2 pp. / Camelthorn is an invasive weed classified as a noxious weed in Arizona. The weed has the potential to cause serious damage for private landowners and their property. This fact sheet provides the means for landowners to identify and take steps to control and eliminate this weed.

Background: While pain is essential for physiological functioning, chronic or pathologic pain is responsible for a major burden of disease in society. Novel approaches to treating acute and chronic pain have employed neuromodulatory tools to target the central and peripheral neural structures that mediate pain. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), for example, is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has been shown in preliminary studies to reduce chronic pain when applied to the primary motor cortex. In contrast to this exogenous neuromodulatory approach, diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) refers to endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms that decrease pain following introduction of heterotopic noxious stimuli. This thesis explores whether combining these exogenous and endogenous pain modulation approaches synergistically increases the threshold at which pain is perceived. Methods: We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a crossover design to investigate the effects of tDCS and DNIC on pain thresholds in 15 healthy human subjects. Pain thresholds were assessed prior to and following administration of active tDCS, sham tDCS, cold-water-induced DNIC, and combined active tDCS and DNIC. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we examined whether baseline concentrations of brain metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate in pain-related regions of interest were associated with responses to the varying neuromodulatory conditions. Results: Pain thresholds significantly increased following both active tDCS and the DNIC paradigm. These modulatory approaches appeared to have additive effects when combined. Pain threshold increases after active tDCS were positively correlated with baseline levels of N-acetylaspartate, a marker of good neural function, in the anterior cingulate cortex and negatively correlated with baseline levels of glutamine in the thalamus. Conclusions: Combining endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms with exogenous stimulation of the motor cortex can more effectively increase pain thresholds in healthy humans. Future studies should examine whether existing pain therapies may be enhanced with noninvasive brain stimulation and activation of DNIC. They should also assess whether brain metabolite levels can be utilized to predict clinical response to therapeutic interventions.

Mapping their location and extent is a critical step in noxious weed management. One of the most common methods of mapping noxious weeds is to walk the perimeter of each patch with a handheld GPS receiver. This is the method used at Camp Williams, a National Guard Bureau training facility in Utah where this study was conducted. It was proposed that a low-cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that made use of a hobbyist remote control airplane equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and digital camera could be used along with automated post-processing techniques to reduce the cost of weed mapping compared to the on foot method. Two noxious weeds were studied: musk thistle (Carduus nutans) and dalmation toadflax (Linaria dalmatica). The musk thistle was visually identifiable in the imagery but the dalmation toadflax was confused with yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis). It was found that after the automated post-processing the photos were not positioned well enough to produce a consistent and accurate weed perimeter. A supervised classification was attempted with imagery of the musk thistle, however, the accuracy of the classification was too low to be able to identify the weed perimeter from the classification. To achieve accurate results the photos had to be registered to a base image and the perimeter of each patch hand digitized. The time it took to do so increased the costs well above the on foot method. A number of improvements to the UAV could make the image registration step unnecessary. There are other applications for which this low cost UAV could be used.

This research paper was submitted to the Department of Geography in fulfillment of the requirements of Geography 4C6. / <p>This paper examines the way political and monetary influences effect the siting process for noxious facilities. Understanding their effects is an important first step to controlling them so that social and environmental equity is maintained.</p> <p>How is it that certain agents are able to have more political influence than others. The role of different types of political influence, the differences between governmental and non-governmental agents, the differences between Primary and Secondary agents and the differences between the potential to create influence and inherent political influence will all be examined. The way these elements combine to create political influence is important to understand how certain agents are able to effect the siting of noxious facilities.</p> <p>The construction of an hierarchy of power will be attempted, taking into consideration the above factors as well as some internal factors such as the credibility, reputation, commitment and strategies used, of the individual agents. Monetary influences are easily defined, and will also be taken into consideration.</p> <p>These elements of political and monetary influences will be examined in the context of a siting process which occurred in Hal ton Region over a waste disposal site. Each agent involved in the siting decision will be examined, using the above elements to determine if the hierarchy is correct and, if the agent with the most political and monetary influences is in fact, the agent to effect the siting of that noxious facility.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project consists of two botanical investigations in an agricultural area of the Western Cape Province. A farm known as De Rust, in the Elgin Valley, was used to sample the geographic location, density, height and life stage of six prominent invasive plant species in various land-use categories. In the first investigation, the density, height and age structures of the six invasive species populations were analyzed. The density distribution of the six species was also displayed cartographically. Species were then ranked according to the potential threat that they pose to the conservation of the remaining natural areas on the farm. Results indicated that Acacia mearnsii and Acacia saligna are the major invaders at De Rust and that Hakea sericea can be considered as an emerging invader. The second investigation explores the statistical relationship between the various land-use categories and density, height and age of the six prominent invaders identified in the first investigation. The loglikelihood ratio analysis of observed frequencies resulted in statistically significant (P<0.01; P-values range between 1.35 x 10-3 and 2.7 x 10-224) relationships between certain land-use types and certain invasive species. A conclusion was reached that it could be useful to include land-use categories in simulation models of invasive plant species distribution and spread. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie projek behels twee botaniese ondersoeke in ‘n landbou gebied van die Weskaap. Die plaas bekend as De Rust, in die Elgin Vallei, was gebruik vir die versameling van data te doen met die geografiese ligging, plant digtheid, lengte en lewens stadium van ses prominente indringer plant spesies in verskeie landgebruik kategorieë. Die digtheid, lengte en ouderdomstruktuur van ses indringerspesies was in die eerste ondersoek geanaliseer. Die verspreiding van digtheid was ook in kaarte uitgelê. Spesies was daarna volgens hulle potentiële dreiging teen die bewaring van oorblywende natuurlike dele van die plaas in ‘n rangorde geplaas. Resiltate dui aan dat Acacia mearnsii en Acacia saligna die belangrikste indringer plante op De Rust is en dat Hakea sericea as ‘n opkomende indringer beskou kan word. Die tweede ondersoek kyk na die verhouding tussen verskeie grondgebruik kategorië en die digtheid, lengte en ouderdom van die ses prominente indringer spesies wat in die eerste ondersoek identifiseër is. ‘n Log tipe ratios ontleding van bewaarde frekwensies het ‘n statisties belangrike uitkoms gehad (P<0.01; P-waardes tussen 1.35 x 10-3 en 2.7 x 10-224) vir die verhoudings tussen sekere grondgebruik tipes en sekere indringer spesies. Die gevolgtrekking was dat dit handig mag wees om grondgebruik kategorieë in simulasies van indringer plant verspreiding te gebruik.

Les personnes vieillissantes doivent composer au quotidien avec des douleurs chroniques. Le but de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents qui contribueraient aux douleurs chroniques liées au vieillissement et par là, ouvrir un chemin vers de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. Les contrôles inhibiteurs diffus nociceptifs (CIDN) ont un rôle qui n’est pas des moindres dans le contrôle de la douleur. Des études expérimentales examinant l’effet analgésique de la contre stimulation hétérotopique nociceptive (HNCS), un protocole permettant de tester l’efficacité de ces CIDN, suggèrent que le recrutement des CIDN au sein de cette population était plus faible (i.e. moins d’inhibition) comparé à une population plus jeune. En revanche, les études examinant la sensibilisation centrale induite par sommation temporelle (TS) de la douleur rapportent des résultats mitigés. De plus, une composante importante influençant l’expérience de douleur, les ressources cognitives, dont l’inhibition cognitive, se voient aussi décliner avec l’âge. Premièrement, le recrutement des CIDN a été comparé entre des participants sains, jeunes et des plus âgés avec la HNCS, et le recrutement des mécanismes de sensibilisation centrale avec la TS. La stimulation électrique du nerf sural a été choisie pour permettre de quantifier la douleur, tout en prenant une mesure indicative de la nociception spinale qu’est le réflexe nociceptif spinal (RIII). Nos sujets ont aussi participé à une tâche cognitive (le Stroop), testant l’inhibition cognitive. Deuxièmement, l’efficacité des CIDN ainsi que de l’inhibition cognitive a été testée chez les jeunes et les aînés en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM), afin de vérifier la relation entre ces deux mesures psychophysiques et l’épaisseur corticale des régions qui y sont impliquées ainsi que l’effet de l’âge sur celles-ci. Les résultats suggèrent un moindre recrutement des CIDN chez les plus âgés lors de l’expérimentation de la HNCS. Également, les sujets âgés présentaient des capacités d’inhibitions cognitives plus faibles que les jeunes. En plus, une corrélation entre l’inhibition cognitive et la modulation du réflexe RIII par la HNCS a été mise en évidence. Pour l’expérience de TS, les résultats étaient comparables pour les deux groupes, suggérant que les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la douleur ne subiraient pas l’effet de l’âge de la même manière. Pour l’étude de l’épaisseur corticale, on y trouve une diminution globale de l’épaisseur corticale liée à l’âge, mais aussi une corrélation de l’analgésie par la HNCS avec l’inhibition cognitive et également, une relation des deux avec l’épaisseur corticale du cortex orbitofrontal (OFC) latéral gauche, suggérant la possibilité d’une existence d’un réseau neuronal au moins partiellement commun du contrôle inhibiteur descendant sensoriel et cognitif. Ce travail montre que l’effet de l’âge sur les mécanismes centraux de la régulation de la douleur est loin d’être uniforme. Également, il montre une corrélation entre la modulation endogène de la douleur et l’inhibition cognitive, ces deux processus seraient associés à une même région cérébrale. Ces résultats pourraient contribuer à identifier d’autres méthodes thérapeutiques, ouvrant ainsi une nouvelle avenue vers d’autres options dans la prise en charge des douleurs chroniques chez les personnes vieillissantes. / Elderly have to deal daily with chronic pain. The diffuse inhibitory descending controls (DNIC) are much involved in the pain control. It was shown that the DNIC recruitment was lower in elderly than in young population, using the analgesic effect of the heterotopic noxious counter stimulation (HNCS), a protocol allowing testing the efficiency of the DNIC. However, the studies assessing the central sensitization by the temporal summation of pain after repetitive stimuli have reported mixed results, the effect of age is still unclear. In addition, there is an age-related decline of an important component, which has an influence on pain perception, the cognitive resources and especially the cognitive inhibition. The goal of this work is to understand the underling mechanisms of the chronic pain related to the normal aging, which can leads to a new therapeutic perspectives. First, the recruitment of the CIDN was compared between healthy young and elderly participants using the HNCS, and the central sensitization was tested using TS. The sural nerve electric shock stimulation was chosen, because it allows us to have two measures, the pain rating and the nociceptive spinal reflex (RIII), an indicative measure of the nociception. Our participants were also invited to participate in a cognitive task (the Stroop), to assess the cognitive inhibition. Second, the efficacy of the CIDN and the cognitive inhibition in elderly and young participants was tested, but this time in a magnetic resonance imaging session. We have wanted to test the association between these two-psychophysics measures, with the cortical thickness of the regions involved into these two processes, and the effect of the normal aging on them. The results have showed a less recruitment of the DNIC in elderly in the HNCS experiment. Also, the elderly have performed less than young in the cognitive inhibition. In addition, a correlation between the cognitive inhibition and the modulation of the RIII-reflex was found. For the TS experiment, no difference was shown between the two groups, suggesting that aging may affect differently the mechanisms involved in endogenous pain modulation. The morphometric study has showed a global diminution of the cortical thickness with aging. Furthermore, there was an association, between the HNCS analgesia and the performance in cognitive inhibition, and between theses two processes and the cortical thickness of the left lateral OFC. These results suggest an eventual existence of at least a partial neuronal common network for the sensorial and cognitive descending inhibitory control. This thesis has showed that the effect of normal aging on the central mechanisms of the pain regulation might be not uniform. Also, on one hand a correlation between the endogenous modulation of pain and cognitive inhibition was reported, and on the other hand that these two processes would be related to the same cortical area. Together, these findings would help to develop new therapeutic methods and offer more options to the management of pain in the elderly.

Wolbachia é uma -Proteobacteria transmitida transovarianamente, comum a diversas espécies de insetos. Este simbionte é conhecido pela habilidade em explorar os sistemas reprodutivos de seus hospedeiros, induzindo alterações no modo de reprodução dos mesmos, como a indução de incompatibilidade citoplasmática, telitoquia, feminização e morte de machos, favorecendo, assim, sua própria disseminação na população hospedeira. Em Hymenoptera e outros insetos haplodiplóides, machos haplóides são produzidos a partir de ovos não-fecundados; porém, quando infectados por linhagem de Wolbachia indutora de telitoquia, produzem apenas fêmeas. Os parasitoides de ovos do gênero Trichogramma são muito utilizados no controle biológico aplicado e são comumente associados a Wolbachia. No Brasil, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) se destaca como o principal parasitoide de ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), sendo inúmeras as iniciativas para a sua utilização em programas de controle biológico aplicado desta praga. Dada a importância destes inimigos naturais no combate aos insetos-praga e aos efeitos na reprodução e aptidão biológica induzidos pela associação com Wolbachia, este estudo investigou a interação Wolbachia T. galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) que, até o momento, era desconhecida. A ocorrência de Wolbachia associada a T. galloi foi avaliada em amostragens de duas populações naturais deste inimigo natural, Iracemápolis e Lençóis Paulista. Posturas coletadas de ambas populações indicaram a ocorrência de 15% e 33% de fêmeas infectadas por Wolbachia, respectivamente, em Iracemápolis e Lençóis Paulista. A emergência de machos em ambas populações indica para o fato de que a infecção não estava fixada na população. Isolinhagens irmãs de T. galloi da população de Lençóis Paulista, contendo (W+) ou não (W-) Wolbachia, foram estabelecidas em laboratório após tratamento com antibiótico para se verificar a relação existente nesta associação. A relação de simbiose estabelecida foi verificada após avaliação de inúmeros parâmetros biológicos e da resistência das isolinhagens ao estresse térmico. A análise comparativa indicou que a eliminação de Wolbachia influenciou a longevidade de adultos e o número de parasitoides depositados por ovo do hospedeiro, mas não foi observado efeito na fecundidade ou razão sexual. Fêmeas W+ e fêmeas W- reduziram a longevidade com o aumento da exposição ao choque térmico, mas, fêmeas W+ foram menos longevas do que W-. A fecundidade também foi afetada pela exposição prolongada (6 h), independente da infecção. / Wolbachia is a common a-proteobacterium in insects, wich is transmitted transovarially. This symbiont is known for its ability to explore the reproductive system of their hosts through severa 1 alterations that lead to cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytoky, feminization and death of males, to favour its own spread in the host population. In Hymenoptera and other haplodiploid insects, males are produced ITom non- fertilized eggs, but when infected by a strain of Wolbachia that induces thelytoky, only females will be produced. Trichograrnrna are eggs parasitoids that are widely used in augmentative biological control and are commonly associated with Wolbachia. In Brazil, Trichograrnrna galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) stands out as the main parasitoid of eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and a number of initiatives for their use in applied biological control programs of this pest. The importance of T galloi as a natural enemy of D. saccharalis and the alterations Wolbachia may induce on the reproduction and fitness of their hosts, require for studies on the association Wolbachia - T galloi. The association of Wolbachia with T galloi was evaluated in two samples of natural populations of D. saccharalis, one ITom Iracemápolis and another ITom Lençóis Paulista. Egg masses collected ITom both populations indicated the occurrence of 15% and 33% oi females infected by Wolbachia, respectively, ITom Iracemápolis and Lençóis Paulista. However, the emergence of males ITom both populations indicated the infection was not fixed. Wolbachia-infected (W) or Wolbachia-cured (W) sister lines of T galloi were produced ITom specimens ITom the population of Lençóis Paulista to carry further on this association. Comparative biological studies and the sensitivity to short-term heat stress between W and W. sister lines was assessed to check for the effects of Wolbachia on T galloi. Biological comparative analysis indicated that the elimination of Wolbachia enhanced adult longevity and the number of parasitoids developing per host egg, but no effect on life time fecundity or sex ratio was observed. W and W. females had a decreased longevity as the exposure to the heat shock increased, but W females lived much shorter than the W. ones. Females fecundity was also affected by the prolonged (6 h) exposure to a high temperature, regardless their infection status

O primeiro passo para entender as funções da microbiota do trato digestivo na biologia dos insetos consiste na identificação dos membros destas comunidades. Neste trabalho, as bactérias presentes no mesêntero de lagartas da broca da cana-de-açúcar, Diatraea saccharalis e da lagarta-do-cartucho-do-milho, Spodoptera frugiperda, provenientes de diferentes localidades, espécies ou variedades de plantas hospedeiras, foram identificadas por isolamentos em meio de cultura TSA (Triptona de Soja Agar) e por técnicas moleculares que independem do cultivo dos microrganismos. As lagartas de D. saccharalis foram coletadas em nove variedades de cana-deaçúcar nos municípios paulistas de Bocaina, Tanabi e Luís Antônio. S. frugiperda foram coletadas diretamente no campo em milho em Piracicaba-SP e populações de campo e de laboratório foram também alimentadas com dieta artificial, milho, algodão, sorgo e arroz. Foram utilizadas 90 lagartas de D. saccharalis e 40 de S. frugiperda sendo a microbiota de cada lagarta avaliada individualmente. As bactérias isoladas foram testadas quanto à capacidade de degradação de celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e bagaço de cana. A caracterização molecular foi realizada por DGGE (Gel de eletroforese em gradiente desnaturante) usando-se a região 16S do RNA ribossômico amplificado de DNA metagenômico extraído do mesêntero de 57 lagartas de D. saccharalis e 26 de S. frugiperda. Posteriormente, 6 destas amostras de DNA metagenômico de cada uma das espécies de insetos foram clonadas e as 12 bibliotecas de clones foram sequenciadas. A comunidade de bactérias cultiváveis das duas espécies de insetos é composta por representantes dos filos Firmicutes, Proteobacteria e Actinobacteria. A afiliação filogenética das seqüências das bibliotecas de clones de rRNA 16S revelou a ocorrência, além destes filos, de Bacteroidetes em D. saccharalis e Bacteroidetes e Acidobacteria em S. frugiperda. Somente bactérias isoladas de D. saccharalis apresentaram resposta positiva nos testes de degradação in vitro para celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e bagaço de cana. A capacidade destes microrganismos de degradar celulose foi maior do que hemicelulose e poucos produziram enzimas para degradar lignina. Somente duas bactérias apresentaram resposta positiva aos testes de degradação para todas estas fontes de carbono. As seqüências de rRNA 16S destas se agrupam com representantes de Phyllobacterium trifolii e Bacillus subtilis. O maior número de sequências de bactérias cultiváveis pertence aos gêneros Bacillus (26,4 e 32.4% em D. saccharalis e S. frugiperda, respectivamente), Enterococcus (12,1 e 13%) e Microbacterium (18 e 12%). As análises das seqüências obtidas do DNA metagenômico revelaram que Klebsiella esteve presente em todas as amostras analisadas de D. saccharalis. As comunidades de bactérias em S. frugiperda apresentaram maior variação em função do alimento. Entretanto, Ralstonia e Hydrogenophilus estiveram presentes na maioria das lagartas. As variações das estruturas das comunidades bacterianas de S. frugiperda e de D. saccharalis estão diretamente relacionadas com a origem das populações e o tipo de alimentação dos insetos. A presença constante de algumas bactérias na maioria dos insetos indica que estas possam ser indispensáveis, exercendo alguma função vital para o inseto ou que apresentam alguma relação vantajosa para o hospedeiro. / The identification of members of the microbe communities is the first step to understand their roles on insect biology. We have characterized the midgut bacterial community of fifth ínstar caterpillars of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, and of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, through isolation on tryptic soy agar medium and through culture-independent molecular techniques. D. saccharalis caterpillars were collected on nine sugarcane varieties in Bocaina, Tanabi and Luís Antônio cities in São Paulo State. S. frugiperda were collected directly from corn fields in Piracicaba-SP and field and laboratory populations were reared on artificial diet, corn, cotton, sorghum and rice. Ninety D. saccharalis caterpillars and 40 S. frugiperda caterpillars were used. The microbiota community of each caterpillar was evaluated individually. The ability of bacterial isolates to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and sugarcane bagasse was assessed. The molecular analyses were based on Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences amplified from metagenomic DNA extracted from 57 individual midgut of D. saccharalis and 26 from S. frugiperda. Latter, 6 of these metagenomic DNA of each insect species were cloned and the 12 clone libraries were sequenced. The cultivable bacterial community of these two insect species is composed by representatives of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The phylotypes from the clone libraries of 16S rRNA were comprised by Bacteroidetes in D. saccharalis and Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria in S. frugiperda, besides the three phyla found by culturing. Only bacteria isolated from D. saccharalis had ability to degrade cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and sugarcane bagasse in the in vitro tests. The ability to degrade cellulose was more common than the ability to degrade hemicelullose and just a few isolates had the ability to degrade lignin. The only two bacteria presenting a positive response to degradation of all carbon sources were clustered with Phyllobacterium trifolii and Bacillus subtilis. The greatest number of cultivable bacteria sequences belongs to genera Bacillus (26.4 and 32.4%, in D. saccharalis and S. frugiperda, respectively), Enterococcus (12.1 and 13%) and Microbacterium (18 and 12%). Sequence analysis from metagenomic DNA revealed the genera Klebsiella in all samples from D. saccharalis. Bacterial community varied according to S. frugiperda host plant; however, both Ralstonia and Hydrogenophilus genera were present in the digestive tracts of insects from most host plants. Community structure variation of S. frugiperda and D. saccharalis is related directly to insect population origin and type of insect food source. The constant presence of some bacteria in the majority of insects indicates that those microorganisms might either be indispensable, playing a vital role to the insect, or have some symbiotic or commensal relation with the insect.

No description available.

Wolbachia é uma -Proteobacteria transmitida transovarianamente, comum a diversas espécies de insetos. Este simbionte é conhecido pela habilidade em explorar os sistemas reprodutivos de seus hospedeiros, induzindo alterações no modo de reprodução dos mesmos, como a indução de incompatibilidade citoplasmática, telitoquia, feminização e morte de machos, favorecendo, assim, sua própria disseminação na população hospedeira. Em Hymenoptera e outros insetos haplodiplóides, machos haplóides são produzidos a partir de ovos não-fecundados; porém, quando infectados por linhagem de Wolbachia indutora de telitoquia, produzem apenas fêmeas. Os parasitoides de ovos do gênero Trichogramma são muito utilizados no controle biológico aplicado e são comumente associados a Wolbachia. No Brasil, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) se destaca como o principal parasitoide de ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), sendo inúmeras as iniciativas para a sua utilização em programas de controle biológico aplicado desta praga. Dada a importância destes inimigos naturais no combate aos insetos-praga e aos efeitos na reprodução e aptidão biológica induzidos pela associação com Wolbachia, este estudo investigou a interação Wolbachia T. galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) que, até o momento, era desconhecida. A ocorrência de Wolbachia associada a T. galloi foi avaliada em amostragens de duas populações naturais deste inimigo natural, Iracemápolis e Lençóis Paulista. Posturas coletadas de ambas populações indicaram a ocorrência de 15% e 33% de fêmeas infectadas por Wolbachia, respectivamente, em Iracemápolis e Lençóis Paulista. A emergência de machos em ambas populações indica para o fato de que a infecção não estava fixada na população. Isolinhagens irmãs de T. galloi da população de Lençóis Paulista, contendo (W+) ou não (W-) Wolbachia, foram estabelecidas em laboratório após tratamento com antibiótico para se verificar a relação existente nesta associação. A relação de simbiose estabelecida foi verificada após avaliação de inúmeros parâmetros biológicos e da resistência das isolinhagens ao estresse térmico. A análise comparativa indicou que a eliminação de Wolbachia influenciou a longevidade de adultos e o número de parasitoides depositados por ovo do hospedeiro, mas não foi observado efeito na fecundidade ou razão sexual. Fêmeas W+ e fêmeas W- reduziram a longevidade com o aumento da exposição ao choque térmico, mas, fêmeas W+ foram menos longevas do que W-. A fecundidade também foi afetada pela exposição prolongada (6 h), independente da infecção. / Wolbachia is a common a-proteobacterium in insects, wich is transmitted transovarially. This symbiont is known for its ability to explore the reproductive system of their hosts through severa 1 alterations that lead to cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytoky, feminization and death of males, to favour its own spread in the host population. In Hymenoptera and other haplodiploid insects, males are produced ITom non- fertilized eggs, but when infected by a strain of Wolbachia that induces thelytoky, only females will be produced. Trichograrnrna are eggs parasitoids that are widely used in augmentative biological control and are commonly associated with Wolbachia. In Brazil, Trichograrnrna galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) stands out as the main parasitoid of eggs of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and a number of initiatives for their use in applied biological control programs of this pest. The importance of T galloi as a natural enemy of D. saccharalis and the alterations Wolbachia may induce on the reproduction and fitness of their hosts, require for studies on the association Wolbachia - T galloi. The association of Wolbachia with T galloi was evaluated in two samples of natural populations of D. saccharalis, one ITom Iracemápolis and another ITom Lençóis Paulista. Egg masses collected ITom both populations indicated the occurrence of 15% and 33% oi females infected by Wolbachia, respectively, ITom Iracemápolis and Lençóis Paulista. However, the emergence of males ITom both populations indicated the infection was not fixed. Wolbachia-infected (W) or Wolbachia-cured (W) sister lines of T galloi were produced ITom specimens ITom the population of Lençóis Paulista to carry further on this association. Comparative biological studies and the sensitivity to short-term heat stress between W and W. sister lines was assessed to check for the effects of Wolbachia on T galloi. Biological comparative analysis indicated that the elimination of Wolbachia enhanced adult longevity and the number of parasitoids developing per host egg, but no effect on life time fecundity or sex ratio was observed. W and W. females had a decreased longevity as the exposure to the heat shock increased, but W females lived much shorter than the W. ones. Females fecundity was also affected by the prolonged (6 h) exposure to a high temperature, regardless their infection status