Os receptores do tipo Toll (TLRs) são as primeiras proteínas do sistema imune a identificarem distúrbios, reconhecem patógenos como bactérias, fungos e vírus. Como o processo inflamatório possui um importante papel em diversas doenças, os TLRs foram considerados potenciais alvos em estratégias terapêuticas, incluindo o tratamento de câncer. No entanto, o papel dos TLRs permanece ambíguo. Esse estudo teve como objetivos analisar os níveis de expressão dos TLRs presentes em membrana plasmática, TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) em astrocitomas de diferentes graus de malignidade (grau II-IV), tumor mais prevalente do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). Nós demonstramos que a expressão dos TLRs foi mais alta em amostras de astrocitomas comparadas com tecido cerebral não-neoplásico, por qRT-PCR. A expressão gênica e proteica foi observada em células de linhagem de glioblastoma (GBM) U87MG e A172, mostrando sua presença em células tumorais. Foi observada expressão associada entre os heterodímeros TLR1- TLR2. Em GBMs, o subtipo mesenquimal mostrou maior nível de expressão dos TLRs comparados aos subtipos clássico e proneural. Com o objetivo de identificar o papel dos TLRs nas células tumorais, foi selecionado dentre os TLRs o que apresentou maior nível de expressão, o TLR4, e realizamos ensaios funcionais estimulando a U87MG com LPS, um agonista natural para TLR4. A taxa de proliferação da célula tratada com LPS foi similar a não tratada. No entanto, foi observado a ativação do NF-kB após 12hrs do estímulo com LPS. Quando a sinalização do receptor foi inibida por um composto químico (VGX-1027), o nível de proliferação da U87MG decaiu. Adicionalmente, análise in silico revelou uma forte associação dos TLRs hiperexpressos com aumento da expressão de genes relacionados à sinalização do ciclo celular, inflamassoma e ripoptossoma. O que sugere serem os TLRs alvos para complementação do tratamento do câncer / Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first to identify disturbances in the immune system, recognizing pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Since the inflammation process plays an important role in several diseases, TLRs have been considered potential therapeutic targets, including treatment for cancer. However, TLRs\' role in cancer remains ambiguous. This study aims to analyze the expression levels of plasmatic cell membrane TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6) in different grades (II-IV) of human astrocytoma, the most prevalent tumor of CNS. We demonstrated that TLR expressions were higher in astrocytoma samples compared to non-neoplastic brain tissue, by qRT-PCR. The genes and proteins expressions were observed in U87MG and A172 GBM cell lines, proving their presence in the tumor cells. Associated expressions between the known heterodimers TLR1-TLR2 were found in diffusely infiltrative astrocytoma. In GBM, the mesenchymal subtype showed higher levels of TLR expressions in relation to classical and proneural subtypes. Aiming to indentify the role of TLRs in tumor cells, we chose the highest TLR expressed in GBM cells, the TLR4, and performed functional assays stimulating U87MG-GBM cell line with LPS, a natural agonist for TLR4. The proliferation rate was similar in treated and non-treated cell with LPS. However, NF-kB activation was detected after 12hrs of LPS stimulation. When TLR4 signaling pathway was inhibited by a chemical compound (VGX-1027) a decrease in the proliferation rate was observed. Additionally, in silico analysis revealed a strong association of TLRs upregulation with increased expression level of genes related to cell cycle, inflammasome and ripoptosome pathways, further highlighting TLRs as interesting targets for cancer complementary treatment

The zona-pellucida (zona, ZP) is an adhesion-refractory, acellular coat enclosing the rapidly growing, free-living mammalian preimplantation embryo which undergoes successive cleavage divisions to form the blastocyst, composed of ICM-cells surrounded by outer TE-cells. For further development, the blastocyst must ‘hatch’ or ‘escape’ out of the zona before it can implant into the endometrium for further development (Fig. 5.1A). Hence, the event of hatching or ‘zona escape’ assumes critical importance for the establishment of a successful pregnancy. The golden-hamster blastocyst offers a very unique paradigm to understand hatching, whereby upon attainment of a fully-expanded state, the blastocyst undergoes a dramatic (and molecularly unexplained) deflation event, followed by appearance of TE-derived dynamic cellular projections called TE-projections, whose appearance in an embryonic-stage and -time dependant manner suggest an intimate association with the hatching phenomenon (Fig. 5.1B). Thirdly, embryo-derived zonalytic proteases have been shown to bring about a focal-lysis of the ZP followed by global zona dissolution. Earlier work in the laboratory had demonstrated the intimate involvement of signaling molecules like LIF, HB-EGF, TGF-β and (ER)-α with hatching (Seshagiri et al., 2002, 2009). Investigations also revealed the involvement of cysteine-proteases of the cathepsin (cts) family, especially cts-L, -B and-P to be involved in zona lysis (Sireesha et al., 2008). In order to achieve a better understanding of mammalian preimplantation development, especially hatching, it was important to investigate the role and impact of other critical regulators of developmental and reproductive physiology. COX-2 is one such key signaling moiety and it was decided to investigate the role, if any, of COX-2 and its derived PGs in hamster peri-implantation events. COX-2 transcripts and immunoreactive COX-2 protein were detected in the different preimplantation stages, from 8-cell onwards. COX-2 protein was abundant in both the ICM and TE, but was especially enriched in the TE-cells of the late blastocyst. In order to investigate the function of this enzyme in preimplantation development and hatching, two very-specific inhibitors of COX-2 catalytic action, NS-398 and CAY-10404, were tested in identical concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 μM on in vitro cultured hamster blastocysts. In order to assess the impact of COX-2 inhibition on an embryo-stage and time-dependant manner, inhibitors were tested on freshly recovered 8-cell embryos or early blastocysts, continuously for 72 h or 48 h, respectively. COX-2-selective inhibitors inhibited hamster blastocyst hatching in a dose-dependant manner with maximum inhibition observed in the 75 μM dose. Surprisingly, there was a profound dose-dependent failure of deflation of late-blastocysts upon inhibitor treatment and embryos which hatched, did so in an inflated state and retained intact zonae in cultures. Moreover, embryos subjected to NS-398 treatment phenocopied those subjected to CAY-10404 treatment. Results demonstrate that the effect of inhibitors, and hence the need for COX-2 mediated signaling events is more pronounced in 8¬cell embryos than with early-blastocysts, indicating that COX-2 dependant molecular and cellular processes required for blastocyst morphogenesis and ZP-lysis may have been initiated prior to compaction and cavitation. The reversal of effects of COX-2 inhibition on hatching with exogenous addition of PGE2 and Iloprost (a stable PGI2 analogue) to inhibitor cultures, show that COX-2-derived eicosanoids could, in effect bring about hamster hatching, which is in agreement with previous reports (Davis et al., 1999) and augment peri-implantation development including hatching (Huang et al., 2003). Additionally, it has been successfully demonstrated that PGE2 was superior to PGI2 in augmenting blastocyst hatching in inhibitor-cultures. In this study, the modulation of critical cts-L, -B, -P proteases in COX-2 mediated hamster zona hatching has been verified by quantifying cts in transcripts in control and inhibitor-subjected embryonic samples which was further substantiated by the decreased intra-embryonal protein levels of cts-L and -P. These results demonstrate that COX-2 mediated signaling components directly and effectively modulate hamster preimplantation development, especially zona-hatching phenomenon by transcriptional-regulation of the critical zonalytic proteases. Another potential hatching-associated molecule i.e., NF-κB which is known to exert a great deal of influence on overall reproductive and developmental biology, was investigated in this study. Its specific effects on mammalian preimplantation development, especially hatching, remain totally uninvestigated. This formed the rationale to investigate the reach and impact of NF-κB signaling network in the modulation of peri-hatching events. Transcripts and immunoreactive NF-κB protein of crucial pathway-components like IKK, IκB-β and RelA were detected from 8-cell embryo to the zona-free blastocyst. In order to ascertain the impact of NF-κB signaling on peri-hatching events, two very-specific inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway, BAY-11-7082 and JSH-23 were employed which acted at two strategic signaling points. In order to assess the impact of NF-κB inhibition on an embryo-stage and time-dependant manner, inhibitors were tested on freshly recovered 8-cell embryos or early blastocysts, continuously for 72 h or 48 h, respectively. NF-κB-selective inhibitors inhibited blastocyst hatching in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, a profound dose-dependent failure of deflation of late-blastocysts upon inhibitor treatment was observed and embryos which hatched did so in an inflated state and also retained intact zonae in cultures. Moreover, embryos subjected to BAY-11-7082 treatment phenocopied those subjected to JSH-23 treatment, indicating specificity of inhibitor action. Time-course experiments demonstrated that the need for efficient NF-κB mediated signaling is distinctively more for 8-cell embryos than early-blastocysts, indicating that NF-κB dependant molecular and cellular processes required for blastocyst morphogenesis and ZP-lysis may have been initiated prior to compaction and cavitation. Moreover, modulation of zonalysins cts-L, -B and -P by NF-κB-signaling, during the event of zona lysis, both by real-time quantitation of its transcripts and intracellular protein levels has been demonstrated. These results demonstrate that NF¬κB mediated signaling components directly and effectively modulate hamster preimplantation development, especially zona-hatching phenomenon by transcriptional-regulation of the critical zonalytic proteases. The profound inhibition of hatching and effects on blastocyst morphogenesis observed by inhibition of COX-2 and NF-κB signaling systems demonstrate a fundamental need of the growing embryo for these critical signaling moieties. Moreover, the underlying similarity of consequences obtained upon inhibition of both signaling networks i.e., NF-κB and COX-2, perhaps indicate a linear mode of signaling between these principles. It remains to be tested, though, if it really is the case. A striking observation made in this study was the detection of immunoreactive signals for critical signaling moieties like ER-α, COX-2 and RelA onto TEPs of the deflated hamster blastocyst, in addition to earlier TEP-localisation of cathepsins. A B C (Figure) ENDOMETRIUM ENDOMETRIUM ENDOMETRIUM Fig 5.1. Schematic representation of the role of molecular and cellular factors in the regulation of concordant phenomena of mammalian blastocyst hatching and endometrial implantation. (A) Depicts a zona-intact well-formed blastocyst. Preimplantation embryo development and blastocyst formation involves close cooperation between several molecular principles (discussed in sections 1.3.1 to 1.3.3), (B) as the embryo prepares to hatch, prior to implantation, it initiates egression from the non-adhesive ZP coat by cathepsin (cts) protease-mediated lysis of zona (pink circles); there is concomitant appearance of cellular principles such as TEPs (undulating projections shown in green). Of interest is the intimate association of hatching-promoting molecules such as COX-2, NF-κB, ER-α, Cts etc. with the TEPs. (C) depicts a zona-free, TEP-rich blastocyst initiating implantation into the maternal endometrium. It is possible, that the embryonic TEPs with the associated hatching-regulatory molecules are also critical for implantation phenomena during the embryo-maternal recognition and implantation during the establishment of early pregnancy. Preliminary results indicate that TEPs could be the site of membrane lipid-rafts, focal points of membrane-based signaling. The definitive role of TEPs in peri-hatching events is yet to be confirmed, but it is presumed that these actin-based undulating structures, harboring several key molecules involved in peri-implantation events in the embryo as well as the maternal uterus could be instrumental in successfully bringing about the concomitant processes of hatching and implantation. Interestingly, during rodent implantation (hamster, guinea-pig, mouse and rat), the blastocyst orients in such a way that the ICM is oriented away from the endometrium and, at least in the hamster, the TEP-carrying abembryonic (mural) pole remains closest to the luminal epithelium (LE) (Gonzales et al., 1996b; Seshagiri et al., 2009; Fig. 5.1C). In contrast, in humans and other primates, the embryonic pole is closest to LE before implantation (Kirby, 1971; Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Although direct evidence is lacking, but these observations gives rise to a possibility that both hatching and implantation could be intimately related to the polar appearance of TEPs in the embryo. Several key signaling molecules like ER-α, LIF, HB-EGF and TGF-β have been already demonstrated to play crucial roles in mammalian hatching. In this thesis, we have exemplified the need for COX-2 mediated prostanoid signaling and the pleotropic NF-κB signaling system in bringing about mammalian blastocyst hatching. How exactly do these molecular entities communicate among themselves and with cellular principles like TEPs thereby effectively enabling peri-implantation development, remain to be understood. Taken together, these results demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of embryo-derived signaling molecules, like COX-2 and NF-κB in an embryo stage-and time-dependant manner in mammalian peri-implantation events, especially blastocyst hatching. The association of TEPs with key molecules common to embryonic and maternal preparation for hatching and implantation, respectively, indicates towards a molecular and cellular continuity between the concomitant events. These fundamental findings on hamster blastocyst biology have profound clinical implications in the management of human infertility. (For figures pl see the abstract file).

No description available.

Introduction: La circulation extracorporelle (CEC) peut entraîner une dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire et l’hypertension pulmonaire. Le SN50 agit au niveau de la signalisation cellulaire pour prévenir ces réactions à la CEC et pourrait renverser la dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire post-CEC sans effets néfastes sur l’hémodynamie. Méthodes: Quatre groups de porcs ont reçu un parmi quatre traîtements avant de subir 90 minutes de CEC et 60 minutes de reperfusion: (1) milrinone nébulisé; (2) sildenafil nébulisé; (3) placebo nébulisé; et (4) SN-50 intraveineux. Un monitoring hémodynamique invasif a été utilisé. La réactivité vasculaire des artères pulmonaires de deuxième ordre a été évaluée face à l’acétylcholine et la bradykinine. Résultats: Le sildénafil produit une augmentation significative de la pression de l’artère pulmonaire (PAP) moyenne à 60 minutes de reperfusion par rapport au début de la chirurgie. Les relaxations dépendantes de l’endothélium face à la bradykinine étaient meilleurs dans les groupes milrinone et SN-50 et surtout dans le groupe sildénafil par rapport au groupe placébo. Le SN-50 produisait de moins bonnes relaxations dépendantes de l’endothélium face à l’acétylcholine que les autres traitements incluant placébo. Conclusion: Le sildénafil prévient mieux la dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire que les autres traitements. Les bénéfices du SN-50 sont possiblement sous-estimés vu que la dose n’a pas pu être ajustée à la durée de CEC. Le sildenafil inhalé mérite une étude plus importante chez l’humain et le SN-50 dans un model de CEC animal. / Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and consequent pulmonary hypertension. The novel agent SN-50 acts at the level of the transduction pathway to prevent these responses and may limit or reverse post-CPB pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension without the untoward effects on hemodynamics seen with other known therapies. Methods: Four groups of Landrace-Yorkshire swine that received one of four treatments before undergoing 90 minutes of normothermic CPB and 60 minutes of reperfusion were compared: (1) Nebulized milrinone; (2) nebulized sildenafil; (3) placebo consisting of nebulized NaCl solution; and (4) intravenous SN-50. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring was used throughout all experiments. Vascular reactivity of second-degree pulmonary arteries was evaluated in response to acetylcholine and bradykinin. Results: Sildenafil produced a significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) at 60 minutes after CPB compared to baseline. Both the sildenafil and milrinone groups had increased mean PAP/MAP ratio at 60 minutes after CPB compared to baseline, however this ratio was not different between the groups. Endothelial-dependent relaxations to bradykinin were improved in the SN-50 and milrinone groups and especially the sildenafil group as compared to placebo. SN-50 produced worse endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to acetylcholine compared to the other groups including placebo. Conclusion: Sildenafil better prevented pulmonary endothelial dysfunction than all other treatments. The improvements seen with SN-50 may be suboptimal as dose could not be titrated to length of CPB. Inhaled sildenafil and SN-50 both merit further study in human trials and animal models, respectively.

Introduction: La circulation extracorporelle (CEC) peut entraîner une dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire et l’hypertension pulmonaire. Le SN50 agit au niveau de la signalisation cellulaire pour prévenir ces réactions à la CEC et pourrait renverser la dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire post-CEC sans effets néfastes sur l’hémodynamie. Méthodes: Quatre groups de porcs ont reçu un parmi quatre traîtements avant de subir 90 minutes de CEC et 60 minutes de reperfusion: (1) milrinone nébulisé; (2) sildenafil nébulisé; (3) placebo nébulisé; et (4) SN-50 intraveineux. Un monitoring hémodynamique invasif a été utilisé. La réactivité vasculaire des artères pulmonaires de deuxième ordre a été évaluée face à l’acétylcholine et la bradykinine. Résultats: Le sildénafil produit une augmentation significative de la pression de l’artère pulmonaire (PAP) moyenne à 60 minutes de reperfusion par rapport au début de la chirurgie. Les relaxations dépendantes de l’endothélium face à la bradykinine étaient meilleurs dans les groupes milrinone et SN-50 et surtout dans le groupe sildénafil par rapport au groupe placébo. Le SN-50 produisait de moins bonnes relaxations dépendantes de l’endothélium face à l’acétylcholine que les autres traitements incluant placébo. Conclusion: Le sildénafil prévient mieux la dysfonction endothéliale pulmonaire que les autres traitements. Les bénéfices du SN-50 sont possiblement sous-estimés vu que la dose n’a pas pu être ajustée à la durée de CEC. Le sildenafil inhalé mérite une étude plus importante chez l’humain et le SN-50 dans un model de CEC animal. / Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and consequent pulmonary hypertension. The novel agent SN-50 acts at the level of the transduction pathway to prevent these responses and may limit or reverse post-CPB pulmonary endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension without the untoward effects on hemodynamics seen with other known therapies. Methods: Four groups of Landrace-Yorkshire swine that received one of four treatments before undergoing 90 minutes of normothermic CPB and 60 minutes of reperfusion were compared: (1) Nebulized milrinone; (2) nebulized sildenafil; (3) placebo consisting of nebulized NaCl solution; and (4) intravenous SN-50. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring was used throughout all experiments. Vascular reactivity of second-degree pulmonary arteries was evaluated in response to acetylcholine and bradykinin. Results: Sildenafil produced a significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) at 60 minutes after CPB compared to baseline. Both the sildenafil and milrinone groups had increased mean PAP/MAP ratio at 60 minutes after CPB compared to baseline, however this ratio was not different between the groups. Endothelial-dependent relaxations to bradykinin were improved in the SN-50 and milrinone groups and especially the sildenafil group as compared to placebo. SN-50 produced worse endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to acetylcholine compared to the other groups including placebo. Conclusion: Sildenafil better prevented pulmonary endothelial dysfunction than all other treatments. The improvements seen with SN-50 may be suboptimal as dose could not be titrated to length of CPB. Inhaled sildenafil and SN-50 both merit further study in human trials and animal models, respectively.

Little is known about the signaling pathways that contribute to treatment response in advanced stage head and neck tumors. Increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and downstream pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) are implicated in aggressive tumor phenotypes and limited response to therapy. This study explored the rationale for combining the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with high EGFR gene amplification. Drug responses of gefitinib and bortezomib as single agents and in combination within head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were analyzed using MTS assays. The effects of gefitinib on the activation of EGFR and itsthree major downstream pathways, Akt, STAT3 and MAPK were determined by western blotting. The activation status of NFκB and the effects of bortezomib on the canonical pathway were assessed by DNA binding assays. Resistance to lower doses of gefitinib was associated with elevated EGFR and activated Akt expression. Gefitinib was able to effectively inhibit activation of STAT3, Akt and MAPK in HNSCC to varying degrees depending on EGFR expression status. Bortezomib treatment inhibited TNFα –induced nuclear NFκB/RelA expression but demonstrated variability in levels of baseline nuclear NFκB/RelA expression between sensitive and resistant cell lines. Bortezomib effectively suppresses NFκB/RelA nuclear activation but demonstrates additional modes of cellular toxicity beyond the NFκB pathway in sensitive cell lines. Further understanding of tumor response to the targeted inhibitors gefitinib and bortezomib may provide novel approaches in managing HNSCCs.

Embora a grande maioria dos pacientes com asma tenha controle com o padrão de tratamento com corticosteroides, 5 a 10% destes asmáticos ainda desenvolvem algumas formas graves da doença e são considerados pacientes difíceis de controlar. A ativação do NFkB contribui para a manutenção e desenvolvimento de inflamação pulmonar crônica na fisiopatologia da asma. O éster fenetilico do ácido cafeico (CAPE), um componente ativo de própolis das colmeias de abelhas, é conhecido por ter propriedades antiinflamatórias e imunomoduladoras. É conhecido como um potente e um inibidor específico da ativação de NFk B. Nós anteriormente mostramos que Y27632, um inibidor de Rho quinase, atenuou a resposta pulmonar das vias aéreas, inflamação e remodelamento. Para o nosso conhecimento, tratamentos com os inibidores de NFk B ou Rho-quinase em comparação com o uso de corticosteroides não foram previamente investigados em um modelo animal de inflamação pulmonar crônica alérgica. MÉTODOS: Trinta camundongos BALB/C machos (20 a 25g) foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=6 em cada grupo): SAL (instilado com solução salina), OVA (expostos à ovalbumina), OVA-CAPE (expostos à ovalbumina e tratados com CAPE), OVA-RHO (expostos à ovalbumina e tratados com inibidor de Rho), OVA-CORT (expostos à ovalbumina e tratados com corticosteróide). Os animais foram sensibilizados para ovalbumina durante 28 dias e os controles receberam solução salina. A administração de corticosteróide (1mg/Kg/dia) e CAPE (10mg/Kg/dia) foi feita por via intraperitoneal e Y-27632 (10 mg/kg) administrado por via intranasal, todos nos dias 22, 24, 26 e 28 do protocolo experimental. Vinte e quatro horas após a conclusão do protocolo experimental, os animais foram submetidos a uma avaliação da curva de resposta à dose à metacolina, consideramos as respostas máximas da Resistência ao Sistema Respiratório (Rrs) e Elastância (Ers) às 24 horas após o último desafio com ovalbumina (respostas basais e máximas após a metacolina desafio 3, 30 e 300mg/mL). Posteriormente, os pulmões foram removidos e a análise histológica foi realizada usando morfometria. RESULTADOS: não houve diferenças nos valores basais de todos os grupos. expostos à ovalbumina Houve um aumento em Rrs e Ers após o desafio da metacolina em comparação com o grupo SAL (p < 0,05). No grupo exposto ao OVA, os tratamentos com CAPE, CORT e RHO reduziram a resposta máxima de Ers em relação ao OVA (p < 0,05). Em relação ao tratamento com somente CAPE atenuou a resposta máxima de Rrs em relação ao OVA (p < 0,05). Houve diminuição nos eosinófilos, conteúdo de fibras de colágeno, células positivas para iNOS, MMP-9, TIMP-1 em grupos OVA-CAPE, OVA-CORT e OVA-RHO em comparação com os animais sensibilizados (grupo OVA) (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: a inibição de NFkB e Rho-quinase contribuiu para o controle da hiperresponsividade, inflamação, processo de remodelamento da matriz extracelular e ativação do estresse oxidativo. Embora os inibidores de NFkB e Rho-quinase sejam uma alternativa ao tratamento da asma, são necessários mais estudos / Although the great majority of asthma patients obtain control with the gold standard treatment using corticosteroids, 5 to 10% of these asthmatics still develop some severe forms of the disease, called difficult to control patients. Activation of NFk B contributes to the maintenance and development of chronic lung inflammation in pathophysiology of asthma. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis from honeybee hives, is known to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It is known as a potent and a specific inhibitor of NFk B activation. We previously have shown that Y27632, a Rho-quinase inhibitor, attenuated airway lung responsiveness, inflammation and remodeling. To our knowledge, treatments with the NFk B or Rho-kinase inhibitors compared to the use of corticosteroids have not been previously investigated in an animal model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. METHODS: Thirty male BALB/c mice (20 to 25g) were divided into five groups (n=6 in each group): SAL (saline-instilled), OVA (exposed-ovalbumin), OVA-CAPE (exposedovalbumin and treated with CAPE), OVA-RHO (exposed-ovalbumin and treated with Rho inhibitor), OVA-CORT (exposed-ovalbumin and treated with corticosteroid). The BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin for 28 days and controls received saline. The administration of corticosteroid (1mg/Kg/day) and CAPE (10mg/Kg/day) was made intraperitoneally and Y-27632 (10mg/kg) was intranasally, all on days 22, 24, 26 and 28 of the experimental protocol. Twentyfour hours after completion of the experimental protocol, animals were subject to an evaluation of dose response curve to methacholine. We considered the maximal responses of respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers) 24 hours after the last challenge with ovalbumin (baseline and maximal responses after metacholine challenge 3, 30 and 300mg/mL). Afterwards, lungs were removed and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. RESULTS: There were no differences on baseline values of all groups. Ovalbumin-exposed mice had an increase in Rrs and Ers after methacholine challenge compared to SAL group (p < 0.05). In OVA-exposed groups, the treatments with CAPE, CORT and RHO reduced maximal response of %Ers compared to OVA (p < 0.05). In relation to %Rrs only CAPE treatment attenuated the maximal response compared to OVA (p < 0.05). There was a decrease in eosinophils, collagen fibers content, iNOS, MMP-9, TIMP-1 positive cells in OVACAPE, OVA-CORT and OVA-RHO groups compared to only sensitized animals (OVA group) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: NFkB and Rho-quinase inhibition contributes to the control of hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling process and oxidative stress activation. Although NFkB and Rho-quinase inhibitors were an alternative to asthma treatment, more studies are needed

O sistema NADPH oxidase é um complexo enzimático gerador de superóxido. O NF-kB é um fator de transcrição envolvido no controle da expressão de diversos genes ligados à resposta inflamatória. Defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g resultam em infecções recorrentes e à susceptibilidade mendeliana a micobacterioses, podendo diminuir a expressão do componente gp91-phox da NADPH oxidase. Estudamos qual é a relação direta do NF-kB e de defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g na regulação dos genes CYBA, NCF1, NCF2 e NCF4 do sistema NADPH oxidase humano em células U937, células B EBV transformadas provenientes de pacientes com EDA-ID, DGC, ou de pacientes com defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g. A expressão dos genes NCF1 e NCF2 foi diminuída em células com defeitos no eixo (IFNGR1 e INFGR2) e em células U937 IkB S32A/S36A. A expressão do gene NCF1 também foi diminuída em células EDA-ID S32I e em células EDA-ID NEMO/IKKg W420X. O NF-kB e os IFNGR1 e INFGR2 são necessários para a expressão dos genes NCF1 e NCF2 e para a ativação do sistema NADPH oxidase humano neste sistema modelo. / The NADPH oxidase system is an enzymatic complex that generates superoxide. The NF-kB is a transcriptional factor involved in the expression of several genes related to the inflammatory response. The IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects lead to recurrent infections and to the mendelian susceptibility of mycobacterial disease (MSMD), and they can decrease the gp91-phox expression (a NADPH oxidase component). We studied the NF-kB and the IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects consequences on the regulation of CYBA, NCF1, NCF2 and NCF4 genes of the human NADPH oxidase system in U937 cells, and in B EBV cells from patients with EDA-ID, DGC, or patients with IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects. The NCF1 and NCF2 gene expression was decreased in IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects cells (IFNGR1 and INFGR2) and in U937 IkB S32A/S36A cells. NCF1 gene expression was decreased in EDA-ID S32I and in EDA-ID NEMO/IKKg W420X cell lineages. The NF-kB and the IFNGR1 and INFGR2 are necessary for NCF1 and NCF2 gene expression and activation of the human NADPH oxidase in this model system.

Embora a grande maioria dos pacientes com asma tenha controle com o padrão de tratamento com corticosteroides, 5 a 10% destes asmáticos ainda desenvolvem algumas formas graves da doença e são considerados pacientes difíceis de controlar. A ativação do NFkB contribui para a manutenção e desenvolvimento de inflamação pulmonar crônica na fisiopatologia da asma. O éster fenetilico do ácido cafeico (CAPE), um componente ativo de própolis das colmeias de abelhas, é conhecido por ter propriedades antiinflamatórias e imunomoduladoras. É conhecido como um potente e um inibidor específico da ativação de NFk B. Nós anteriormente mostramos que Y27632, um inibidor de Rho quinase, atenuou a resposta pulmonar das vias aéreas, inflamação e remodelamento. Para o nosso conhecimento, tratamentos com os inibidores de NFk B ou Rho-quinase em comparação com o uso de corticosteroides não foram previamente investigados em um modelo animal de inflamação pulmonar crônica alérgica. MÉTODOS: Trinta camundongos BALB/C machos (20 a 25g) foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=6 em cada grupo): SAL (instilado com solução salina), OVA (expostos à ovalbumina), OVA-CAPE (expostos à ovalbumina e tratados com CAPE), OVA-RHO (expostos à ovalbumina e tratados com inibidor de Rho), OVA-CORT (expostos à ovalbumina e tratados com corticosteróide). Os animais foram sensibilizados para ovalbumina durante 28 dias e os controles receberam solução salina. A administração de corticosteróide (1mg/Kg/dia) e CAPE (10mg/Kg/dia) foi feita por via intraperitoneal e Y-27632 (10 mg/kg) administrado por via intranasal, todos nos dias 22, 24, 26 e 28 do protocolo experimental. Vinte e quatro horas após a conclusão do protocolo experimental, os animais foram submetidos a uma avaliação da curva de resposta à dose à metacolina, consideramos as respostas máximas da Resistência ao Sistema Respiratório (Rrs) e Elastância (Ers) às 24 horas após o último desafio com ovalbumina (respostas basais e máximas após a metacolina desafio 3, 30 e 300mg/mL). Posteriormente, os pulmões foram removidos e a análise histológica foi realizada usando morfometria. RESULTADOS: não houve diferenças nos valores basais de todos os grupos. expostos à ovalbumina Houve um aumento em Rrs e Ers após o desafio da metacolina em comparação com o grupo SAL (p < 0,05). No grupo exposto ao OVA, os tratamentos com CAPE, CORT e RHO reduziram a resposta máxima de Ers em relação ao OVA (p < 0,05). Em relação ao tratamento com somente CAPE atenuou a resposta máxima de Rrs em relação ao OVA (p < 0,05). Houve diminuição nos eosinófilos, conteúdo de fibras de colágeno, células positivas para iNOS, MMP-9, TIMP-1 em grupos OVA-CAPE, OVA-CORT e OVA-RHO em comparação com os animais sensibilizados (grupo OVA) (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: a inibição de NFkB e Rho-quinase contribuiu para o controle da hiperresponsividade, inflamação, processo de remodelamento da matriz extracelular e ativação do estresse oxidativo. Embora os inibidores de NFkB e Rho-quinase sejam uma alternativa ao tratamento da asma, são necessários mais estudos / Although the great majority of asthma patients obtain control with the gold standard treatment using corticosteroids, 5 to 10% of these asthmatics still develop some severe forms of the disease, called difficult to control patients. Activation of NFk B contributes to the maintenance and development of chronic lung inflammation in pathophysiology of asthma. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis from honeybee hives, is known to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It is known as a potent and a specific inhibitor of NFk B activation. We previously have shown that Y27632, a Rho-quinase inhibitor, attenuated airway lung responsiveness, inflammation and remodeling. To our knowledge, treatments with the NFk B or Rho-kinase inhibitors compared to the use of corticosteroids have not been previously investigated in an animal model of chronic allergic lung inflammation. METHODS: Thirty male BALB/c mice (20 to 25g) were divided into five groups (n=6 in each group): SAL (saline-instilled), OVA (exposed-ovalbumin), OVA-CAPE (exposedovalbumin and treated with CAPE), OVA-RHO (exposed-ovalbumin and treated with Rho inhibitor), OVA-CORT (exposed-ovalbumin and treated with corticosteroid). The BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin for 28 days and controls received saline. The administration of corticosteroid (1mg/Kg/day) and CAPE (10mg/Kg/day) was made intraperitoneally and Y-27632 (10mg/kg) was intranasally, all on days 22, 24, 26 and 28 of the experimental protocol. Twentyfour hours after completion of the experimental protocol, animals were subject to an evaluation of dose response curve to methacholine. We considered the maximal responses of respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and elastance (Ers) 24 hours after the last challenge with ovalbumin (baseline and maximal responses after metacholine challenge 3, 30 and 300mg/mL). Afterwards, lungs were removed and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. RESULTS: There were no differences on baseline values of all groups. Ovalbumin-exposed mice had an increase in Rrs and Ers after methacholine challenge compared to SAL group (p < 0.05). In OVA-exposed groups, the treatments with CAPE, CORT and RHO reduced maximal response of %Ers compared to OVA (p < 0.05). In relation to %Rrs only CAPE treatment attenuated the maximal response compared to OVA (p < 0.05). There was a decrease in eosinophils, collagen fibers content, iNOS, MMP-9, TIMP-1 positive cells in OVACAPE, OVA-CORT and OVA-RHO groups compared to only sensitized animals (OVA group) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: NFkB and Rho-quinase inhibition contributes to the control of hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling process and oxidative stress activation. Although NFkB and Rho-quinase inhibitors were an alternative to asthma treatment, more studies are needed

O sistema NADPH oxidase é um complexo enzimático gerador de superóxido. O NF-kB é um fator de transcrição envolvido no controle da expressão de diversos genes ligados à resposta inflamatória. Defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g resultam em infecções recorrentes e à susceptibilidade mendeliana a micobacterioses, podendo diminuir a expressão do componente gp91-phox da NADPH oxidase. Estudamos qual é a relação direta do NF-kB e de defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g na regulação dos genes CYBA, NCF1, NCF2 e NCF4 do sistema NADPH oxidase humano em células U937, células B EBV transformadas provenientes de pacientes com EDA-ID, DGC, ou de pacientes com defeitos no eixo IL-12/23-IFN-g. A expressão dos genes NCF1 e NCF2 foi diminuída em células com defeitos no eixo (IFNGR1 e INFGR2) e em células U937 IkB S32A/S36A. A expressão do gene NCF1 também foi diminuída em células EDA-ID S32I e em células EDA-ID NEMO/IKKg W420X. O NF-kB e os IFNGR1 e INFGR2 são necessários para a expressão dos genes NCF1 e NCF2 e para a ativação do sistema NADPH oxidase humano neste sistema modelo. / The NADPH oxidase system is an enzymatic complex that generates superoxide. The NF-kB is a transcriptional factor involved in the expression of several genes related to the inflammatory response. The IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects lead to recurrent infections and to the mendelian susceptibility of mycobacterial disease (MSMD), and they can decrease the gp91-phox expression (a NADPH oxidase component). We studied the NF-kB and the IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects consequences on the regulation of CYBA, NCF1, NCF2 and NCF4 genes of the human NADPH oxidase system in U937 cells, and in B EBV cells from patients with EDA-ID, DGC, or patients with IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects. The NCF1 and NCF2 gene expression was decreased in IL-12/23-IFN-g axis defects cells (IFNGR1 and INFGR2) and in U937 IkB S32A/S36A cells. NCF1 gene expression was decreased in EDA-ID S32I and in EDA-ID NEMO/IKKg W420X cell lineages. The NF-kB and the IFNGR1 and INFGR2 are necessary for NCF1 and NCF2 gene expression and activation of the human NADPH oxidase in this model system.