Reusing code can expedite software creation, analysis and exploration of data. Expediency can be particularly valuable for users of computational notebooks, where duplication allows them to quickly test hypotheses and iterate over data, without creating code from scratch. In this thesis, I’ll explore the topic of code duplication and the behaviour of code reuse for Jupyter notebooks; quantifying and describing snippets of code and explore potential barriers for reuse. As part of this thesis I conducted two studies into Jupyter notebooks use. In my first study, I mined GitHub repositories, quantifying and describing code duplicates contained within repositories that contained at least one Jupyter notebook. For my second study, I conducted an observational user study using a contextual inquiry, where my participants solved specific tasks using notebooks, while I observed and took notes. The work in this thesis can be categorized as exploratory, since both my studies were aimed at generating hypotheses for which further studies can build upon. My contributions with this thesis is two-fold: a thorough description of code duplicates contained within GitHub repositories and an exploration of the behaviour behind code reuse in Jupyter notebooks. It is my desire that others can build upon this work to provide new tools, addressing some of the issues outlined in this thesis. / Graduate

Until recently, most educational tools have worked in silos. If a teacher wanted her students to complete small programming exercises, record videos, and collaborate through discussion boards, three disconnected tools were probably needed. Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) is a communication protocol that enables different learning tools to talk to each other and share scores with a Learning Management System (LMS). While most commercial LMS now support LTI, most educational software developed by small research efforts do not. This is often because of the lack of resources needed to understand the working of LTI and the process of using LTI in their applications. Our aim is to encourage the use of LTI within the CS Education community. We have developed tutorials that include example applications. We also provide a use case of how LTI is implemented in the OpenDSA eTextbook system. As another use case, we have enabled auto-grading of Jupyter Notebook assignments by providing immediate feedback to students and updating scores to the Canvas gradebook. We provide a Jupyter plugin to upload notebook files to the Web-CAT auto-grading system. We integrate Aalto University's ACOS content into OpenDSA as a third use case. / Master of Science / Until recently, most educational tools have worked in silos. If a teacher wanted her students to complete small programming exercises, record videos, and collaborate through discussion boards, three disconnected tools were probably needed. These disconnected tools did not integrate with the Learning Management Systems (LMS), such as Canvas and Moodle. Instructors had to manually manage these separate tools and enter scores into the LMS. There are standards such as Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) that these learning tools can implement to enable them to talk to each other and to share scores with an LMS. However, most educational software developed by small research efforts do not support LTI. This is often because of the lack of resources needed to understand the working of LTI and the process of using LTI in their applications. We aim to encourage the use of LTI within the CS Education community. We have developed tutorials that include example applications. We also provide a use case of how LTI is implemented in OpenDSA, an eTextbook system developed at Virginia Tech. As another use case, we have enabled auto-grading of Jupyter Notebook (documents that run in a browser and can contain equations, visualizations, live code, and text) assignments by providing immediate feedback to students and updating scores to the Canvas gradebook. We provide a plugin to upload notebook files to the WebCAT auto-grading system directly from the browser. We integrate Aalto University’s ACOS content (Python and Java exercises) into OpenDSA as a third use case.

Neste trabalho se busca pensar a individuação conjunta do corpo e do som, através da improvisação e segmentos de roteiros performáticos. Assim, colhemos traços metodológicos da atuação teatral para pensar as relações entre produção de corpo, som e vocalização. Para fazer jus a essa lógica, cada segmento da tese se debruçou em uma prática produtiva de corpo: caminhada, desenho e conversação. Guiei-me, para esse campo operativo, na noção de transdução, conforme trabalhada por Gilbert Simondon. É escritura, portanto, experimental, que compromete o tecido argumentativo de uma tese com procedimentos oriundos de outros ambientes, mais instáveis, como a precariedade do caderno. Referência vitalista nesse caso é o Artaud tardio (1943-1948). Focalizamos, em sobreposição, as práticas dos núcleos de corpossom, coletivos de dimensões artístico-pedagógicas que se envolveram no trabalho acima descrito. / In this work we seek to think about the combined individuation of body and sound, through improvisation and segments of performance routines. Thus, we collect methodological traits of theatrical performance to think about relations between body generation, sound and vocalization. To make justice to this logic, each segment of the thesis has looked over on a generative body practice: walking, drawing and conversation. I guided myself, for this operative field, by the notion of transduction, as worked by Gilbert Simondon. It is scripture, therefore, experimental, which compromises the argumentative fabric of a thesis with procedures from other, more unstable environments, such as the precariousness of the notebook. Vitalist reference in this case is the last Artaud (1943-1948). We focused, in overlapping, the practices of the nuclei of corpossom [bodysound], collective of artistic-pedagogical dimensions that were involved in the work described above.

Esta pesquisa fala sobre Cadernos de Artista na intersecção entre duas áreas: a arte e a educação. Na tentativa de valorizar a práxis dos sujeitos da arte e da educação e ressignificar alguns instrumentos desgastados no espaço escolar, investigou-se as contribuições do exercício com a arte para a construção do olhar do artista, do professor e do aluno, dirigindo a pesquisa de forma que o objeto metodológico utilizado fosse um caderno que permitisse abrigar experiências com a arte, despertando relações cognitivas e afetivas no processo de construção do conhecimento. Está dividida e impressa em quatro partes diferentes: INTRODUÇÃO/CONCLUSÃO, I-CADERNO DA ARTISTA, II-CADERNO DA ARTISTA/EDUCADORA e III-CADERNO DOS ALUNOS. Tratados também como cadernos, cada um deles disserta a respeito da análise sobre o que foi produzido pelos sujeitos indicados. A pesquisa está fundamentada pelos aportes teóricos da Perspectiva Histórico-Cultural no campo da arte e da educação, embasada nos estudos de Lev Semenovich Vigotski e seus interlocutores, bem como na concepção de uma educação crítica e libertadora, segundo Paulo Freire, costurada, ainda, a textos e contribuições teóricas de inúmeros artistas, entre eles a concepção de artista-propositor, de Lygia Clark. O principal objetivo da pesquisa é contribuir com as discussões acerca das práticas contemporâneas de ensino de arte no contexto da escola pública, e isso inclui a formação de professores críticos e sensíveis e ações que partam das problematizações decorrentes dessa realidade. / This research focuses on Artist\'s Notebooks and its intersection between two fields: Arts and Education. In the attempt to value one\'s praxis in Art and Education and to give a new meaning to some outdated instruments in the school environment, we investigate the contributions of the exercise through Art towards the construction of the artist\'s point-of-view, besides the teacher\'s and the student\'s. Therefore, it leads the research to the methodological object: a notebook which brings Art experience and awakes cognitive and affective relations in the process of building knowledge. Thus, the thesis is divided into four different parts: Introduction/ Conclusion, I- Artist\'s Notebook, II- Artist/Educator\'s Notebook and III-Student\'s Notebook. Also treated as notebooks, each one talks about the analyses on what was produced by the correspondent person. This research is based on the Cultural-historical Perspective in the Arts and Education fields, based on Lev Semenovich Vigotski theory and his interlocutors, as much as in the concept of a critical and liberating education, according to Paulo Freire. Also, it is linked to texts and theoretical contributions of many artists, such as the conception between artist-proposer, by Lygia Clark. The main purpose, nonetheless, is to contribute to the discussions about the Art education contemporary praxis in the state schools reality and that embraces the training of critical and sensitive teachers and actions which come from the questionings originated inside this reality.

This thesis deals with the marketing strategy of the company HPhobby s.r.o., which is realising its activities only through the online store www.hphobby.cz. The aim is to analyze the company and its competitors and apply this data to marketing strategy focused on Internet marketing tools. The first chapter deals with the analysis of the company and its competitors, for this chapter the SWOT, PEST analysis and BCG matrix are used. The second chapter concerns the segmentation of the consumer, for this MML-TGI ČR data, Czech statistical office data, questionnaire and internal company data are used. The third chapter deals with the marketing strategy, where I define marketing objectives of the company. Another part of this chapter deals with the marketing mix, including budget, monitoring and evaluation of the company.

This embedded case study of an eighth-grade English language arts reading classroom employed an ecological perspective based on Ecological Systems Theory (EST) to examine the ways in which a myriad influences, often conflicting and originating in a variety of settings external to the classroom, intersected in that classroom. The findings from this research point toward the reality of literacy classrooms buffeted by conflicting Discourses around writing that originate in official school structures, as well as the difficulty students and teachers have navigating the tensions created by those conflicts. The focal teacher for this study, a master teacher, navigated these conflicting discourses by being thoughtfully adaptive and balancing policy mandates with her own knowledge of and beliefs about literacy instruction, though she often made instructional decisions at odds with her knowledge and beliefs because she feared lack of compliance with administrative or district mandates risked her job. In this contested atmosphere, the teacher supported students in navigating the myriad literacy practices within the classroom, and the literacy practices from their lives outside of school, using writer's notebooks. These notebooks served as boundary objects because they incorporated a variety of influences and Discourses in a single tool. Even in creating a robust literacy ecology in her classroom through the use of writer's notebooks, thoughtfully adapting to the myriad policy mandates, and having departmental and professional support for her work, she left the school at the end of the year because she could not be the type of teacher she wanted to be in that school. The broader implication of her decision, and the research more generally, is that classrooms are not isolated from the settings within which they are embedded, and those settings often influence the classroom in ways that conflict and create tensions. Teachers and students, then, must make decisions about how to navigate those tensions, often at odds with their knowledge or beliefs. These conflicts and tensions within a classroom can be reduced, or mitigated through communicating, building trust, working toward consensus, and avoiding exercises of power. / text

Esta pesquisa fala sobre Cadernos de Artista na intersecção entre duas áreas: a arte e a educação. Na tentativa de valorizar a práxis dos sujeitos da arte e da educação e ressignificar alguns instrumentos desgastados no espaço escolar, investigou-se as contribuições do exercício com a arte para a construção do olhar do artista, do professor e do aluno, dirigindo a pesquisa de forma que o objeto metodológico utilizado fosse um caderno que permitisse abrigar experiências com a arte, despertando relações cognitivas e afetivas no processo de construção do conhecimento. Está dividida e impressa em quatro partes diferentes: INTRODUÇÃO/CONCLUSÃO, I-CADERNO DA ARTISTA, II-CADERNO DA ARTISTA/EDUCADORA e III-CADERNO DOS ALUNOS. Tratados também como cadernos, cada um deles disserta a respeito da análise sobre o que foi produzido pelos sujeitos indicados. A pesquisa está fundamentada pelos aportes teóricos da Perspectiva Histórico-Cultural no campo da arte e da educação, embasada nos estudos de Lev Semenovich Vigotski e seus interlocutores, bem como na concepção de uma educação crítica e libertadora, segundo Paulo Freire, costurada, ainda, a textos e contribuições teóricas de inúmeros artistas, entre eles a concepção de artista-propositor, de Lygia Clark. O principal objetivo da pesquisa é contribuir com as discussões acerca das práticas contemporâneas de ensino de arte no contexto da escola pública, e isso inclui a formação de professores críticos e sensíveis e ações que partam das problematizações decorrentes dessa realidade. / This research focuses on Artist\'s Notebooks and its intersection between two fields: Arts and Education. In the attempt to value one\'s praxis in Art and Education and to give a new meaning to some outdated instruments in the school environment, we investigate the contributions of the exercise through Art towards the construction of the artist\'s point-of-view, besides the teacher\'s and the student\'s. Therefore, it leads the research to the methodological object: a notebook which brings Art experience and awakes cognitive and affective relations in the process of building knowledge. Thus, the thesis is divided into four different parts: Introduction/ Conclusion, I- Artist\'s Notebook, II- Artist/Educator\'s Notebook and III-Student\'s Notebook. Also treated as notebooks, each one talks about the analyses on what was produced by the correspondent person. This research is based on the Cultural-historical Perspective in the Arts and Education fields, based on Lev Semenovich Vigotski theory and his interlocutors, as much as in the concept of a critical and liberating education, according to Paulo Freire. Also, it is linked to texts and theoretical contributions of many artists, such as the conception between artist-proposer, by Lygia Clark. The main purpose, nonetheless, is to contribute to the discussions about the Art education contemporary praxis in the state schools reality and that embraces the training of critical and sensitive teachers and actions which come from the questionings originated inside this reality.

From Introduction: The present work is about the nouvelles of Henry James and not about phenomenology. That is to say that I am more concerned with James's use of the form of the nouvelle than with the illustration of a method. But, as Roland Barthes has pointed out: "How can we tell the novel from the short story, the tale from the myth, suspense drama from tragedy ... without reference to a common model? Any critical attempt to describe even the most specific, the most historically orientated narrative form implies such a model. "I Hence, because phenomenology is somewhat alien to the Anglo-American critical sensibility, I must temporarily reverse this emphasis and discuss the phenomenological "model" that underlies my investigation of James and the nouvelle form. Elsewhere phenomenological theory will take precedence only when it throws light on what is a highly elusive genre.

The ability to make and record scientific observations is critical in order for students to engage in successful inquiry, and provides a sturdy foundation for children to develop higher order cognitive processes. Nevertheless, observation is taken for granted in the elementary classroom. This study explores how linking school garden experience with the use of science journals can support this skill. Students participated in a month-long unit in which they practiced their observation skills in the garden and recorded those observations in a science journal. Students' observational skills were assessed using pre- and post-assessments, student journals, and student interviews using three criteria: Accuracy, Detail, and Quantitative Data. Statistically significant improvements were found in the categories of Detail and Quantitative Data. Scores did improve in the category of Accuracy, but it was not found to be a statistically significant improvement.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not my practice of implementing Interactive Science Notebooks (ISN) impacts 4th grade students writing in science. Through this action research, students' writing was analyzed to determine whether the use of ISN affected students' use of details, support claims and justifications in their written responses. Also through the use of the Interactive Science Notebook, students' use of science vocabulary in their writing was also analyzed. Finally, students' reflective writing practices were examined in order to determine how students understood and explored physical science. A triangulation of data gathered consisted of the use of rubrics, focus groups and one-on-one conferencing. The data collected from this action research implied that the Interactive Science Notebooks did indeed have an impact on students' scientific writing. Students writing reflections demonstrated an increase in the use of claims and evidence, and meaningful questions related to the science topic investigated.