PTα, RAG1 and BCL11b) and had undergone stage-specific recombination of the T cell receptor (TCR) locus in a similar way as in native human thymopoiesis. In limiting dilution analysis after secondary OP9/DL-1 co-culture, DL-4 progenitors displayed a highly increased T-lymphoid potential, which could be entirely attributed to the ETP and proT subset. When transferred into NOD/SCID/γc-/- mice, DL-4 primed T cell progenitors migrated to the thymus and accelerated intrathymic T cell differentiation and emergence of functional, mature and polyclonal αβ T cells in the periphery. In a co-transplantation approach, which more closely mimics a clinical setting, DL-4 progenitors and untreated CD34+ cells from HLA-disparate donors were simultaneously injected in the same recipient. This procedure allowed even more rapid and more robust T cell reconstitution. HLA-tracking of the distinct graft sources further showed, that DL-4 progenitors specifically reconstituted the T-lymphoid compartments. This work provides further evidence for the ability of in vitro-generated human T cell progenitors to promote de novo thymopoiesis and shows for the first time, that these cells accelerate peripheral T cell reconstitution in humanized mice. The availability of the efficient feeder-cell-free DL-4 culture technique represents an important step towards the future clinical exploitation translation of in vitro generated T-lymphoid progenitor cells to improve posttransplant immune reconstitution

The 21st century brought about a dramatic increase in knowledge about genetic and molecular profiles of cancer. This information has validated the complexity of tumor cells and increased awareness of “nodal proteins”, but has yet to advance the development of rational targeted cancer therapeutics. Nodal proteins are critical cellular proteins that collect biological inputs and distribute the information across diverse biological processes. Survivin acts as a nodal protein by interfacing the multiple signals involved in mitosis and apoptosis and functionally integrate proliferation, cell death, and cellular homeostasis. By characterizing survivin as a target of both Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) and Notch developmental signaling, we contribute to the paradigm of survivin as a nodal protein. The two signaling systems, Notch and IGF-1, regulate survivin by two independent mechanisms. Notch activation induces survivin transcription preferentially in basal breast cancer, a breast cancer subtype with poor prognosis and lack of molecular therapies. Activated Notch binds the transcription factor RBP-Jк and drives transcription from the survivin promoter. Notch mediated survivin expression increases cell cycle kinetics promoting tumor proliferation. Inhibition of Notch in a breast xenograft model reduced tumor growth and systemic metastasis. On the other hand, IGF-1 signaling drives survivin protein translation in prostate cancer cells. Binding of IGF-1 to its receptor activates downstream kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70 S6 protein kinase (p70S6K), which modulates survivin mRNA translation to increase the apoptotic threshold. The multiple roles of survivin in tumorigenesis implicate survivin as a rational target for the “next generation” of cancer therapeutics.

[ES] La cardiopatía isquémica, caracterizada por la falta de suministro adecuado de oxígeno al tejido cardíaco, es una afección grave que puede desencadenar un infarto agudo de miocardio y contribuir al desarrollo de la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). A pesar de las terapias actuales, la IC sigue siendo una enfermedad con alta morbilidad y mortalidad, lo que destaca la necesidad de estrategias terapéuticas más efectivas. En este contexto, las células madre mesenquimales (MSCs) y, en especial sus vesículas extracelulares (EVs), han surgido como opciones prometedoras por sus propiedades regenerativas, pro-angiogénicas e inmunomoduladoras. Sin embargo, el reto actual se centra en mejorar la eficacia terapéutica de las EVs, ya sea mejorando su biodisponibilidad en el tejido cardíaco o potenciando sus capacidades intrínsecas, con el fin de hacer viable una terapia basada en las mismas. En este trabajo, nos hemos centrado en la mejora de las EVs mediante la modificación genética de las MSCs. Hemos seguido dos enfoques: la carga de oncostatina M (OSM) en la superficie de las EVs y la sobreexpresión inducible del dominio intracelular de Notch1 (N1ICD) junto con el factor inducible por hipoxia 1-alfa (HIF1A) en MSCs para enriquecer las EVs con factores terapéuticos, con la expectativa de mejorar su eficacia en el contexto de la isquemia cardíaca. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las EVs cargadas con OSM poseen propiedades antifibroticas superiores a las EVs nativas, además de reducir el daño cardíaco provocado por la infusión de isoproterenol in vivo. Por otro lado, la sobreexpresión de N1ICD y HIF1A actúa a modo de precondicionamiento genético favoreciendo la carga de diferentes moléculas terapéuticas en las EVs. Estas EVs han demostrado ejercer efectos beneficiosos in vitro como la reducción de la fibrosis, la protección de los cardiomiocitos y reducción de la hipertrofia, la disminución de especies reactivas de oxígeno, y el aumento de la angiogénesis. En el estudio in vivo estas EVs redujeron el daño provocado por la infusión de isoproterenol. En conclusión, hemos generado dos tipos de EVs con un potencial terapéutico superior a las EVs nativas en el contexto de la patología cardíaca. Este trabajo abre la puerta al diseño de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas basadas en EVs, abordando de manera integral los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad cardíaca. / [CA] La cardiopatia isquèmica, caracteritzada per la falta de subministrament adequat d'oxigen al teixit cardíac, és una afecció greu que pot desencadenar un infart agut de miocardi i contribuir al desenvolupament de la insuficiència cardíaca (IC). Malgrat les teràpies actuals, la IC continua sent una malaltia amb alta morbiditat i mortalitat, la qual cosa destaca la necessitat d'estratègies terapèutiques més efectives. En este context, les cèl·lules mare mesenquimals (MSCs) i, especialment les seues vesícules extracelul·lars (EVs), han sorgit com a opcions prometedores per les seues propietats regeneratives, pro-angiogèniques i inmunomoduladores. No obstant això, el repte actual se centra en millorar l'eficàcia terapèutica de les EVs, ja siga millorant la seua biodisponibilitat en el teixit cardíac o potenciant les seues capacitats intrínseques, amb la finalitat de fer viable una teràpia basada en estes. En este treball, ens hem centrat en la millora de les EVs mitjançant la modificació genètica de les MSCs. Hem seguit dos enfocaments: la càrrega d'oncostatina M (OSM) en la superfície de les EVs i la sobreexpressió induïble del domini intracel·lular de Notch1 (N1ICD) juntament amb el factor induïble per hipòxia 1-alfa (HIF1A) en MSCs per a enriquir les EVs amb factors terapèutics, amb l'expectativa de millorar la seua eficàcia en el context de la isquèmia cardíaca. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que les EVs carregades amb OSM posseeixen propietats antifibròtiques superiors a les EVs natives, a més de reduir el dany cardíac provocat per la infusió d'isoproterenol in vivo. D'altra banda, la sobreexpressió de N1ICD i HIF1A actua a mode de precondicionament genètic afavorint la càrrega de diferents molècules terapèutiques en les EVs. Estes EVs han demostrat exercir efectes beneficiosos in vitro com la reducció de la fibrosi, la protecció dels cardiomiòcits i reducció de la hipertròfia, la disminució d'espècies reactives d'oxigen, i l'augment de l'angiogènesis. En l'estudi in vivo estes EVs van reduir el dany provocat per la infusió d'isoproterenol. En conclusió, hem generat dos tipus de EVs amb un potencial terapèutic superior a les EVs nadiues en el context de la patologia cardíaca. Este treball obri la porta al disseny de noves estratègies terapèutiques basades en EVs, abordant de manera integral els diversos aspectes de la malaltia cardíaca. / [EN] Ischemic heart disease, characterized by a lack of adequate oxygen delivery to the heart tissue, is a serious condition that can trigger acute myocardial infarction and contribute to the development of heart failure (HF). Despite current therapies, HF remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality, highlighting the need for more effective therapeutic strategies. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and, especially their extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as promising options due to their regenerative, pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties. However, the current challenge focuses on improving the therapeutic efficacy of EVs, either by improving their bioavailability in cardiac tissue or by enhancing their intrinsic capabilities, in order to make a therapy based on them viable. In this work, we have focused on the improvement of EVs through genetic modification of MSCs. We have followed two approaches: loading of oncostatin M (OSM) on the surface of EVs and inducible overexpression of Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) together with hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) in MSCs to enrich EVs with therapeutic factors, with the expectation of improving its effectiveness in the context of cardiac ischemia. The results obtained show that OSM-loaded EVs have superior antifibrotic properties than native EVs, in addition to reducing cardiac damage caused by isoproterenol infusion in vivo. On the other hand, the overexpression of N1ICD and HIF1A acts as genetic preconditioning, favouring the loading of different therapeutic molecules in EVs. These EVs have been shown to exert beneficial effects in vitro such as reducing fibrosis, protecting cardiomyocytes and reducing hypertrophy, decreasing reactive oxygen species, and increasing angiogenesis. In the in vivo study, these EVs reduced the isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage. In conclusion, we have generated two types of EVs with a therapeutic potential superior to native EVs in the context of cardiac pathology. This work opens the door to the design of new therapeutic strategies based on EVs, comprehensively addressing the various aspects of heart disease. / Buigues Caravaca, M. (2024). Modificación genética de células estromales mesenquimales para potenciar la eficacia de las vesículas extracelulares en el ámbito de la terapia cardíaca [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204408

No description available.

La leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë à cellules T (LLA-T) figure parmi les cancers infantiles les plus fréquents, représentant environ 15 % des cas de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë pédiatrique et 25 % des cas chez les adultes. Cette maladie se caractérise par un blocage de la différenciation dans la lignée T et une accumulation de lymphoblastes non fonctionnels. Au cours des dernières décennies, les taux de survie se sont améliorés grâce à des protocoles de chimiothérapie agressifs. Cependant, ce traitement est associé à des effets secondaires graves qui affectent la qualité de vie des patients et imposent un fardeau important à leurs familles. De plus, les rechutes présentent un mauvais pronostic. Des travaux antécédents au laboratoire ont montré comment les oncogènes SCL et LMO1 reprogramment les thymocytes immatures au stade DN3 en cellules souches pré-leucémiques qui s’auto-renouvelent (pré-LSC). Les pré-LSCs sont à l'origine de la leucémie, elles sont résistantes à la chimiothérapie et causent des rechutes. Les pré-LSCs dépendent autant des oncogènes initiateurs que des signaux provenant de l'environnement thymique qui activent la voie NOTCH1/MYC. Finalement, un crible de petites molécules visant à inhiber les pré-LSCs dans leur niche a permis d’identifier le 2-MeOE2 comme un composé qui tue les pré-LSCs et diminue les niveaux de la protéine MYC. Dans cette thèse, nous avons cherché à comprendre les mécanismes de régulation de MYC dans les cellules pré-LSC, en utilisant le 2-MeOE2 comme outil pour des approches complémentaires pharmacologiques, génétiques et biochimiques. Ces stratégies nous ont amené à définir l'importance fonctionnelle d'affiner la régulation de MYC dans les cellules pré-LSC. Ainsi, la déstabilisation de MYC via une dégradation protéasomale affecte la viabilité des cellules pré-LSC, tandis qu'un MYC résistant au protéasome induit une signature génétique apoptotique et de sénescence. Ainsi, nos données expliquent l’absence de mutations MYC dans les leucémies LLA-T. Exploitant la capacité de 2-MeOE2 à réduire les niveaux de MYC, nous avons combiné ce médicament avec les principaux agents de chimiothérapie dans la LLA-T. Nos résultats démontrent que, tant dans un modèle murin de leucémie que dans des essais précliniques utilisant des échantillons primaires de leucémies humaines, 2-MeOE2 sensibilise les cellules pré-LSC et les cellules leucémiques à la chimiothérapie. Finalement, le crible de viabilité des pré-LSCs nous a permis aussi d’Identifier des inhibiteurs de la co-chaperone de type HSP90, Cdc37, qui réduisent les niveaux de DL1, le ligand de NOTCH1, exprimés par le stroma, et représentent ainsi de nouveaux régulateurs cellulaires non autonome de l'activité d'auto-renouvellement des cellules pré-LSCs. En effet, plusieurs inhibiteurs agissant sur CDC37/HSP90 in vitro et in vivo reproduisent le phénotype induit par la déplétion de Cdc37, y compris l'inhibition de l'activité des cellules pré-LSC. En conclusion, cette thèse met en lumière le potentiel de la dégradation de MYC en tant qu'approche prometteuse pour améliorer le traitement de la LLA-T en combinaison avec une chimiothérapie standard. De plus, une nouvelle stratégie ciblant le stroma thymique avec des inhibiteurs de Cdc37/Hsp90 a émergé, offrant une nouvelle approche pour inhiber les cellules pré-LSC. Ces découvertes font progresser notre compréhension de la LLA-T et ouvrent des perspectives pour des traitements plus efficaces et moins onéreux, dans le but ultime d'améliorer la qualité de vie des patients et les résultats du Traitement. / T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a common type of childhood cancer, representing approximately 15% of paediatric and 25% of adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia cases. This disease is characterized by differentiation arrest in the T-lineage and excessive accumulation of non-functional lymphoblasts. During the last decades, survival rates have improved due to the intensification of chemotherapy regimens. However, we reached the limits of intensification, due to severe secondary effects that reduce the quality of life of patients and impose a burden on their families. Moreover, disease relapse is of poor outcomes. Previous work in the laboratory showed that the SCL and LMO1 oncogenes reprogram immature thymocytes at the DN3 stage into self-renewing pre-leukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs). Mechanistically, we showed that pre-LSCs depend on both the initiating oncogenes and the signals that these cells receive from the thymic microenvironment, triggering the NOTCH1/MYC pathway. Pre-LSCs give rise to leukemia, are chemoresistant and cause relapse. Previously, in a niche-based pre-LSCs inhibition screen we identified 2-MeOE2 as a compound that kills pre-LSCs and downregulated MYC. In this thesis, we aim to understand the mechanisms of regulation of MYC in pre-LSCs, using 2-MeOE2 as a tool compound for complementary pharmacological, genetic and biochemical approaches. These strategies led us to define the functional importance of fine-tuning MYC regulation in pre-LSCs. Indeed, destabilizing MYC via proteasomal degradation is lethal for pre-LSCs whereas a proteasome resistant MYC induces a senescent and apoptotic gene signature. Our results are consistent with the lack of MYC mutations in T-ALL, despite MYC essentiality. Then, we leveraged the capacity of 2-MeOE2 to decrease MYC levels and combined this drug with the main chemotherapeutic agents in T-ALL. We show that 2-MeOE2 sensitizes pre-LSCs to chemotherapy in our genetic model of leukemia and in pre-clinical models using primary human T-ALL samples xenografted in immune-deficient mice. Additionally, the niche-based viability screen identified a cluster of compounds that target the HSP90 co-chaperone CDC37, causing decreased expression of the NOTCH1 ligand, DL1 in the stroma, and therefore, decreased pre-LSC viability. Indeed, several inhibitors acting on CDC37/HSP90 both in vitro and in vivo reproduce the phenotype induced by depletion of Cdc37, including the inhibition of pre-LSC activity. Therefore, our work identified noncell autonomous inhibitors of pre-LSC self-renewal by their capacity to regulate DL1 in stroma cells. In conclusion, this thesis shed light on the potential of MYC degradation as a promising approach to enhance T-ALL treatment when combined with standard chemotherapy. Additionally, targeting the thymic stroma with CDC37/HSP90 inhibitors emerged as novel means to inhibit pre-LSCs. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of T-ALL and open up avenues for more effective and less burdensome treatments, ultimately aiming to improve patient quality of life and treatment outcomes.

La leucémie lymphoïde aiguë (ALL) est le cancer pédiatrique le plus fréquent. Une proportion importante de ces cas sont des leucémies lymphoïdes aiguës à cellules T (T-ALL). Présentement, le traitement implique l’utilisation d’une chimiothérapie hautement toxique pour une durée s’échelonnant sur plusieurs années. Bien que la rémission soit possible, les séquelles physiques et psychologiques peuvent être dévastatrices, particulièrement dans un contexte pédiatrique. Des rechutes sont également possibles à long terme. Des approches génétiques, cellulaires et moléculaires ont permis d’identifier le thymocyte au stade DN3 comme étant la cellule à l’origine de la leucémie. En effet, dans les cas où la leucémie est induite par l’expression aberrante de SCL/TAL1, des données ont démontré que les thymocytes au stade DN3 sont reprogrammés en cellules souches pré-leucémiques (pré-LSCs) par l’action du complexe SCL-LMO1. Ces cellules acquièrent par la suite une mutation activatrice de NOTCH1, qui accélère le développement de la leucémie. Le stade DN3 est le point de convergence de signaux collaborant pour favoriser survie, différentiation et prolifération cellulaire. Les deux voies de signalisation principales sont celles de NOTCH1 et du pré-TCR. Ces deux signaux sont connus pour jouer un rôle tant au stade pré-leucémique qu’en progression au stade leucémique. Alors qu’il était connu que NOTCH1 était en mesure d’augmenter la fréquence des pré-LSCs, nos travaux révèlent que le pré-TCR favorise leur expansion clonale. Nous démontrons également que les effecteurs de NOTCH1 et du pré-TCR dans les pré-LSCs sont la voie mTOR et la voie de ERK, respectivement. Ces voies de signalisation peuvent être ciblées pharmacologiquement par le Trametinib (inhibiteur MEK1) et le Dactolisib (inhibiteur PI3K/mTOR), menant à un effet additif avec la chimiothérapie (VXL : Vincristine, Dexaméthasone et L-asparaginase) sur les pré-LSCs en essais ex vivo. Nous démontrons également que le Trametinib est synergique avec VXL contre des blastes humains de T-ALL en essais ex vivo. Les résultats de cette même association sont encourageants en essais in vivo de xénogreffe de blastes humains de T-ALL chez des souris immunosupprimées. / Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for a significant portion of these cases. The current standard of care unfortunately involves the use of highly toxic chemotherapy over multiple years. In spite achievement of high remission rate, the life-long physical and psychological sequalae are devastating and cannot be overlooked, especially in the pediatric setting. Genetic, cellular, and molecular approaches have identified thymocyte at the DN3 stage of differentiation as the cell of origin of leukemia. When leukemia is induced by aberrant expression of SCL/TAL1, data show that DN3 cells are reprogrammed into self-renewing pre-leukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs) by the action of the SCL-LMO1 complex. Then, reprogrammed cells gain a NOTCH1 gain-of-function mutation that speeds up development of leukemia. Interestingly, the DN3 stage is a point at which multiple collaborating signals converge to drive cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation. The two main signaling pathways operating at the DN3 stage are NOTCH1 and the pre-TCR. Both signals are recognized for playing a role in leukemogenesis, both at the pre-leukemic stage and in the transition to acute leukemia. While it was known that NOTCH1 increases pre-LSC frequency, we demonstrate herein that pre-TCR promotes pre-LSC clonal expansion. Additionally, we provide evidence that the mTOR pathway and the ERK pathway are effectors of NOTCH1 and pre-TCR signaling, respectively. These pathways can be targeted pharmacologically with Trametinib (MEK1 inhibitor) and Dactolisib (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), leading to additive effects on pre-LSC viability when combined with chemotherapy (VXL: Vincristine, Dexamethasone and L-asparaginase) in ex vivo assays. We also demonstrate that association of VXL with Trametinib is synergistic against primary human leukemic blasts in ex vivo assays. Results from in vivo testing of this association through patient-derived xenografts (PDX) conducted on immunocompromised mice look promising.