Retroviruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure timely export of incompletely spliced viral messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for gene expression and for viral packaging. For example, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes the Rev regulatory protein, a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that is responsible for the cytoplasmic accumulation of intron-containing viral mRNAs. The HIV-1 Rev protein contains an amino terminal (N-terminal) Arginine-Rich Motif (ARM) RNA-binding domain (RBD) and a carboxy terminal (C-terminal) leucine-rich activation domain which functions as a Nuclear Export Signal (NES). The Rev ARM interacts in a sequence-specific manner with a cis-acting viral RNA stem-loop structure, the Rev Responsive Element (RRE), located in all incompletely spliced viral mRNAs. This initial interaction is followed by the recruitment of additional Rev molecules to form a RiboNucleoProtein (RNP) complex involving the RRE and Rev molecules. The cytoplasmic accumulation of the Rev:RRE RNP complex is dependent on the interaction of Rev with key cellular cofactors. Rev activation domain mutants exhibit a trans-dominant negative phenotype, suggesting that this domain of Rev interacts with cellular proteins required for Rev function. Biochemical and genetic studies have identified several cellular proteins that bind to the activation domain of Rev and are therefore candidate cofactors for Rev function. Amongst these is the human Rev Interacting Protein [hRIP, 79], which is also known as the Rev/Rex activation domain-binding protein [Rab, 18]. hRIP was identified in a yeast two-hybrid assay with the HIV-1 Rev and its functionally equivalent Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type-1 (HTLV-1) Rex protein as baits. The interaction between hRIP and HIV-1 Rev is dependent on a functional Rev NES, as predicted for a bona fide Rev cellular cofactor, and the Nucleoporin-like (Nup-like) repeats in the C-terminus of hRIP (18, 79]. Additional genetic studies indicated that the interaction between hRIP and Rev is indirect and is most likely mediated by the cellular export receptor CRM1 (Chromosomal Region Maintenance 1) [1, 153]. A role for hRIP in Rev function or HIV-1 replication has remained elusive. The goal of this dissertation was to determine whether hRIP is required for Rev function and HIV-1 replication. We used two approaches, a dominant-negative mutant and RNA interference (RNAi), to ablate hRIP activity and analyzed Rev function and HIV-1 replication using standard assays. The results of this dissertation demonstrate that hRIP is required for Rev function and HIV-1 replication. We show that Rev function is inhibited upon ablation of hRIP activity by either a trans-dominant negative mutant or RNAL Furthermore, we find that depletion of endogenous hRIP by RNAi results in the loss of viral replication in human cell lines and primary human macrophages. Unexpectedly, in the absence of functional hRIP, RRE-containing viral RNAs accumulate in the nuclear periphery where hRIP is localized. Comparable ablation of hRIP activity did not affect the intracellular localization or trafficking of a variety of proteins or cellular poly (A+ mRNA, suggesting that the inhibition of Rev-directed RNA export is specific. In conclusion, the results of this dissertation demonstrate that hRIP is involved in the movement of Rev-directed RNAs from the nuclear periphery to the cytoplasm. Therefore, hRIP is required for Rev function and HIV-1 replication. The hRIP protein is not essential for the maintenance of cell viability and thus might represent a novel target for the development of antiviral agents for HIV-1.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a pivotal subcellular structure governing nucleocytoplasmic transport through a selectively permeable barrier. Comprising approximately 30 distinct proteins, it includes FG-Nups with phenylalanine-glycine (FG) motifs and non-FG Nups forming the pore's scaffold. The selectively permeable barrier formed by FG-Nups enables the passive diffusion of small molecules and facilitates the transport of larger ones recognized by nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). Their roles are critical in regulating mRNA and pre-ribosome nuclear export and the nuclear import of transcription factors, underscoring their significance in cellular processes. However, studying NPCs remains challenging due to their structural complexity, heterogeneity, dynamic interactions, and inaccessibility within live cells. In this dissertation, three core questions were investigated to elucidate the structure and function of the NPC. First, the nuclear export dynamics of pre-ribosomal subunits revealed significantly higher transport efficiency compared to other large cargos. Through inhibition of nuclear transport receptor (NTR), CRM1, by small-molecule inhibitor, leptomycin B, we found a dose-dependent inhibition of CRM1s played a crucial role in pre-ribosome export efficiency. We confirmed these results through a series of controlled environments with both import and export NTRs. Our results suggest that cooperative NTR mechanisms may enhance the nucleocytoplasmic transport of not only pre-ribosomal subunits but other protein complexes as well. Second, we investigated the dynamic properties of the NPC’s selectivity barrier by altering the concentration of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) sites on nuclear pore proteins. Using small-molecule inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to decrease or increase NPC O-GlcNAcylation, respectively, we found a significant change in the overall 3D spatial density of NPC O-GlcNAc sites. Then, by applying the same OGT- and OGA-inhibited conditions, we found that NPC O-GlcNAcylation significantly impacted the nuclear export of mRNA, suggesting that NPC O-GlcNAcylation regulates mRNA’s passage through the NPC’s selective permeability barrier. Third, we examined the nuclear transport mechanism for intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Our findings revealed that IDPs, unlike large folded proteins, can passively diffuse through NPCs independent of size, and their diffusion behaviors are differentiated by the content ratio of charged (Ch) and hydrophobic (Hy) amino acids. Thus, we proposed a Ch/Hy-ratio mechanism for IDP nucleocytoplasmic transport. In summary, comprehending the dynamic behavior of the NPC selectivity barrier and its involvement in mediating large transiting complexes and IDPs has provided valuable insights into the fundamental nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism, emphasizing the NPC's crucial role in cellular health and function. / Biology

No description available.

No description available.

Au sein des cellules, les ARNms sont liés par de nombreuses protéines, générant ainsi des particules appelées mRNPs (Ribonucléoparticules de messagers). Leur formation est cotranscriptionnelle, et leur composition va réguler l’ensemble des étapes du métabolisme des ARNms : stabilité, maturation, export, localisation et traduction. Au vu de l’importance de ces mécanismes dans la physiologie cellulaire, le contenu protéique des mRNPs est finement régulé dans le temps et l’espace et fait l’objet de nombreux remodelages. Ces changements de composition dépendent notamment des hélicases, ainsi que des modifications post-traductionnelles ; cependant, ces mécanismes demeurent à caractériser de façon plus approfondie. Une modification post-traductionnelle susceptible de moduler ces remaniements depuis la levure S. cerevisiae jusqu’aux métazoaires est la sumoylation. En effet, la SUMO-protéase Ulp1/SENP2, une enzyme clé de la machinerie de sumoylation, est localisée au panier des pores nucléaires, à proximité d’une plateforme d’ancrage des mRNPs destinées à l’export. Par ailleurs, il a été rapporté chez la levure que des mutants affectant la localisation et la stabilité d’Ulp1 présentent des défauts d’export et de localisation des mRNPs. Au vu de ces données, le laboratoire s’est intéressé aux rôles potentiels de la sumoylation dans le métabolisme de ces particules d’ARNm. Dans ce but, un crible protéomique a été réalisé chez la levure S. cerevisiae afin de comparer la composition des mRNPs entre des cellules sauvages ou mutantes pour Ulp1. Ce crible a mis en évidence un rôle d’Ulp1 dans le recrutement de deux composants des mRNPs, le complexe THO et l’hnRNP Hek2. Le complexe THO est un facteur multiprotéique qui participe à la prévention de l’instabilité génique et contribue à la transcription des ARNms, à l’assemblage des mRNPs et à leur export. L’hnRNP Hek2 est une protéine aux rôles multiples, dont l’association à un ARNm est susceptible de moduler sa stabilité, sa traduction et/ou sa localisation. Des analyses biochimiques nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de formes sumoylées de la sous-unité Hpr1 du complexe THO ainsi que de l’hnRNP Hek2. Toutes deux sont Ulp1-dépendantes, et interviennent sur la partie C-terminale de ces protéines. Nous avons également mis en évidence que chacune de ces sumoylations contrôle le recrutement de son substrat au sein des mRNPs. L’analyse fonctionnelle d’un mutant affectant la sumoylation d’Hpr1 a identifié cette modification comme nécessaire au recrutement du complexe THO sur une population d’ARNms impliqués dans la résistance au stress acide, autrement dégradés par l’exosome. Ainsi, l’absence de sumoylation d’Hpr1 diminue fortement la viabilité cellulaire en conditions de stress, un phénotype supprimé par l’inactivation de l’exosome. L’étude des effets de la sumoylation d’Hek2 suggère une modulation par SUMO de certaines de ses fonctions, notamment dans la localisation cellulaire des ARNms. L’ensemble de ces données fournit donc les deux premiers exemples de régulation du métabolisme des mRNPs par des événements de sumoylation intervenant au niveau du pore nucléaire. / Within the cells, mRNAs are associated to proteins, thereby generating particles called mRNPs (messenger ribonucleoproteins). mRNPs form in a cotranscriptional manner and their composition defines the fate of mRNAs by modulating the different steps of their metabolism, including their stability, their processing, their export, their localisation and their translation. In view of the importance of such mechanisms for cell physiology, several mechanisms ensure a tight spatio-temporal control of mRNPs composition through multiple mRNP remodelling events. These changes in the protein content of mRNPs depend on helicases and post-translational modifications, but remain to be further investigated. Sumoylation is one of the modifications that could contribute to mRNPs remodelling from yeast (S. cerevisiae) to metazoans. Indeed, it has been reported that the SUMO-protease Ulp1/SENP2, a key enzyme of the sumoylation machinery, is localized at the basket of nuclear pore complexes, in close vicinity with mRNPs committed for export. This particular localization, together with the reported defects in mRNPs export and localisation of yeast mutants affecting Ulp1, prompted the lab to ask whether sumoylation could contribute to mRNP biogenesis. In order to investigate this hypothesis, our lab compared mRNPs composition between wild-type and ulp1 mutant S. cerevisiae yeast strains using a proteomic approach. This screen identified two mRNP components that depend on Ulp1 for their recruitment onto these particles: the THO complex and the hnRNP Hek2. The THO complex is a multi-subunit factor that prevents genome instability and contributes to transcription, mRNP assembly and export. Hek2 has multiple functions in mRNA stability, translation and/or localization. Using biochemical approaches, we have been able to visualize sumoylated versions of the Hpr1 subunit of the THO complex and of the hnRNP Hek2. In both cases, this modification depends on Ulp1 activity and occurs on the C-terminal part of the protein. We further showed that these sumoylation events control THO and Hek2 recruitment onto mRNPs. Functional analysis of a mutant impairing Hpr1 sumoylation revealed that this modification is required for proper recruitment of the THO complex onto a subset of mRNAs involved in acidic stress resistance, which are otherwise degraded by the exosome. Decreased Hpr1 sumoylation results in a strong reduction of viability in acid stress conditions, a phenotype that is rescued by inactivation of the exosome. The investigation of the role of Hek2 sumoylation in mRNPs metabolism suggests that this modification regulates some of Hek2 functions, especially in mRNA localisation. All together, these results provide the two first examples of mRNPs components whose functions are regulated by sumoylation events occurring at the level of nuclear pores.

Les complexes des pores nucléaires (NPCs) sont des assemblages protéiques ancrés dans l’enveloppe nucléaire (EN) qui permettent et régulent les échanges entre le cytoplasme et le noyau. Au-delà de leur fonction de transport, plusieurs sous unité des NPCs (les nucléoporines, Nups) jouent un rôle important dans d’autres processus cellulaire tels que la division cellulaire et la différenciation. Le complexe-Y, composé de 9 Nups distincte, dont Nup133, représente une sous unité structurale des NPCs. Cependant, une fraction de ce complexe est localisée aux kinétochores (KTs) durant la mitose, où il est requis pour la ségrégation des chromosomes. Cette localisation aux KTs dépend du complexe Ndc80 mais également de Cenp-F. Par ailleurs, l’interaction Nup133/Cenp-F s'effectue aussi au niveau de l'EN en prophase, ce qui permet le recrutement de la dynéine, étape requise pour l’ancrage des centrosomes à l’EN dans les cellules HeLa et pour la migration du noyau vers le centrosome dans les progéniteurs neuronaux de cerveau de rat. Des études développementales chez la souris ont précédemment identifié le mutant merm qui meurt en milieu de gestation (E10.5). Bien que la mutation merm entraine l’absence de Nup133, la prolifération des cellules souches embryonnaires (mESCs) dérivées de blastocystes merm (Nup133-/-) n’est pas altérée. Cependant l’absence de Nup133 altère la différenciation des mESCs, notamment en neurones post-mitotique. Ce projet de thèse visait à comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels Nup133 contribue à la division et la différenciation cellulaire. Afin de caractériser le phénotype des mESCs Nup133-/-, nous avons utilisé deux protocoles de différenciation in vitro, vers une voie neuroectodermale ou mésoendodermale. Cette étude a montré que le nombre de cellules est fortement diminué chez le mutant Nup133-/- comparé aux cellules contrôles lors de la différenciation des mESCs. Cependant les mESCs Nup133-/- qui survivent montrent, comme les mESCs contrôles, une diminution de l’expression des marqueurs de pluripotence et une augmentation des marqueurs de différentiation. L’analyse par cytométrie de flux n’a pas révélé d'altération majeure dans la progression du cycle cellulaire mais à mis en évidence une augmentation de la mort cellulaire lors de la différenciation des mESCs Nup133-/-. Afin de déterminer les domaines de Nup133 requis pour la différenciation des mESCs, nous avons développé une stratégie de sauvetage en établissant des lignées mESCS Nup133-/- qui expriment de manière stable GFP-Nup133, différentes délétions de Nup133 qui n’altèrent pas sa localisation au NPCs (GFP-Nup133DN, DMid, et DC) ou la GFP seule comme contrôle. Des études fonctionnelles ont indiqué que le domaine N-ter (NTD) de Nup133 est requis pour la différenciation des mESCs.Le seul partenaire identifié de Nup133-NTD étant Cenp-F, j’ai décidé de déterminer si l’interaction Nup133/Cenp-F jouait un rôle dans la différenciation des mESCs. En collaboration avec l’équipe de R. Guerois, nous avons simulé in silico l’interaction de Nup133-NTD avec un peptide de Cenp-F que nous avions identifié dans des cribles en double hybride. Cette modélisaton nous a permis de concevoir des mutants affectant la surface d’interaction Nup133/Cenp-F. Nous avons montré que ces mutations empêchent la localisation de Cenp-F à l’EN sans altérer sa présence aux KTs. J’ai également utilisé la stratégie de sauvetage décrite plus haut, pour étudier un mutant de Nup133 qui empêche son interaction avec Cenp-F. Cette étude a montré que l’interaction Nup133/Cenp-F n'est pas requise pour la différenciation in vitro des mESCs. L’étude de Cenp-F a été complétée par la caractérisation d’une mutation de Cenp_F qui affecte sa localisation aux KTs. Nous avons montré que cette mutation altère l’interaction entre Cenp-F et Bub1 mais sans affecter celle avec Nup133. Cette étude a ainsi permis d'identifier Bub1 comme un partenaire direct de Cenp-F requis pour son ancrage aux KTs. / Nuclear pores complexes (NPCs) are macromolecular assemblies anchored in the nuclear envelope (NE) providing the gates that allow and regulate all exchanges between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Beyond their function in transport, several NPC subunits, the nucleoporins (Nups), have been demonstrated to also play important roles in other cellular processes including cell division and differentiation.The Y-complex, composed of 9 distinct Nups, including Nup133, represents a major structural subunit stably bound to both the cytoplasmic and nuclear faces of the NPCs. Beyond its structural role at nuclear pores, the Y-complex localizes at kinetochores in mitosis, where it is required for chromosome segregation. This kinetochores localization relies on the Ndc80 complex, but also on Nup133/Cenp-F interaction. The Nup133/Cenp-F interaction also contributes to the recruitment of dynein to the NE, a process that is required for the correct centrosomes tethering at the NE in prophase HeLa and for the migration of the nucleus towards the centrosomes prior to mitotic entry in rat brain progenitor cells.Developmental studies previously identified the mouse merm mutant that dies in midgestation (E10.5). In collaboration with the team of E. Lacy, the team of V. Doye showed that the merm mutation leads to the absence of Nup133. Importantly this study further revealed that self-renewal is not impaired in embryonic stem cells (mESCs) derived from merm (Nup133-/-) blastocyst. However, the lack of Nup133 impairs mESC differentiation into postmitotic neurons. How Nup133 contributes to ESCs differentiation remains however unknown.This PhD project aimed at understanding the cellular mechanisms explaining Nup133 contribution to cell division and differentiation.To characterize Nup133-/- mESCs differentiation phenotype, we used two distinct in vitro differentiation protocols, towards either neuroectodermal or mesoendodermal fate. This study revealed that cell number was strongly decreased in Nup133-/- relative to WT in mESC differentiation. However, the few Nup133-/- mESCs that survived displayed, as WT mESCs, a decreased expression of pluripotency markers and acquired differentiated state based on marker expression. FACS analyses did not reveal any major alteration of cell cycle progression but showed increased cell death upon differentiation.To determine which domain of Nup133 is critical for mESC differentiation, we developed a “rescue strategy” using Nup133 alleles deleted for structurally defined domains. Therefore, we established Nup133-/- mESC lines stably expressing GFP-Nup133, GFP-Nup13-ΔN, different ΔC-ter domain (that did not impair the binding of Nup133 to the NPC) or GFP alone as control. Functional studies indicated that while full length and C-ter deleted Nup133 rescue Nup133-/- ESCs defect in differentiation, Nup133-ΔN does not.The only identified partner of Nup133-NTD is Cenp-F. In view of the role of Nup133-NTD in mESC differentiation, I decided to determine if Nup133/Cenp-F interaction contributes to mESC differentiation. In collaboration with R. Guerois' team we simulated in silico the interaction of Nup133-NTD with a short peptide of Cenp-F that we previously identified using yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H) screens. We could thereby design mutants affecting Nup133/Cenp-F contact and show that they prevent Cenp-F localization to the nuclear envelope without altering its kinetochore localization. I then used the “rescue strategy” described above to study a Nup133 mutant specifically impairing its interaction with Cenp-F. This analysis revealed that Nup133/Cenp-F interaction is dispensable for in vitro mESC differentiation. This study on Cenp-F was completed by the characterization of a mutation within an adjacent leucine zipper affecting Cenp-F targeting to kinetochores. We evidenced that this mutation impairs Cenp-F interaction with Bub1 but not with Nup133, identifying Bub1 as a direct kinetochore tether of Cenp-F.

Background/Aims: A 33-year-old man was referred for the first time to the Division of Neurology because of the presence and progression of neurological symptoms. Dysphagia, weakness, reduced tear production, and nasal speech were present. In order to point the attention of late-onset triple A syndrome we describe this case and review the literature. Methods: Hormonal and biochemical evaluation, Schirmer test, tilt test and genetic testing for AAAS gene mutations. Results: Late-onset triple A syndrome caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation in the AAAS gene (A167V in exon 6) was diagnosed at least 17 years after symptom onset. Conclusions: The association between typical signs and symptoms of triple A syndrome should suggest the diagnosis even if they manifest in adulthood. The diagnosis should be confirmed by Schirmer test, endocrine testing (both basal and dynamic), genetic analysis, and detailed gastroenterological and neurological evaluations. Awareness of the possible late onset of the disease and of diagnosis in adulthood is still poor among clinicians, the acquaintance with the disease is more common among pediatricians. The importance of an adequate multidisciplinary clinical approach, dynamic testing for early diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and periodical reassessment of adrenal function are emphasized. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

A monoclonal antibody, mAb 203.37, raised against purified nuclear matrix proteins identified a single ~270 kDa protein that localized to the nuclear envelope. Double-label immunofluorescent microscopy using differential permeabilization protocols showed that this protein was present exclusively on the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and that it co-localized with components of the nuclear pore complex. The nucleotide sequence of clones isolated using mAb 203.37 identified this protein as Tpr, a protein previously shown to be involved in oncogenic fusions with a number of protein kinases. Sequence analysis showed Tpr to be a 2348 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 265 kDa protein and a bipartite structure consisting of an ~1600 amino acid N-terminal domain that is almost entirely an α-helical coiled-coil followed by a highly acidic non-coiled carboxy-terminus. Ectopic expression of epitope-tagged Tpr constructs revealed two functional domains for Tpr: a nuclear pore complex binding domain and a nuclear localization sequence. The amino-terminus of Tpr, the portion of the protein shown to activate protein kinase oncogenes, did not localize to the nuclear pore complex indicating that the transforming activity of Tpr-protein kinase chimeras did not involve interactions with the nuclear pore complex. Ectopic expression of Tpr and a number of Tpr constructs resulted in the accumulation of poly (A)+ RNA in the nuclear interior but did not effect the import of a reporter protein into the nucleus indicating a role for Tpr in the export of mRNA from the nucleus.

The export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is one of many steps along the gene expression pathway and is fundamental for mRNAs to meet with ribosomes for translation in the cytoplasm. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm occur through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which is a large multi-protein complex embedded in the nuclear membrane and assembled by 30 different proteins the nucleoporins. The nucleoplasmic side of the pore is believed to orchestrate many fundamental nuclear processes. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that the nuclear pore is involved in a broad range of activities including modulation of DNA topology, DNA repair, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and selective access to exporting molecules. The structural component required for orchestrating those nucleoplasmic functions is the basket, a ∼60- to 80-nm-long structure protruding into the nucleoplasm. The consensus view depicts the basket as a structure assembled by filamentous proteins, TPR (Translocated Promoter Region protein) in humans and by its two paralogues Mlp1 and Mlp2 (myosin-like proteins) in yeast, converging into a distal ring. In the first part of this thesis, we characterized the motion of specific mRNAs at the vicinity of the nuclear periphery. We observed that transcripts scan along the nuclear envelope, likely to find a nuclear pore to be exported. We also showed the scanning behavior was affected upon Mlp1 deletion or truncation as well as upon mutation of the nuclear poly(A) binding protein Nab2. These observations indicated that Mlp1 and hence baskets, as well as specific RNA binding proteins, facilitate the interaction of mRNA with the nuclear periphery. While the canonical structure of the NPC is well established, our understanding of the conditions and factors contributing to the assembly of a basket, as well as the stoichiometry of its components, remains incomplete. Although basket proteins have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression through gene anchoring to the nuclear periphery and in mRNA scanning before export, how this is mediated by Mlp1/2 is poorly understood. Moreover, the dynamics of basket proteins in yeast seem to obey different rules than those of other nucleoporins as their turnover at the pore is faster than any other NPC components. Furthermore, it has been observed that during heat shock Mlp1 and Mlp2 dissociate from nuclear pores and form intra-nuclear granules, sequestering mRNAs and RNA export factors. Yet the mechanism for the formation of these granules or their role during heat shock is poorly understood. In yeast, the nuclear baskets are not associated with all NPCs, as no baskets assemble on the pores adjacent to the nucleolus. Yet, how cells establish these basket-less pores and whether they represent specialized nuclear pores with different functions from basket-containing pores is still unknown. To understand the dynamics of basket assembly and the biological relevance of establishing distinct sets of pores, we dissected the biological processes leading to the formation of baskets. In addition, to highlight potential functional differences between the two types of pores, we identified the interactors of nuclear basket-containing and nucleolar basket-less pores. We showed that assembling a basket is not a default mode for a pore in the nucleoplasm and that active mRNA processing is required to maintain baskets integrity. While mRNA can be found associated with both types of pores, our results suggest that export kinetics may be different on basket-containing and basket-less pores. The eukaryotes organize their nucleus in discrete functional regions and the nuclear envelope has been envisioned as an organelle by and of itself. Our analyzes indicate that mRNAs and Mlp1 participate in an additional degree of nuclear compartmentalization by enabling the formation of a dynamic structure: the basket. Overall my project sheds new light on the nuclear organization and highlights the surprising entanglement between mRNA export and NPC plasticity. / L'exportation des ARN messagers du noyau vers le cytoplasme est l'une des nombreuses étapes de la voie d'expression des gènes et est fondamentale pour que les ARNm rencontrent les ribosomes pour être traduits dans le cytoplasme. Les échanges entre le noyau et le cytoplasme se font par l'intermédiaire du complexe du pore nucléaire, qui est un grand complexe multiprotéique enchâssé dans la membrane nucléaire et assemblé par 30 protéines différentes, les nucléoporines. Le versant nucléoplasmique du pore orchestre de nombreux processus nucléaires fondamentaux. En effet, un nombre croissant d’études suggère que le pore nucléaire est impliqué dans un large éventail d'activités, notamment la modulation de la topologie de l'ADN, la réparation de l'ADN, la régulation épigénétique de l'expression des gènes et l'accès sélectif aux molécules candidates à l’export. Le composant structurel nécessaire pour orchestrer ces fonctions nucléoplasmiques est appelé le panier une structure de ∼60 à 80 nm de long faisant saillie dans le nucléoplasme. Une vision consensuelle dépeint le panier comme une structure assemblée par des protéines filamenteuses convergeant en un anneau distal, TPR (Translocated Promoter Region protein) chez l'homme et par ses deux paralogues Mlp1 et Mlp2 (myosin-like proteins) chez la levure. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons caractérisé le mouvement d'ARNm spécifiques au voisinage de la périphérie nucléaire. Nous avons observé que les transcrits scannent l'enveloppe nucléaire, probablement pour trouver un pore nucléaire afin d'être exportés. Nous avons également montré que ce comportement était affecté par la délétion ou la troncation de Mlp1 ainsi que par la mutation de la protéine de liaison aux queues poly(A) Nab2. Ces observations indiquent que Mlp1 et donc les paniers, ainsi que des protéines liant l’ARN, facilitent l'interaction des ARNm avec la périphérie nucléaire. Alors que la structure canonique du pore nucléaire est bien établie, notre compréhension des conditions et des facteurs contribuant à l'assemblage du panier, ainsi que de la stoechiométrie de ses composants, reste incomplète. Bien que les protéines du panier soient impliquées dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes par l'ancrage des gènes à la périphérie nucléaire et dans le recrutement des ARNm avant leur export, la manière dont le panier intervient dans ce processus est mal comprise. De plus, la dynamique des protéines du panier chez la levure semble obéir à des 6 règles différentes de celles des autres nucléoporines, car leur renouvellement (turn over) au niveau du pore est plus rapide que celui des autres composants du NPC. De plus, il a été observé que lors d'un choc thermique, Mlp1 et Mlp2 se dissocient des pores nucléaires et forment des granules intra-nucléaires, séquestrant les ARNm et les facteurs d'exportation d'ARN. Pourtant, le mécanisme de formation de ces granules ou leur rôle pendant le choc thermique est mal compris. Chez la levure, le panier nucléaire n'est pas associé à tous les pores nucléaires, et les paniers sont absents des pores adjacents au nucléole. La manière dont les cellules établissent ces pores sans paniers et s'ils représentent des pores nucléaires spécialisés ayant des fonctions différentes des pores contenant des corbeilles n’est pas connue. Pour comprendre la dynamique de l'assemblage des paniers et la pertinence biologique de former de deux types de pores distincts, nous avons disséqué les processus biologiques menant à la formation des paniers. De plus, afin de mettre en évidence les différences fonctionnelles potentielles entre les deux types de pores nous avons étudié les protéines associées aux pores contenant un panier nucléaire et des pores sans panier. Nous avons montré que l'assemblage d'un panier n'est pas un mode par défaut pour un pore dans le nucléoplasme et que la formation et la maturation des ARNm est nécessaire pour maintenir l'intégrité des paniers. Alors que l'ARNm peut être trouvé associé aux deux types de pores, nos résultats suggèrent que la cinétique d’export peut être différente sur les pores avec et sans panier. Les eucaryotes organisent leur noyau en régions fonctionnelles discrètes et l'enveloppe nucléaire a été envisagée comme pouvant être une organelle à part entière. Nos analyses indiquent que les ARNm et Mlp1 participent à un degré supplémentaire de compartimentation nucléaire en permettant la formation d'une structure dynamique : le panier. Mon projet apporte un nouvel éclairage sur l'organisation des compartiments nucléaire et met en évidence l'intrication surprenante entre l'export des ARNm et la plasticité des pores nucléaires.

No description available.