The hydrophobic interaction refers to a mutually attractive force experienced by hydrophobic surfaces or molecules across water. At the molecular scale, it drives the selfassembly of lipid vesicles and micelles and accelerates interfacial chemical reactions. At the macroscale, it confers upon numerous plants and insects the ability to repel water and is harnessed in practical applications, such as water-proofing and desalination. However, despite its ubiquity and significance, mechanistic insights into the hydrophobic interaction between macroscopic surfaces remain unclear. A significant body of experimental data on surface force measurements exists, which were obtained following this protocol: hydrophobic molecules (typically organosilanes) are physisorbed onto molecularly smooth mica films that are glued onto transparent rigid silica discs and driven towards each other while measuring forces and distances. We developed a protocol for functionalizing mica surfaces with perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) to achieve robust, ultra-smooth hydrophobic surfaces. Then we investigated the consequences of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) in water on the hydrophobic interaction. Whereas NQEs are known to influence physical and chemical properties of water, their impact on the hydrophobic interaction has remained largely unexplored. We find that the attractive forces between FDTS-coated mica surfaces were ~ 10% higher in light water (H2O) than in heavy water (D2O) even though macroscopic measurables, such as the interfacial tensions and contact angles are indistinguishable. This is the first-ever experimental demonstration of nuclear quantum effects at play in modulating hydrophobic surface forces. Towards practical applications, we investigated the partitioning of small, amphiphilic molecules onto our molecularly smooth FDTS-coated mica films. These scenarios are relevant in wastewater treatment, bioresource processing, fermenter broths, and food & beverage industries. Water-soluble short chain alcohols (ethanol) readily partitioned onto FDTS surfaces and remained attached onto the surface. The presence of alcohols was confirmed by surface force measurements, contact angle goniometry of water drops, and gas chromatography. We investigated protocols for characterizing fouled surfaces and cleaning them. These protocols were tested on realistic desalination membranes and proved effective. Thus, our findings could be used to develop robust protocols for characterizing membrane fouling and cleaning protocols in various separation processes.

L’étude des effets quantiques nucléaires (NQE) suscite de plus en plus d’intérêt. En effet, les effets quantiques comme l’effet tunnel ou l’énergie de point zéro, peuvent profondément modifier les propriétés de matériaux constitués d'atomes légers comme l'hydrogène. Les méthodes standards de simulation des NQE sont basées sur les intégrales de chemin. Le bain thermique quantique (QTB) constitue une alternative à ces méthodes: le principe est que les degrés de liberté classiques du système obéissent à une équation de Langevin et sont couplés à des oscillateurs harmoniques quantiques. Dans l’équation de Langevin classique, la force aléatoire est un bruit blanc et le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation classique est vérifié; avec le QTB, le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation quantique est vérifié. Nous étudierons à travers des modèles simples la validité et les limites du QTB et montrerons qu'il permet de simuler des systèmes de la matière condensée en incluant les NQE en générant leurs propriétés structurales et dynamiques. Nous montrerons que le QTB est particulièrement adapté à l’étude de la symétrisation de liaisons hydrogènes et permet d'identifier précisément une pression de transition. Celle-ci dépend de la distance entre deux oxygènes voisins comme dans la glace sous haute pression, mais est modifiée par la présence d'impuretés ioniques ou par l'environnement atomique des liaisons hydrogènes comme dans la phase delta de AlOOH. De plus, en comparant des simulations classiques à des simulations QTB, nous pouvons identifier les rôles respectifs des effets quantiques et thermiques dans ces transitions de phase. / Increasing interest has risen for nuclear quantum effects (NQE) in the recent past. Indeed, NQE such as proton tunneling and zero point energy often play a crucial role in the properties of hydrogen-containing materials. The standard methods to simulate NQE are based on path integrals. An alternative to these methods is the Quantum Thermal Bath (QTB): it is based on a Langevin equation where the classical degrees of freedom are coupled to an ensemble of quantum harmonic oscillators. In the classical Langevin equation, the random force is a white noise and fulfills the classical fluctuation-dissipation theorem, while within the QTB formalism, it fulfills the quantum fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We investigate through simple models the reliability and the limits of the QTB and show that the QTB enables realistic simulations including NQE of condensed-phase systems, generating static and dynamic information such as pair correlation functions and vibrational spectra which can be confronted with experimental results. We show that the QTB is particularly successful in the study of the symmetrization of hydrogen bonds in several systems. Indeed, the difficulty lies in the identification of a precise transition pressure since this phase transition is often blurred by quantum or thermal fluctuations. In high-pressure ice, it depends on the oxygen-oxygen distance but it can be affected by ionic impurities and by the asymmetric environment of hydrogen bonds as in the delta phase of AlOOH. Moreover, by comparing results from QTB and standard ab initio simulations, we are able to disentangle the respective roles of NQE and thermal fluctuations in these phase transitions.

In dieser Dissertation diskutiere ich theoretische Methoden zur Simulation von Grenzflächen zwischen Metallen und Molekülen auf atomarer Maßstabsebene, die für die Speicherung und Erzeugung "sauberer" Energie von Bedeutung sind, und wende sie an. Wir verwenden die Dichtefunktionaltheorie für das elektronische Subsystem und verschiedene Methoden wie die (quasi-)harmonische Näherung und die Pfadintegral-Molekulardynamik, um die Quanteneigenschaften des nuklearen Subsystems zu berücksichtigen. Wir berechnen den Isotopeneffekt auf die Arbeitsfunktion von Cyclohexan, das an der Rh(111)-Oberfläche adsorbiert wird, ein Effekt, der sich aus der Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung nur dann ergibt, wenn die nuklearen Freiheitsgrade quantenmechanisch behandelt werden. Deuteriertes Cyclohexan C6D12 hat einen größeren Adsorptionsabstand als gewöhnliches Cyclohexan. Pfadintegral-Molekulardynamiksimulationen zeigen auch eine temperaturabhängige Renormierung der elektronischen Zustandsdichte in diesem System. Schließlich befassen wir uns mit Oberflächenreaktionen auf einer geladenen metallischen Oberfläche. Wir stellen unsere Implementierung der Nudged-Elastic-Band-Methode (NEB) im i-PI-Paket vor und diskutieren ihre Leistungsfähigkeit. Anschließend setzen wir die Methode ein, um die Energiebarriere der Wasserspaltungsreaktion auf einer Pd(111)-Oberfläche zu berechnen, die einem elektrischen Feld unterschiedlicher Intensität ausgesetzt ist. Wir zeigen, dass die niedrigste Dissoziationsbarriere auftritt, wenn das Feld eine Stärke erreicht, die eine geometrische Frustration des auf der Oberfläche adsorbierten Wassermoleküls hervorruft, und dass die Nullpunktenergiebeiträge zur Barriere dieser Reaktion über den weiten Bereich der auf das System angelegten elektrischen Feldstärken nahezu konstant bleiben. Wir erklären dies durch eine gegenseitige Aufhebung der Rot- und Blauverschiebungen einzelner Schwingungsmoden zwischen Reaktant und Übergangszustand. / In this thesis, I discuss and apply theoretical methods for simulating interfaces between metals and molecules of relevance to "clean" energy storage and production on an atomistic scale. We use density-functional theory for the electronic subsystem and various methods such as (quasi-)harmonic approximation and path integral molecular dynamics to account for quantum properties of the nuclear subsystem, determining which methods are sufficient to grasp the essential phenomena while remaining computationally affordable. We calculate isotope effect on the work function of cyclohexane adsorbed on Rh(111) surface, an effect that emerges from electron-phonon coupling only when the nuclear degrees of freedom are treated quantum-mechanically. Deuterated cyclohexane C6D12 has larger adsorption distance than ordinary cyclohexane. Path integral molecular dynamics simulations also show a temperature-dependent renormalization of the electronic density of states in this system, induced by both thermal and quantum fluctuations of nuclei. Finally, we address surface reactions on a charged metallic surface. We present our implementation of the nudged elastic band (NEB) method in i-PI package and discuss its performance. We then employ the method to calculate the energy barrier of water splitting reaction on a Pd(111) surface subjected to electric fields of different strengths. We show that the lowest dissociation barrier takes place when the field reaches a strength that induces a geometric frustration of the water molecule adsorbed on the surface, and that the zero-point energy contributions to the barrier of this reaction remain nearly constant across the wide range of electric field strengths applied to the system. We explain this by a mutual cancellation of the red and blue shifts of individual vibrational modes between reactant and transition states.