Esta pesquisa investiga interface sintática e semântica das construções que expressam números em duas línguas da família linguística Tupi. Os objetivos são i) propor uma análise da interface sintática e semântica da estrutura composicional dos numerais nas línguas Tupi e ii) avaliar o impacto dessa análise para a compreensão da morfossintaxe dos sistemas numéricos em geral. Foram selecionados os sistemas numéricos das línguas do karitiana (Arikém) e do kaiamurá (Tupi-Guarani). No caso do karitiana, os dados foram coletados pela autora deste projeto em uma Iniciação científica financiada pelo CNPq em 2015. No caso do kamayurá a fonte dos dados foi a Gramática do Kamayurá (SEKI, 2000). A pesquisa toma como ponto de partida as seguintes teorias: i) Estratégia de empacotamento proposta por Hurford (1987, 2006, 2010) para explicar a sintaxe da formação dos numerais nas línguas naturais. Nessa abordagem operações sintáticas expressam operações matemáticas, como multiplicação e adição, e numerais complexos são formados a partir de numerais e bases morfêmicas multiplicativas; ii) teoria Fregeana para palavras numéricas desenvolvida por Rothstein (2013, 2017) que propõe que numerais complexos são formados a partir de numerais básicos e multiplicadores lexicais <n <e, t>. As hipóteses iniciais foram: i) a estratégia de empacotamento opera na formação recursiva de numerais complexos em línguas Tupi e isso dá apoio empírico à tese de que esse mecanismo é um universal sintático que orienta a formação dos sistemas numéricos nas línguas naturais; ii) o conceito de base morfêmica multiplicativa (HURFORD, 1987,2006,2010) é compatível com o conceito de léxico multiplicativo (ROTHSTEIN, 2013). As hipóteses foram confirmadas e a análise dos dados mostrou que: i) ambas línguas expressam os numerais compostos via numerais básicos, bases auxiliares e coordenação, ii) ambas línguas apresentam estruturas aditivas nos numerais compostos e iii) a abordagem foi produtiva para elucidar a composição desses sistemas numerais. / This research aims to investigate the syntactic and semantic interface of the numerical expressions in two indigenous languages of different subfamilies of the Tupi linguistic family . Our goals are i) to propose an analysis of the syntactic and semantic interface of the numerical compositional structure in the Tupi languages and ii) to evaluate the impact of this analysis for the comprehension of the morphosyntax of numerical systems in general. The numeral systems analyzed of the languages Karitiana (Arikém), Kaiamurá (Tupi-Guarani). In the case of Karitiana , data were collected by the author of this project in 2015 in a Scientific Initiation funded by CNPq. For kamayurá, the source of data was the Kamyurá Grammar (SEKI, 2010). The research take as its starting point the following theories: i) Packing strategy proposed by Hurford (1987, 2006, 2010) to explain the syntax of numerals formation in natural languages. In this approach, syntactic operations express mathematical operations, such as multiplication and addition and complex numerals are formed from a basic numeral and a multiplicative morphemic base; ii) Fregean theory for numerical words developed by Rothstein (2013, 2017) which proposes that complex numerals are formed from basic numerals and lexical multipliers <n <e, t>. The initial hypothesis was: i) the packaging strategy operates on the recursive formation of complex numerals in Tupi languages and this gives empirical support to the thesis that this mechanism is a syntactic universal that guides the formation of numerical systems in natural languages ; ii) the concept of multiplicative morphemic base (Hurford, 1987,2006,2010) is compatible with the concept of lexical multiplier (Rothstein 2013). The hypotheses were confirmed and the data analysis showed that: i) both languages express the compound numerals via basic numerals, auxiliary bases and coordination, ii) both languages have additive structures in the compound numerals and iii) the approach was productive to elucidate the composition of these numerical systems.

This study examines the relationship between language and cognition with a focus on Chinese numeral classifiers (CNCs). NCs are ideally suited to exploring the link between language and semantic categorization, as classifier selection depends on the physical attributes of the associated noun (e.g., Mandarin zhi is used for long and rigid objects and tiao for long and flexible objects). Previous studies on numeral classifiers have addressed the language-cognition link by comparing the cognitive performance of monolingual as well as bilingual speakers of different languages (Lucy, 1992; Saalbach & Imai, 2005; Gao & Malt, 2009). In contrast, the present study sought to address the cognitive effects of numeral classifiers via a training study that investigated whether exposure to CNCs influenced Native-English speakers’ object categorization preferences, inhibitory control and memory retrieval. The participants of this study were 99 Native-English speaking College students. They were randomly assigned to an experimental group, which received training on four commonly used CNCs during the initial phase of the experiment, or a control group, which did not receive similar treatment during the initial phase. After the initial phase, the experimental group and the control group were assessed on a Forced Choice Task, a Go/No-Go Task and a Memory Task. A Mixed-design ANOVA indicated that the experimental group displayed a preference for objects sharing the same classifier in the Forced Choice Task and the Go/ No-Go Task (i.e. Go trials) when compared to the controls. The effect of exposure to numeral classifiers on inhibitory control was supported with a significantly lower false alarm rate (in the No-Go trials) for the experimental group. However, no group differences were observed in the results of the analysis of the participants’ median reaction times in the Go/No-Go tasks. Similarly, the differences between the two groups’ scores on the Memory Task was not found to be significant. The results of the study indicated that exposure to CNCs influenced Native-English speakers’ categorization. The results also revealed partial support for the influence of exposure to CNCs on inhibitory processing, but not in the case of object clustering.

A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Statistics and Actuarial Science. 26 May 2016 / Exponential smoothing is a recursive time series technique whereby forecasts are updated for each new incoming data values. The technique has been widely used in forecasting, particularly in business and inventory modelling. Up until the early 2000s, exponential smoothing methods were often criticized by statisticians for lacking an objective statistical basis for model selection and modelling errors. Despite this, exponential smoothing methods appealed to forecasters due to their forecasting performance and relative ease of use. In this research report, we apply three commonly used exponential smoothing methods to two datasets which exhibit both trend and seasonality. We apply the method directly on the data without de-seasonalizing the data first. We also apply a seasonal naive method for benchmarking the performance of exponential smoothing methods. We compare both in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting performance of the methods. The performance of the methods is assessed using forecast accuracy measures. Results show that the Holt-Winters exponential smoothing method with additive seasonality performed best for forecasting monthly rainfall data. The simple exponential smoothing method outperformed the Holt’s and Holt-Winters methods for forecasting daily temperature data.

No description available.

Mandarin Chinese numeral classifiers receive considerable at-tention in linguistic research. The status of the general classifier 个 gè re-mains unresolved. Many linguists suggest that the use of 个 gè as a noun classifier is arbitrary. This view is challenged in the current study. Relying on the CCL-Corpus of Peking University and data from Google, we investigated which nouns for living beings are most likely classified by the general clas-sifier 个 gè. The results suggest that the use of the classifier 个 gè is motivated by an anthropocentric continuum as described by Köpcke and Zubin in the 1990s. We tested Köpcke and Zubin’s approach with Chinese native speakers. We examined 76 animal expressions to explore the semantic interdepen-dence of numeral classifiers and the nouns. Our study shows that nouns with the semantic feature [+ animate] are more likely to be classified by 个 gè if their denotatum is either very close to or very far located from the anthropo-centric center. In contrast animate nouns whose denotata are located at some intermediate distance from the anthropocentric center are less likely to be classified by 个 gè.

Šiame magistro darbe aptariamos Juozapo Silvestro Dovydaičio knygos „Šiaulėniškis Senelis“ (1863 m. I d.) trys linksniuojamosios kalbos dalys – būdvardis, skaitvardis ir įvardis. Tyrimo duomenimis, rasti 2378 pavyzdžiai, iš jų 355 būdvardžiai, 151 skaitvardis ir 1872 įvardžiai. Tiriant minėtas linksniuojamąsias kalbos dalis, buvo fiksuojamas jų vartojimo dažnumas. Nesigilinama į autoriaus asmenybę, biografijos faktus, nes jau yra parašytas bakalauro darbas „Juozapo Silvestro Dovydaičio knygos „Šiaulėniškis Senelis“ (1963 m. I d.) daiktavardis“ (Tamulynaitė, 2006), kuriame nuosekliai ir išsamiai pateikta J. S. Dovydaičio gyvenimo ir veiklos apžvalga. J. S. Dovydai��io „Šiaulėniškis Senelis“, kaip ir visi senieji rašytiniai darbai, yra reikšmingas liaudies šnekamosios kalbos (šiuo atveju vakarų aukštaičių šiauliškių tarmės) pažinimo šaltinis. Šis darbas bus paskatinimas tolimesniam S. J. Dovydaičio kūrybinio palikimo tyrinėjimui. / After having researched the adjectives, numerals and pronouns in J. S. Dovydaitis book “Siauleniskis Senelis” (1863 – part 1) the following conclusions can be drawn: · The most often used parts out of J. S. Dovydaitis book “Siauleniskis Senelis” are adjectives (1872 times used, i.e. 78,72 %); the least often used are numerals (151 times used, i.e. 6,35 %). · Frequently used by the author are adjectives, which belong to a (f. ā) stem (231 times used, i.e. 79,66 % of all the adjectives); almost all paradigma cases are realized; the least often used are ia (f. iā) stem (1 time used, i.e. 0,34 %). · In the researched text, as well as in “aukstaicia siauliskiu” pronunciation, adjectives have levels. There are higher, the highest, and the most highest levels. Mostly registered are the adjectives of the highest level (15 times used, i.e. 4,46 % of all adjectives); the least used are adjectives of the most highest level (3 times used, i.e. 0,89 %). · Also pronoun adjectives were found (19 times used, i.e. 5,35 % of all the quantities numerals). · Out of the adjectives used by the author the quantities ones are the most frequent (126 times used, i.e. 96,64 % of all the quantities numerals). · The biggest part of the pronouns used by the author is personal ones (834 times used, i.e. 44,55 %); out of which the most frequent are the main ones (195 times used, i.e. 80,46 %); the least used are questioning and conditional pronouns (671 times used, i.e. 10,42 %).

K. Michnevičiaus – Mikėno išversta knyga į lietuvių kalbą „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ pasirodė 1859 metais. Tai religinio pobūdžio kūrinys, kuris turi didaktinių ypatybių. K. Michnevičiaus – Mikėno „Šventas Izidorius artojas“, kaip ir daugelis to meto literatūrinių darbų, yra svarbus XIX amžiaus rytų aukštaičių tarmės pažinimo šaltinis. Rytų aukštaičių tarmės ypatybių randama rašyboje, sintaksėje, leksikoje, bet šio darbo objektas – dviejų linksniuojamų kalbos dalių – būdvardžio ir skaitvardžio – morfologija. Remiantis knygos „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ surinktais būdvardžiais ir skaitvardžiais, lyginama senųjų raštų kalba su dabartine rytų aukštaičių tarme bei bendrine kalba. Darbo pobūdis. Tai aprašomojo pobūdžio darbas, tačiau remiamasi ir lyginamuoju metodu. Darbe lyginami kūrinyje esantys būdvardžiai ir skaitvardžiai su rytų aukštaičių tarmės ir bk būdvardžiais, skaitvardžiais. Darbo tikslas – palyginti K. Michnevičiaus-Mikėno knygos dvi linksniuojamąsias kalbos dalis – būdvardį ir skaitvardį – su rytų aukštaičių tarmės ir bk būdvardžiu, skaitvardžiu. Tikslui pasiekti keliami uždaviniai: 1) papildyti medžiagą apie K. Michnevičiaus-Mikėno biografiją; 2) knygos būdvardžius suskirstyti pagal kamienus, aptarti jų laipsnius ir įvardžiuotines formas. Skaitvardžius suskirstyti pagal reikšmę ir gramatines ypatybes; 3) morfologiškai ištirti knygos būdvardžius, skaitvardžius lyginant juos su rytų aukštaičių tarme ir bk. Išnagrinėjus knygoje esančius būdvardžius ir skaitvardžius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The book „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ was translated to Lithuanian language by K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas and published in 1859. This book is about religion and education. K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas’s book same as other books of that time are an important source of Lithuania’s east dialect knowledge in 19 century. Special features of east Lithuania dialect can be found in book’s spelling, syntax, lexis, but purpose of this work is morphology, two parts of speech – adjective and numeral. With reference to book’s „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ collected adjectives and numerals, book is compared to common language and present east Lithuania dialect. This work is descriptive, but also is based on comparative method. In work K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas book’s adjectives and numerals are compared to common language and present east Lithuania dialect. Purpose of this work is compare two parts of speech – adjectives and numerals – from K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas’s book to adjectives and numerals from preset east Lithuania dialect and common language. To achieve purpose these tasks are used: 1. Collect, structure and add information about book’s author. 2. Structure and classify adjectives and numerals from book. 3. Explore east Lithuania dialect features, which are compared to common language. After book’s adjectives and numerals analysis these conclusions were made: 1. In the book „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ adjectives of four stem kinds are used: a (f. ā), Ia (f. Iā), iIa (f. ē), u (f. Iā), for... [to full text]

This dissertation seeks to deepen understanding towards language change by answering three questions: What is the unit of change? What is the manner of change? What are the factors of change? Three cases of linguistic innovation in the Chinese language are examined. Adopting a usage-based approach, I analyze the language data of these three linguistic innovations, and the results provide unanimous answers to the three questions. First, the basic unit of language change is a construction, and it can be of any length, such as phrasal, clausal or discourse-length. Second, these cases of linguistic innovation present a scenario of change led by high-frequency exemplars, demonstrating that language change can be abrupt rather than gradual. Third, the external factors giving rise to the exemplars prove crucial in reconstructing language change in progress. All three case studies present linguistic innovation as a response to a changing material reality. I thus advocate a usage-based constructionist approach that considers external factors in the investigation of language change, as it allows us to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the process.

Submitted by Ana Luiza Ribeiro Pereira Dias Piovezana (analuiza_dias@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-07-26T16:03:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANALUIZA_PIOVEZANA_2018.pdf: 1546974 bytes, checksum: 41f7204f8f17707443d642941c1dd609 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-07-30T14:14:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 piovezana_alrpd_me_bauru.pdf: 1464019 bytes, checksum: 28bbb33796d13122b370e0f0aaa78598 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T14:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 piovezana_alrpd_me_bauru.pdf: 1464019 bytes, checksum: 28bbb33796d13122b370e0f0aaa78598 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / A memória operacional é a capacidade para reter e manipular informações por curtos períodos de tempo. Evidências apontam que quanto melhor a capacidade da memória operacional (CMO), melhor é o aprendizado escolar. Um programa de treino computadorizado adaptativo (TCA) foi desenvolvido para ajudar os alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagem, mas os benefícios não são consistentes em todas as pesquisas. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos realizou-se em países desenvolvidos nos quais recursos tecnológicos são regulares e presentes precocemente na vida das crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do treino computadorizado adaptativo para a estimulação da memória operacional num país em desenvolvimento. Participaram do estudo 49 crianças de 8 e 9 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, matriculadas no 3º ano de escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo identificadas com baixa capacidade de memória operacional (CMO), nível socieconômico correspondente à faixa C1. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: GTCA (grupo de treino computadorizado adaptativo, n=23) e GC (grupo controle; n=26). Todos os participantes foram avaliados em dois momentos nos seguintes constructos: raciocínio abstrato, desempenho escolar, memória operacional, cognição numérica, atenção e funções executivas, bem como por escalas referentes a ansiedade matemática e estresse infantil. Na comparação entre-sujeitos dos grupos (GTCA x GC) nos testes utilizados como medidas de transferência não foram observadas melhorias após a intervenção. Na comparação intra-sujeitos pode-se constatar que houve melhora quantitativa nas tarefas de todas as crianças que realizaram o treino, por meio dos índices gerados pelo programa do TCA. No entanto, apenas doze crianças conseguiram finalizar o treino e o realizaram de forma intensiva e sem interrupções. Falta de adesão e motivação das crianças pouco habituadas aos jogos computadorizados, bem como problemas de infraestrutura comprometeram a realização do treino regularmente. As crianças que concluíram o TCA apresentaram tanto transferência para medidas treinadas como para medidas não treinadas após o TCA o que sugere a eficácia do programa em crianças com baixa CMO, contudo, os ganhos não foram sustentados após o término da intervenção. É importante a possibilidade de novos estudos com a mesma intervenção por meio de protocolos menos rigorosos e mais adequados ao contexto de países em desenvolvimento. / Working memory is the ability to retain and manipulate information for short periods. Evidence point that the better the capacity of working memory the better is the learning ability. An adaptive computerized training program (ACT) was developed to help students with learning difficults, but the benefits are not consistent across the studies. In addition, most studies have been conducted in developed countries where technological resources are regular and present early in children’s lives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adaptative computer training in stimulation of working memory in a developing country. Participants were 49 children of 8 and 9 years of age, of both genders, enrolled 3rd year of public schools in the city of São Paulo identified with low working memory capacity (WMC), socioeconomic level corresponding to the C1 range. The sample was divided into two groups: GACT (adaptive computerized training group: n = 23) and CG (control group: n = 26). All participants were assessed at two moments in the following constructs: nonverbal reasoning, school performance, working memory, numerical cognition, attention and executive functions, as well as scales referring to mathematical anxiety and child stress. In the between subjects comparison, for the groups (GACT x GC) no improvements in transfer measures were observed after intervention. In the intra-subjects, comparison there was a quantitative improvement in the tasks of all the children who performed the training, through the indexes generated by the ACT program. However, only twelve children were able to complete the training and did it intensively and with out interruption. Lack of adherence and motivation of the children that were not used with computerized games, apart from infrastructure problems compromised training performance regularity. The children who completed the ACT presented both transfer effects for proximal measures and for distal measures after the ACT demonstrating the effectiveness of the program in children with low CWO, although the gains were not sustained after the intervention ended. Further studies should focus on the same intervention throughout less rigorous protocols that seems more adequate to developing countries.

Este trabalho aborda, de maneira bem sucinta e objetiva, a história da evolução dos números desde o primeiro risco em um osso, até chegar na forma atual como os conhecemos. Ao longo de aproximadamente 30.000 anos de existência, os sistemas de numeração, suas bases e representações sofreram inúmeras modificações, adequando-se ao contexto histórico vigente. Podemos citar a mentalidade científica da época, a necessidade da conquista de territórios, religiões e crenças e necessidades básicas da vida cotidiana. Deste modo, mostramos uma corrente histórica que tenta explicar como e porque a ideia de número se modifica com o tempo, sempre tendo em vista os fatores que motivaram tais mudanças e quais benefícios (ou malefícios) trouxeram consigo. Com um capítulo dedicado a cada uma das mais importantes civilizações que contribuíram para o crescimento da matemática e, sempre que possível, em ordem cronológica de acontecimentos, o leitor consegue ter uma boa ideia de como uma civilização influencia a outra e como um povo posterior pôde apoiar-se nos conhecimentos adquiridos dos antepassados para produzir seus próprios algorítimos e teoremas.