Current fire induced burnthrough models of aluminum typically rely solely on temperature thresholds and cannot accurately capture either the occurrence or the time to burnthrough. This research experimentally explores the fire induced burnthrough phenomenon of AA6061-T651 plates under multiple sized exposures and introduces a new burnthrough model based on the near melting creep rupture properties of the material. Fire experiments to induce burnthrough on aluminum plates were conducted using localized exposure from a propane jet burner and broader exposure from a propane sand burner. A material melting mechanism was observed for all localized exposures while a material rupture mechanism was observed for horizontally oriented plates exposed to the broader heat flux. Numerical burnthrough models were developed for each of the observed burnthrough mechanisms. Material melting was captured using a temperature threshold model of 633 deg C. Material rupture was captured using a Larson-Miller based creep rupture model. To implement the material rupture model, a characterization of the creep rupture properties was conducted at temperatures between 500 and 590 deg C. The Larson-Miller curve was subsequently developed to capture rupture behavior. Additionally, the secondary and tertiary creep behavior of the material was modeled using a modified Kachanov-Rabotnov creep model. Thermal finite element model accuracy was increased by adapting a methodology for using infrared thermography to measure spatially and temporally varying full-field heat flux maps. Once validated and implemented, thermal models of the aluminum burnthrough experiments were accurate to 20 deg C in the transient and 10 deg C in the steady state regions. Using thermo-mechanical finite element analyses, the burnthrough models were benchmarked against experimental data. Utilizing the melting and rupture mechanism models, burnthrough occurrence was accurately modeled for over 90% of experiments and modeled burnthrough times were within 20% for the melting mechanism and 50% for the rupture mechanism. Simplified burnthrough equations were also developed to facilitate the use of the burnthrough models in a design setting. Equations were benchmarked against models of flat and stiffened plates and the burnthrough experiments. Melting mechanism burnthrough time results were within 25% of benchmark values suggesting accurate capture of the mechanism. Rupture mechanism burnthrough results were within 60% of benchmark values. / Ph. D.

Following the DWH oil spill event, crude oil reaching the shoreline of Gulf of Mexico produced petroleum oil deposit with a range of distinct geometries, including sphere tar balls and horizontal tar sheets. Numerical models were developed based on the Deep Water Horizon oil spill conditions to evaluate the influence of deposit geometry on long term persistence of residual NAPL oil. Two extreme deposit geometries were modeled in this study: the horizontal tar sheet and the spherical tar ball. Both two-dimensional modeling approach and three-dimensional modeling approach were applied to compare two contrasting geometries. The two-dimensional model results showed that sheet geometry deposits exhibited a greater obstruction to groundwater flow relative to the spherical deposits and induced a larger sulfate reducing zone downgradient of the NAPL source, resulting in significantly greater sulfate-based biodegradation of benzene. Three-dimensional models were constructed to assess the influence of key geometry parameters on oil deposit fate and persistence. Three parameters affecting deposit's geometric structure were recognized, including the upper horizontal area of the sheet deposit, the thickness of the sheet deposit, and the radius of the sphere deposit. The three-dimensional model results suggested that thickness of the sheet deposit and radius of the sphere deposit were important geometry factors impacting the fate and long term persistence of residual NAPL oil in the coastal environment. However, the influence of deposit geometry differed depending on the solubility of the different NAPL components. When high solubility compound and low solubility compound both exist in the oil deposit, the influence of deposit geometry on benzene degradation was significant, while the influence on naphthalene was almost negligible. / Master of Science

Hydrothermal processes play a major role in transporting mass and energy in Earth’s crust. These processes rely on hydrothermal fluid, which is dissolving, transporting and precipitating minerals and distribute heat. The composition of the hydrothermal fluid is specific for various geological settings, but in most cases it can be approximated by H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ fluid composition. The flow of hydrothermal fluid is controlled by differences in temperature, pressure and/or density of the fluid and hydraulic conductivity of the rock. In my work, I was focused on modeling of the hydrothermal fluid properties and experimental characterization of fluid that formed emerald deposit in North Carolina, USA. The dissertation based on the result of three separate projects. The first project has been dedicated to characterization of the H₂O-NaCl hydrothermal fluid ability to transport mass and energy. This ability of the fluid is defined by a change in fluid density and enthalpy in response to changing pressure or temperature. In this project we quantified the derivatives of mass, enthalpy and SiO₂ solubility in wide range of pressure, temperature and composition (PTx) of H₂O-NaCl fluid. Our study indicated that the PT region in which fluid is most efficiently can transport mass and energy, located in the critical region near liquid-vapor phase boundary and the sensitivity to changing pressure-temperature conditions decrease with increasing salinity. In second project we developed the revised H₂O-NaCl viscosity model. Revised model to calculate the viscosity of H₂O-NaCl reproduces experimental data with ±10% precision in PTx range where experimental data available and follows expected trends outside of the range. This model is valid over the temperature range from the H₂O solidus (~0 °C) to ~1,000 °C, from ~0.1 MPa to ≤500 MPa, and for salinities from 0-100 wt.% NaCl. The third project has been focused on the characterization of formation conditions of the emerald at North American Emerald Mine, Hiddenite, North Carolina, USA. The emerald formation conditions defined as 120-220 MPa, 450-625 °C using stable isotope, Raman spectrometry, and fluid inclusion analysis. Hydrothermal fluid had a composition of CO2-H2O±CH4, which indicates mildly reducing environment of emerald growth. / Ph. D.

Free-Fall Penetrometer (FFP) testing is an easy and rapid test procedure for seabed sediment characterization favorable to conventional geotechnical testing mainly due to its cost-effectiveness. Yet, FFP testing results are interpreted using empirical correlations, but difficulties arise to understand soil behavior under the high-strain rate (HSR) loading effects during rapid FFP penetration. The numerical simulation of FFP-soil interaction is also challenging. This study aims to numerically analyze FFP testing of saturated loose sands using the particle-based Material Point Method (MPM). The numerical analysis was conducted by simulating calibration chamber FFP tests on saturated loose quartz sand. The numerical results using quasi-static properties resulted in a reaction of the sand softer than the actual calibration chamber test. This implied the necessity of considering HSR effects. After performing parametric analyses, it was concluded that dilation plays an important role in the response of sand-water mixtures. Comparison of dry and saturated simulations showed that FFP penetration increases when the soil is dry and tends to develop a general bearing capacity failure mechanism. This is because the pore water increases the stiffness of the system and due to the increased strength that develops in saturated dilative sands when negative pore pressures develop. Local bearing failure mechanism is observed in all saturated simulations. Finally, numerical CPT (quasi-static) and FFP tests were used to examine the strain rate coefficient used in practice (K); and a consistent range between 1 to 1.5 was obtained. / Master of Science / Accurate characterization of seabed sediments is crucial to understand sediment mobilization processes and to solve nearshore engineering problems such as scouring around offshore structures. Its portability, low testing effort, and repeatability make FreeFall Penetrometer (FFP) testing a highly cost-effective sediment characterization test. Nevertheless, due to the complex penetration mechanism of FFPs in soils (e.g., high-strain rate effects due to rapid FFP loading), converting FFP output into practical information is complicated, and it heavily relies on empirical correlations. This thesis presents a numerical analysis of FFP testing on saturated sand using the Material Point Method. First, the simulation results were compared with laboratory tests. Later, a parametric study was performed to understand the effect of different material parameters on the FFP response and to highlight in a simplified manner the effects of rapid loading on the sand behavior. Additional simulations in dry sand (without water) revealed that dry conditions provide larger FFP penetrations than saturated ones for the same material parameters. Lastly, the strain rate coefficient, which is a parameter required in one of the most common empirical methods for converting FFP output into geotechnical parameters, was back-calculated. The results were consistent with values used in practice for similar conditions.

[ES] El resalto hidráulico constituye uno de los fenómenos más complejos con aplicación en el campo de la ingeniería hidráulica. Por un lado, las propias características del resalto, entre las que se encuentran las grandes fluctuaciones turbulentas, la intensa entrada de aire y una disipación de energía muy significativa, contribuyen a su complejidad situando el conocimiento actual del fenómeno lejos de una comprensión total del mismo. Por otro lado, es precisamente la naturaleza disipadora de energía del resalto la que da lugar a su principal aplicación práctica. Así pues, la investigación que aquí se presenta trata de contribuir al conocimiento general del resalto hidráulico y su aplicación para disipar energía en cuencos amortiguadores de grandes presas. Para ello, se abordaron las bases del fenómeno mediante la caracterización de un resalto hidráulico clásico (RHC). La investigación se llevó a cabo bajo una doble perspectiva de modelación numérica y física. Se emplearon técnicas de Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (DFC) para la realización de simulaciones de este resalto hidráulico, a la vez que se llevó a cabo una campaña experimental en un modelo físico específicamente diseñado para tratar el caso. De este modo, se abordaron los aspectos más relevantes del resalto hidráulico, incluyendo el ratio de calados conjugados, la eficiencia del resalto, la longitud de la zona de recirculación, el perfil de la lámina libre, las distribuciones de velocidad y presión, la longitud del resalto y el análisis de frecuencias. Los resultados de los modelos físico y numérico fueron comparados, no solo entre ellos, sino también con información de otros autores procedente de una extensa revisión bibliográfica. Ambos modelos mostraron su capacidad para representar con precisión el fenómeno estudiado. En base a este análisis se observa que la metodología empleada resulta adecuada para la investigación del fenómeno a estudiar. Una vez llevada a cabo la caracterización del RHC, se procedió a analizar un cuenco amortiguador para disipación de energía. En particular, se estudió un caso general y representativo de cuenco amortiguador tipificado USBR II, a partir de la doble perspectiva de modelación física y numérica. Asimismo, los resultados se compararon con datos y expresiones bibliográficas. Esta comparación pretendía evaluar los rasgos particulares del resalto hidráulico en cuencos amortiguadores de grandes presas, así como la influencia de los elementos disipadores de energía en el flujo. Todos los resultados mostraron estar en la línea de las investigaciones de otros autores, más allá de ciertas diferencias relativamente pequeñas. En consecuencia, la metodología desarrollada muestra su utilidad para abordar el estudio del flujo en cuencos amortiguadores. En concreto, los resultados presentados contribuyen a expandir el conocimiento sobre el RHC y el flujo en un cuenco amortiguador tipificado USBR II. Así pues, los resultados pueden emplearse para mejorar el diseño de estructuras de disipación de energía en grandes presas. Durante los últimos años, la adaptación de cuencos amortiguadores a caudales superiores a los empleados para su diseño ha ganado gran relevancia. Esta adaptación resulta clave por los efectos del cambio climáticos y las crecientes exigencias de la sociedad en materia de seguridad y protección frente a avenidas. De este modo, toda contribución a la modelación de resaltos hidráulicos, como la que aquí se presenta, resulta crucial para afrontar el reto de la adaptación de las estructuras hidráulicas para disipación de energía. / [EN] The hydraulic jump constitutes one of the most complex phenomena with application in hydraulic engineering. On the one hand, a series of features bound to the hydraulic jump nature, such as the large turbulent fluctuations, the intense air entrainment and the significant energy dissipation, contribute to build its complexity, which places the current knowledge far from a full understanding of the phenomenon. On the other hand, it is precisely this energy dissipating nature that justifies its use in large-dam stilling basins, which constitutes its main practical application. Hence, the research here presented aimed to contribute to the general knowledge of the hydraulic jump phenomenon and its application for energy dissipation purposes in large-dam stilling basins. To this end, the bases of the phenomenon were addressed by characterising a classical hydraulic jump (CHJ). The research was conducted under a double numerical and physical modelling approach. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques were employed to simulate the hydraulic jump, whereas an experimental campaign in a physical model designed for the purpose was carried out too. The most relevant hydraulic jump characteristics were investigated, including sequent depths ratio, hydraulic jump efficiency, roller length, free surface profile, distributions of velocity and pressure, hydraulic jump length and fluctuating variables. The results from the physical and the numerical models were compared not only between them, but also with bibliographic information coming from an extensive literature review. It was found that both modelling approaches were able to accurately represent the phenomenon under study. Once the characterisation of the CHJ was carried out, the analysis of an energy dissipation stilling basin was developed. In particular, a general and representative case study consisting in a typified USBR II stilling basin was analysed through a physical and numerical modelling approach. In addition, the modelled results were compared with data and expressions coming from a bibliographic review. This comparison was intended to assess the particular characteristics of the hydraulic jump in a large-dam stilling basin, as well as the affection of the energy dissipation devices to the flow. The results revealed not only similarities to the CHJ, but also the influence of the energy dissipation devices existing in the stilling basin, all in good agreement with bibliographic information, despite some slight differences. Consequently, the presented modelling approach showed to be a useful tool to address free surface flows occurring in stilling basins. In particular, the results reported contribute to the enhancement of the knowledge concerning the CHJ and the flow in a typified USBR II stilling basin. These results can be used to improve the design of large-dam energy dissipation structures. This is a key issue in hydraulic engineering, especially in the recent years. Thus, there is an increasing urgency for the adaptation of existing stilling basins, which must cope with higher discharges than those considered in their original design. The adaptation of these structures becomes even more important due to climate change effects and increasing society demands regarding security and flood protection. In these terms, contributions to hydraulic jump modelling, as the ones presented in this research, are crucial to face the challenge of energy dissipation structures adaptation. / [CA] El ressalt hidràulic constitueix un dels fenòmens de major complexitat amb aplicació en el camp de l'enginyeria hidràulica. D'una banda, les característiques del propi ressalt, com poden ser les grans fluctuacions turbulentes, la intensa entrada d'aire i una dissipació d'energia molt significativa, contribueixen a la seua complexitat, de manera que el coneixement actual del ressalt està lluny d'una comprensió total del mateix. D'altra banda, és precisament la gran dissipació d'energia associada al ressalt la que motiva la seua principal aplicació pràctica. La investigació que ací es presenta tracta de contribuir al coneixement general del ressalt hidràulic i la seua aplicació per dissipar energia al vas esmorteïdor de grans preses. En primer lloc, s'abordaren les bases del fenomen mitjançant la caracterització d'un ressalt hidràulic clàssic (RHC). La investigació es va dur a terme sota una doble perspectiva de modelització física i numèrica. El ressalt hidràulic es va simular emprant tècniques de Dinàmica de Fluids Computacional (DFC), mentre paral·lelament es desenvolupava una campanya experimental amb un model físic específicament dissenyat per tractar aquest cas. D'aquesta manera, es van abordar els aspectes més rellevants del ressalt, incloent el ràtio de calats conjugats, l'eficiència, la llargària de la regió de recirculació, el perfil de la superfície lliure, les distribucions de velocitat i pressió, la llargària del ressalt i l'anàlisi de freqüències. Els resultats dels models físic i numèric es compararen, no solament entre ells, sinó també amb informació procedent d'una extensa revisió bibliogràfica. Ambdós models van mostrar la seua capacitat per reproduir amb precisió el fenomen estudiat. Prenent aquest anàlisi, s'observa que la metodologia desenvolupada resulta apropiada per investigar fenòmens com el ressalt hidràulic. Caracteritzat el RHC, s'analitzà un vas esmorteïdor amb funció dissipadora d'energia. Concretament, s'estudià un cas general i representatiu de vas esmorteïdor tipificat USBR II, partint de la doble perspectiva de modelització física i numèrica. Així mateix, els resultats es van comparar amb dades i expressions bibliogràfiques. Aquesta comparació pretenia avaluar les particularitats del ressalt hidràulic al vas esmorteïdor de grans preses, així com la influència al flux dels elements dissipadors d'energia. D'aquesta manera, els resultats es situaren en la línia d'investigacions d'altes autors, més enllà de les lleugeres diferències reportades. En conseqüència, la metodologia desenvolupada mostra la seua utilitat per abordar l'estudi del flux en estructures de dissipació d'energia. En particular, els resultats contribueixen a expandir el coneixement relatiu al RHC i al flux en un vas esmorteïdor tipificat USBR II. Així, aquests resultats poden ser utilitzats per millorar el disseny de les estructures de dissipació d'energia de grans preses. Durant els últims anys, l'adaptació de vasos esmorteïdors a cabals superiors als considerats en la seua fase de disseny ha guanyat especial rellevància. Aquesta adaptació resulta crucial pels efectes del canvi climàtic i les creixents demandes de la societat en matèria de seguretat i protecció front a inundacions. En definitiva, tota contribució a la modelització de ressalts hidràulics, com la que ací es presenta, és de gran importància per afrontar el repte de l'adaptació d'estructures hidràuliques dissipadores d'energia. / The research here presented was funded by ‘Generalitat Valenciana predoctoral grants (Grant number [2015/7521])’, in collaboration with the European Social Funds and by the research project ‘La aireación del flujo y su implementación en prototipo para la mejora de la disipación de energía de la lámina vertiente por resalto hidráulico en distintos tipos de presas’ (BIA2017-85412-C2-1-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy in cooperation with European FEDER funds. / Macián Pérez, JF. (2020). Numerical and physical modelling approaches to the study of the hydraulic jump and its application in large-dam stilling basins [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149565

This thesis describes the creation of RECOVERY-RD, a numerical model capable of representing the biotransformation processes associated with Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) compounds in contaminated sediments for a variety of aquatic environments, including rivers and marine systems. RECOVERY-RD is intended as a screening tool for evaluating the impact of engineered sediment caps on contaminant remediation. The two key components that provided the framework for RECOVERY-RD are RECOVERY, a model for contaminant transport in stratified sediment, and SEAM3D, a numerical transport model for contaminated groundwater systems. The predictions made by RECOVERY-RD are verified using a series of test cases organized to test each phase of the modification process individually. The results show that the processes simulated by RECOVERY-RD are reasonably represented when compared to alternative calculation methods that have been previously verified. A hypothetical application of the initial version of the model provides evidence of the usefulness as a screening-level tool for the assessment of remedial efficacy. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25124号 / 理博第5031号 / 新制||理||1717(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 竹見 哲也, 教授 榎本 剛, 教授 向川 均 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第25253号 / 工博第5212号 / 新制||工||1994(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 川池 健司, 教授 山上 路生, 准教授 米山 望 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Coarse-grained beaches are particularly prevalent in the UK, composed of accumulations of either gravel, or mixed sand and gravel sediments. The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to improve capabilities for predicting coarse-grained beach 2D profile development. In particular, the effects of infiltration and sediment sorting are considered. In this study, the public domain numerical model, XBeach (v12) is developed further. This model was initially developed for studying sandy environments especially for the case of dune erosion. Here, the model is modified to enhance its capability to predict beach profile change on coarse-grained beaches. Improvements include: use of Lagrangian interpretation of velocity in place of Eulerian for driving sediment movement; introduction of a new morphological module based upon Soulsby’s sediment transport equation for waves and currents; incorporation of Packwood’s infiltration approach in the unsaturated area of the swash region; and implementation of a multiple sediment fraction algorithm for sediment sorting of mixed sediments. These changes are suggested and justified in order to significantly improve the application of this model to gravel and mixed beaches, especially with regard to swash velocity asymmetry which is responsible for development of the steep accretionary phase steep berm above waterline and sediment sorting. A comparison between model simulation and large scale experiments is presented with particular regard to the tendency for onshore transport and profile steepening during calm conditions; offshore transport and profile flattening during storm conditions; and sediment sorting in the swash zone. Data used for this and the model calibration comes from the Large Wave Channel (GWK) of the Coastal Research Centre (FZK) in Hannover, Germany. The results are found to agree well with the measured experimental data on gravel beach profile evolution. This is due to the inclusion of infiltration in the model which weakens the backwash volume and velocity in a more satisfying manner than through the use of asymmetric swash friction and transport coefficient. The model also simulates sediment sorting of a mixed sediment beach. However, the profile comparisons were not satisfactory due to limitations of the numerical model such as the constant permeability rate used throughout the simulation and the non-conservation of the sediment volume in the laboratory data by an order of 50%. From the simulation, it was found that the fine sediment moves offshore and the coarser sediment moves onshore. This is because of infiltration weakens the backwash velocity; the coarser sediment moving onshore barely moves back offshore while the fine sediment remains in motion. This pattern agrees with the pattern obtained from sediment samples analysis in the experiment and provides an explanation for the existence of composite beaches. The model is also shown to be capable of switching from accretionary to erosive conditions as the wave conditions become more storm-like. Again, the model simulations were in a good agreement with the observations from the GWK dataset. Numerical model simulations on the effects of the tidal cycle on coarse-grained beach profile evolution were also carried out. This preliminary investigation showed that the model was able to predict the anticipated profile change associated with a coarse-grained beach under such wave and tidal forcing. Tidally forced accretion and erosion were compared with those predicted under similar beach sediments and wave conditions for constant water level. The main differences are that the affected area is wider and the berm is located on the upper beach during flood for both gravel and mixed beaches. Therefore, the model developed in this study can be seen to be a robust tool with which to investigate cross-shore beach profile change on coarse-grained beaches and sediment sorting on mixed beaches. Further work is also indicated.

Lors des accidents de la route, les lésions de l’abdomen mettent des vies en jeu et nécessitent un traitement médical long et coûteux. Il est important d’offrir une meilleure prévention des lésions abdominales traumatiques. Des modèles numériques de corps humain ont été développés afin de comprendre les mécanismes lésionnels. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au développement d’un modèle numérique de foie humain pour la prédiction de lésions hépatiques en cas de choc.Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation morphologique du foie a été réalisée sur 78 scanners et a mis en évidence l’existence de 4 morphotypes. Ensuite, des expérimentations ont mis en évidence l’influence de la pressurisation des vaisseaux sur la déformation de la capsule et ont permis d’identifier la déformation à rupture locale lors d’un choc.Enfin, les modèles numériques des 4 morphotypes identifiés ont été construits pour simuler les essais de décélération réalisés dans la partie expérimentale. / In road accidents, lesions of the abdomen are life-threatening, and require a long and expensive medical treatment. It is important to offer a better prevention of traumatic abdominal injuries. Numerical models of the human body have been developed to understand the mechanisms of injury. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of a numerical model of human liver for the prediction of liver lesions in case of shock.First, a morphological characterization of the liver was performed on 78 healthy patient scanners and highlight the existence of 4 morphotypes.Then, experiments were carried out to highlight the influence of this pressurization of the vessels on the strain state of the Glisson capsule and to identify the local ultimate strain during an impact.Finally, the numerical models of the 4 identified morphotypes were constructed and used to simulate the deceleration tests performed in the experimental part.