Apresenta-se um trabalho numérico e experimental, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento dos pavimentos de concreto estruturalmente armados, quando submetidos a forças verticais estáticas e repetidas. Avalia-se a contribuição da armadura de flexão, na resistência de placas de concreto apoiadas sobre meio elástico. Verifica-se experimentalmente o modo de ruína de placas submetidas a carregamento monotônico e a carregamento repetido, com e sem armadura, e acompanha-se o desenvolvimento das fissuras no concreto e das deformações no aço. Comparam-se os resultados obtidos, com as recomendações da NBR 6118:2003, para o dimensionamento de estruturas submetidas à fadiga. É desenvolvido modelo numérico capaz de representar a interface do solo com a placa do pavimento, a fissuração do concreto, a contribuição da armadura e o comportamento pós-fissuração. Com auxílio do modelo numérico, validado a partir dos resultados experimentais, estuda-se a influência de alguns parâmetros importantes para o dimensionamento dos pavimentos, tais como: capacidade de suporte da fundação, espessura das placas, área de aço, dimensões das placas em planta, posição de aplicação da força e presença de juntas de transferência de deslocamento. Os resultados experimentais mostram uma significativa contribuição da armadura positiva na resistência de placas isoladas sob forças verticais centradas. Verificou-se que as forças repetidas provocam fadiga do aço e que o número de ciclos depende da deformação provocada na armadura. A partir dos resultados são traçadas diretrizes para o dimensionamento, no qual devem ser considerados os momentos positivos e os negativos, e deve ser feita a verificação da fadiga do concreto e da armadura / A numerical and experimental study on the behavior of structurally reinforced concrete pavement under vertical static and repeated load is presented. The contribution of bending reinforcement to the strength of concrete slab is assessed. It is experimentally verified the fracture of reinforced and plain concrete slabs under monotonic loads and under cyclic loads. The concrete cracking and the strain on steel are monitored. The results are compared to the brazilian code recommendations to the design of structures under fatigue. A numerical model that represents the soil-slab interface, the concrete cracking, the reinforcement contribution and the tension stiffening behavior is developed. Some important parameters to the pavement design are analyzed using this finite element model, whose reliability was verified to experimental results. These parameters are: the soil capacity; the slab thickness; reinforcement ratio; slab dimensions; load positions; and joints conditions. The tests data show an important contribution of the positive reinforcement on the strength of an isolated slab with centered load. It has been verified the fatigue of the steel. The number of cycles depends on the reinforcement strain. The results are used to propose some directions to the design. The positive and negative bending moments have to be considered and the fatigue on the concrete and on the reinforcement has to be verified

O bulbo molhado formado na irrigação por gotejamento pode ser modelado a partir informações das propriedades físico-hídricas do solo. Mas apesar do grande progresso na modelagem, a aplicação de modelos na irrigação e drenagem ainda não foi implementada em nenhum nível de maneira substancial. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo numérico utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos para estimar a forma e as dimensões do volume de solo molhado sob irrigação por gotejamento, e verificar a validade do modelo através da comparação com dados recolhidos em condições experimentais. O ensaio foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz-ESALQ/USP. As sondas de TDR foram confeccionadas segundo procedimentos descritos por Souza et al. (2006). O perfil do bulbo molhado formado no solo abaixo de um emissor do tipo gotejador foi determinado para 3 tipos de material: areia, solo arenoso e solo argiloso e para 3 vazões nominais do emissor: 2, 4 e 6 L/h. Cada uma das combinações entre tipo de solo e vazão foi repetida três vezes em caixas (1000 L) diferentes, totalizando 27 medições. Um modelo numérico foi desenvolvido para simular a distribuição da água no perfil do solo abaixo de uma fonte pontual. A solução da equação diferencial para o movimento da água em solo não saturado foi realizada pela discretização do espaço-tempo utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos. Um algoritmo em linguagem Visual Basic foi escrito para implementar o conjunto de equações e simular a evolução do bulbo molhado no tempo. Foi simulada a formação do bulbo molhado nas mesmas condições do experimento, e gráficos de isolinhas de umidade foram traçados no software Surfer. O modelo numérico proposto foi capaz de simular a formação do bulbo molhado em diferentes condições de tipo de solo e vazão do emissor. / The soil water patterns in drip irrigation can be modeled from physical and hydraulic properties of soil. But despite the great progress in modeling, the models have not been implemented at any level in irrigation and drainage. The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model using finite volume technique to estimate the shape and dimensions of the wetted soil volume under drip irrigation and verify the validity of the model by comparing data collected under experimental conditions. The trial was conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz- ESALQ/USP. The TDR probes were manufactured according Souza et al. (2006). The soil water patterns under a drip emitter type was determined for three types of material: sand, sandy soil and clay soil and three nominal flows of the emitters: 2, 4 and 6 L/h. Each of the combinations of soil type and flow rate was repeated three times in boxes (1000 L), totaling 27 measurements. A numerical model was developed to simulate the distribution of water in the soil profile below a point source. The solution of the differential equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil was carried out by the discretization of space-time using the technique of finite volume. An algorithm in Visual Basic language was written to implement the set of equations and simulate the evolution of wetted soil volume in time. Contour plots of soil water content were drawn in Surfer software. The proposed numerical model was able to simulate wetted soil volume under different conditions of soil type and flow of the emitter.

Abstract A conceptual framework was developed to assess how changes in temperature and precipitation affect sub-surface hydrology, groundwater recharge, groundwater quantity and quality. A conceptual and statistical approach was developed to predict groundwater level variations. Daily rainfall, snowmelt and evapotranspiration values were generated with a novel conceptual hydrological model developed in this study. These values were cross-correlated with observed groundwater levels to find representative time lags and significant correlations. A statistical model linking rainfall, snowmelt, evapotranspiration and groundwater level was then developed and validated. The model simulated seasonal variations in groundwater level very accurately. A sequential approach was developed to assess surface water-groundwater interactions. The simulated surface water level estimated with the WSFS model and recharge estimated with CoupModel were linked to the groundwater flow model MODFLOW. Groundwater, surface water and snow samples were collected to study the chemical composition of groundwater in an unconfined esker aquifer in Northern Finland. Concentrations of Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-N and SiO2 and electrical conductivity were determined. Water quality in the main aquifer was found to be similar to that in the perched groundwater. Solute concentrations generally decreased during and immediately after snowmelt periods, indicating the importance of snowmelt input for groundwater quality. In the perched groundwater, NO3-N concentration increased with elevated groundwater level, indicating a nitrogen source on the land surface. The Cl- concentration in groundwater decreased when the surface water level rose higher than groundwater level. According to simulation results for the A1B climate change scenario, groundwater recharge is projected to increase in winter months due to increased snowmelt and decreased soil frost depth. The spring snowmelt peak in late spring will decrease. This will reduce aquifer storage in early spring, increasing the vulnerability to summer droughts. It is projected that flow regimes between unconfined aquifers and surface water may change, affecting water quantity and possibly quality in groundwater systems. / Tiivistelmä Tässä työssä kehitettiin konseptuaalinen viitekehysmalli, jolla voidaan arvioida kuinka muutokset lämpötilassa ja sadannassa vaikuttavat hydrologiaan, pohjaveden muodostumiseen, pohjaveden määrään ja laatuun. Tässä työssä kehitettiin ja yhdistettiin konseptuaalinen ja tilastomatemaattinen regressiomalli, jolla voidaan simuloida pohjaveden pinnankorkeuden muutoksia. Konseptuaalisella mallilla laskettiin päivittäinen sadanta, lumen sulanta ja haihdunta. Havaitut pohjaveden pinnankorkeudet korreloitiin sadannan, lumen sulannan ja haihdunnan kanssa, jotta löydettiin merkitsevät korrelaatiot tyypillisillä viiveillä. Lopuksi tilastollinen regressiomalli, joka yhdistää sadannan, lumen sulannan, haihdunnan ja pohjaveden pinnankorkeuden, kalibroitiin ja validoitiin. Kehitetyllä mallilla onnistuttiin simuloimaan vuodenaikainen pohjaveden pinnankorkeus. Yhdensuuntainen mallinnusmenetelmä kehitettiin arvioimaan pinta- ja pohjaveden vuorovaikutusta. Menetelmässä pintaveden korkeus ja pohjaveden muodostuminen linkitettiin ajan suhteen muuttuvina reunaehtoina pohjavedenvirtauksen mallinnusohjelmaan MODFLOW. Simuloidut pintaveden pinnankorkeudet saatiin Suomen ympäristökeskuksen vesistömallijärjestelmästä ja pohjaveden muodostuminen simuloitiin 1D lämmön- ja aineensiirtomallilla, CoupModel. Pudasjärven Törrönkankaan pohjavesimuodostumasta, Pudasjärvestä, Kivarinjoesta ja lumesta kerättiin näytteet ja niistä määritettiin Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-N ja SiO2 pitoisuudet sekä sähkönjohtavuus. Pitoisuudet pohja- ja salpavedessä olivat hyvin samanlaiset. Pitoisuudet yleisesti pienenivät, kun pohjaveden pinnankorkeus nousi etenkin keväisin lumien sulamisen jälkeen. Ainoastaan salpavedessä NO3-N pitoisuus kasvoi, kun pohjaveden pinnankorkeus nousi. Tämä johtuu todennäköisesti salpaveden yläpuolella olevasta NO3-N lähteestä. Cl- pitoisuus pohjavedessä pieneni, kun pintaveden korkeus nousi korkeammalle kuin pohjavesi. A1B ilmastoskenaariossa pohjaveden muodostumisen ennakoidaan lisääntyvän talvikuukausina. Tämä johtuu lumen sulannan lisääntymisestä ja roudan vähenemisestä. Keväinen lumen sulamisen huippu voi mahdollisesti pienentyä ja johtaa pohjavesivarojen pienentymiseen keväisin. A1B ilmastoskenaariossa pinta- ja pohjaveden vuorovaikutus voi myös muuttua ja siten vaikuttaa pohjaveden määrään ja mahdollisesti myös laatuun.

Afin de comprendre les mécanismes d’usure et de frottement des composites carbone/carbone (C/C) utilisés en freinage aéronautique, un modèle numérique est utilisé pour dissocier les effets mécaniques des effets physico-chimiques et thermiques. Le modèle repose sur l’utilisation d’une approche par éléments finis et de techniques d’homogénéisation appliquées à un volume élémentaire représentatif (VER) du matériau à l’échelle mésoscopique frottant sur une surface rigide ou déformable. A cette échelle, le matériau est décrit par une matrice en carbone et des paquets de fibres de carbone appelés torons, perpendiculaires à la surface frottante. Pour assurer la représentativité de la structure du matériau, plusieurs modèles hétérogènes sont étudiés. Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus avec le modèle homogène équivalent qui découle de l’homogénéisation. L’influence des conditions de contact (la rigidité), ainsi que l’influence de la distribution des torons proches de la surface frottante sur les régimes de vibrations des différents modèles sont mises en évidence. L’extension du modèle numérique à un contact entre deux composites a mis en évidence une forte augmentation des contraintes maximales localisées principales dans les torons présents à la surface frottante. Ces fortes localisations de contraintes peuvent avoir pour conséquence l’endommagement des torons ce qui induit la dégradation de la surface frottante jusqu’aux détachements de particules. / To understand the mechanisms of wear and friction of carbon 1 carbon composites (C/C} used in aeronautical braking, a numerical model is used to separate the mechanical effects of the physico-chemical and thermal effects. The model is based on the use of an approach by finite elements (FE} and techniques of homogenization applied to a representative elementary volume (RVE} of the material in the mesoscopic scale rubbing on a rigid or deformable surface. In this scale, the material is described by a matrix in carbon and packages of carbon fiber called strands, perpendicular on the contact surface. To insure the representativeness of the structure of the material, several heterogeneous models are studied. The results are compared with those obtained with the equivalent homogeneous model which ensues from the homogenization. The influence of the conditions of contact (the rigidity), as well as the influence of the distribution of strands at the contact surface on the regimes of vibrations of the various models are revealing. The extension of the numerical model in a contact between two composites underline a strong increase of maximal constraints mainly localized in the strands present on the contact surface. These strong localizations of constraints can have for consequence the damage of strands what leads the degradation of the contact surface until the detachments of particles.

La liquéfaction des sols s'observe lors de forts séismes dans des zones saturées en eau et peut causer un enfoncemenl des bâtiments dans le sol. On propose ici un nouveau modèle qui explique de nombreux cas de liquéfaction incompris jusque là. Un modèle analytique de milieu granulaire a été conçu avec une sphère modélisant un bâtiment. Le milieu est soumis à une oscillation horizontale et on caractérise l'état liquéfié par l'amplitude d'enfoncement de la sphère. On suppose que la liquéfaction a lieu lorsque la secousse permet aux grains du milieu de glisser les uns sur les autres. La fenêtre d'accélération permettant ce glissement dépend de la hauteur d'eau dans le milieu, du coefficient de frottement et de la densité du matériau. Les expériences et les simulations numériques réalisées confirment nos prédictions précédentes, caractérisent la micromécanique des milieux liquéfiés, expliquent la vitesse de pénétration de la sphère et ouvrent des pistes pour l'étude des sables mouvants. / Sail liquefaction happens during important earthquakes in water-saturated zones and can make the buildings sink in the soil. A new model explaining many occurences of liquefaction we cannot understand yet is presented in this paper. A new analytical model of granular medium, with a sphere representing a building, has been developed. A horizontal oscillation is applied on the medium. The penetration rate of the sphere then caracterizes the liquefaction state of the modeled soil. We suppose that liquefaction happens when the shaking makes the grains slide against one another. The interval of acceleration allowing this sliding depends on the water height in the medium, on the friction coefficient and on the material density. Experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out. They confirmed our previous predictions, they caracterize the micromecanics of liquefied media, they explain the penetration speed of the sphere and they suggest perspectives to study quicksands.

Le travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet TRAX. Il s’agit là du développement de moteurs électriques destinés à la traction des petits véhicules électriques urbains. Les caractéristiques clés d’une machine électrique pour une application de traction sont le couple, le rendement, la fiabilité, l’encombrement et la plage de vitesse à puissance maximale (dé-fluxage). Les machines électriques à aimants permanents répondent à ces exigences. C’est pourquoi ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé à l’étude des performances de machines à aimants permanents en proposant une étude comparative. Un état de l’art basé sur l’étude des brevets des machines électriques dans les applications automobiles est réalisé. Une description des dernières avancées des moteurs électriques principalement des structures à aimants permanents est fournit. Nous avons modélisé une première machine avec une méthode ana-lytique simplifiée basée sur la résolution des équations de Maxwell en 2D. Cette méthode est confrontée à une méthode numérique. Trois nouvelles machines sont définies à partir de la première en modifiant la configuration du rotor. La comparaison de quatre structures à aimants permanents est réalisée par des modèles numériques. Les performances à vide et en charge ainsi que le calcul des inductances dans l’axe direct et en quadrature sont évaluées. Les résultats théoriques sont comparés aux essais expérimentaux. / The thesis is part of the TRAX project. It deals with development of electric motors used for traction of small urban electric vehicles. The key characteristics of an electric machine for traction application are the torque, efficiency, reliability, size and flux-weakening. The permanents magnets electric machines meet these requirements. That’s why this thesis takes interest in the performances of permanents magnets machines by proposing a comparative study. A study of patents for electrical machines in automotive applications is realized. A description of the latest advances in electrical motors, mainly in permanent magnet structures, is provided. We started to model a first machine with a simplified analytical method based on the resolution of Maxwell's equations in 2D. This method is compared with a numerical method. Three new machines are defined from the first one by changing the configuration of the rotor. The comparison of four structures with permanent magnets is realized by numerical models. No load and load performances, as well as the calculation of inductances in the direct and quadrature axis, are evaluated. The theoretical results are compared with experimental tests.

Concrete has established itself as the most widely used structural material. There is hardly any place where human life and concrete structure do not exist together. It's use is seen in wide variety of structures like buildings, bridges, dams, nuclear structures, floating and submerged structures and so on. Hence, in view of safety, serviceability and economy, proper understanding of the behaviour of concrete is imperative in designing these complex structures. Current reinforced concrete codes are based on strength and serviceability concepts. The tensile strength of concrete is totally neglected in the limit state method of analysis. The concrete in tension is assumed to be fully cracked and conservative method of design is adopted. The crack causes a considerable degradation of stiffness of overall structure and gives rise to regions of stress concentration, which are not accounted for, in the present design methods. Besides, it is found that the size of the structural component significantly influences the stress at failure. It has been fairly well established that large specimens fail by catastrophic crack propagation while small specimens tend to fail in a ductile manner with considerable amount of slow crack growth preceding fracture. Initial attempts to understand the cracking of concrete through the principles of fracture mechanics was made in 1960's. It was concluded that the LEFM and small scale yielding fracture mechanics which are developed for metals are inapplicable to concrete structures except for certain limiting situations such as the behaviour at extremely large sizes. The reasons for the inapplicability of LEFM principles to concrete structures are attributed to slow crack growth, formation of nonlinear fracture process zone, and softening behaviour of concrete in tension. Several analytical and numerical models have been proposed to characterize the fracture behaviour of concrete. In the present work a simple numerical method is proposed to analyse the Mode-I fracture behaviour of concrete structures, using finite element method. The stiffness matrices calculated at the beginning of the analysis are used till the end without any modification. For this reason, the method is named as Initial Stiffness Method (ISM). An attempt has also been made to modify the lattice model existing in literature. The contents of the thesis are organised in six chapters. In chapter 1, a brief introduction to basic principles of fracture mechanics theory is presented. This is included mainly for the completeness of the thesis. In chapter 2, a brief review of literature regarding the application of principles of fracture mechanics to concrete structures is presented. The need for the introduction of fracture mechanics to concrete is presented. Early work, applying LEFM principles to concrete structures is discussed. The reasons for the inapplicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics principles to concrete structures are discussed. Necessities for nonlinear fracture mechanics principles are pointed out. Attention is focused on the influence of the factors like slow crack growth, formation of nonlinear fracture process zone and softening behaviour of concrete in tension on the fracture behaviour. Besides a possible use of fracture energy as an alternative fracture criterion for concrete is contemplated. Several analytical and numerical models (assuming concrete as homogeneous continuum), proposed so far to characterize the fracture behaviour of concrete, are presented and discussed in detail. Different heterogeneous models presented so far are also discussed. In chapter 3, a simple numerical method to analyse the fracture of concrete (strain softening material) in Mode-I, using FEM is proposed. The stiffness matrices are generated only once and are used till the end of the analysis. This feature makes the model simple and computationally efficient. A new parameter namely, strain softening parameter α has been introduced. It is found that this strain softening parameter ‘α’ is a structural property. The results obtained from the present method are found to converge with increasing number of elements thus making the method mesh independent, and thus objective. The method was validated by analysing the beams tested and reported by various researchers. The predicted values of maximum load by the present method are found to agree well with the experimental values. Initially, all the beams are analysed using uniform meshes and load-deflection diagrams are plotted. All the beams are again analysed using graded meshes. The load-deflection, load-CMOD diagrams are plotted from the results obtained from the analysis using graded meshes. In chapter 4, the results obtained in chapter 3 are analysed for size effect. Literature regarding size effect of concrete structures has been reviewed. In addition to the size effect on nominal stress at failure which exists in literature, two new parameters namely, post peak slope and softening slope parameter α have been used to confirm the size effect. This does not exist in the literature. In chapter 5, an attempt is made to modify the lattice model existing in literature. This is done with a view to model concrete as a heterogeneous medium, which would be nearer to reality. The softening property of concrete has been incorporated. The model was validated against some of the experimental results existing in literature. The results are found to be encouraging. The results from this model show the post peak softening similar to the experimentally observed ones. The effects of different probabilistic distributions to the properties of mortar on the maximum load of the beam are studied. It is found that normal distribution of properties to mortar gives the best results. A study is made regarding the sensitivity of various properties of mortar on the maximum load of the beam. It is concluded that load carrying capacity of the beam can be increased by using a mortar of higher tensile strength. Finally in chapter 6, general conclusions and suggestions for further investigations are discussed.

Several geotechnical processes can only be reliably interpreted by taking account of the soil-atmosphere interactions. This thesis investigates two geotechnical problems involving soil-atmosphere interactions that drive water flow through the soil skeleton in two opposite directions; Problem 1: slope failure in expansive soils induced by water infiltration, Problem 2: large strain consolidation of soft soils induced by water evaporation. Both problems are of practical interest for safe and economical design of various geotechnical infrastructures. Two major geotechnical activities in the world; namely, the construction of water transfer canal in expansive soil area in China and the deposition of oil sands and hard rock tailings in Canada can be cited as classic examples of Problems 1 and 2, respectively. In such problems, substantial zones of the domain may switch between an unsaturated and saturated condition. Therefore, rational analysis requires simultaneous modelling of both unsaturated and saturated soil behaviour. The first goal of this thesis is to investigate the influence of swelling (the most characteristic behaviour of expansive soils) on slope stability using numerical methods. Swelling of expansive soils contributes to slope instability during rainfall because of two key reasons (i) soil swelling affects the flow process that actually induces swelling, (i.e. a typical coupling phenomenon), and (ii) swelling-induced stress redistribution and displacement development. In this thesis, the first effect is studied by a coupled (mechanical-hydraulic) numerical analysis of the response of a slope to rainfall using commercial software (GeoSlope). The second effect, the swelling-induced stress redistribution and displacement development after wetting, is tracked using a newly developed numerical program. In the program strain softening behaviour is introduced into the elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb Model for modelling unsaturated soil. A novel stress (net stress and suction)-dependent model for moduli of elasticity, combined with the predictive model for shear strength based on Soil Water Retention Behaviour are incorporated into the numerical program to achieve a smooth transition between saturated and unsaturated states. The results show that soil swelling can decrease the factor of safety by accelerating the wetting front depth due to hydro-mechanical coupling, while changes of sliding mass geometry has a negligible influence. The change of stress regime associated with soil swelling is significant to induce plastic strain softening (swelling-induced softening) and contribute to the slope failures. The second goal of thesis is to develop a novel computer program for simulation of large strain consolidation of soft soil under both self-weight and evaporation conditions. This program is both theoretically sound and practically applicable. Several basic/advanced constitutive models for unsaturated soils, including State Surface Model (SSM), Barcelona Basic model (BBM), Glasgow Coupled model (GCM) and bounding surface water retention model, are innovatively implemented into a piece-wise linear framework solved using finite difference technique. The developed program is referred to as UNSATCON-(ML), which has been tested using (a) existing analytical/numerical solutions and (b) various laboratory and field studies for single-layer and multiple-layer deposition of hard rock and oil sands tailings. Features of UNSATCON-(ML) that are improvements over existing models typically used to analyze consolidation-desiccation in soft soils include: (i) coupling of soil large deformation with true unsaturated water flow; (ii) correct reproduction of the shrinkage behaviour of soil under evaporation-induced desiccation; (iii) smooth transition between saturated and unsaturated states despite that some selected models are established using two independent stress variables, (iv) ensuring strictly mass conservation of water, and (v) simulation of irrecoverable volume change and hydraulic hysteresis to properly analyze multilayer tailings deposition. A number of hypothetical field case analyses are carried out using UNSATCON-ML, illustrating its applicability to industry.

O bulbo molhado formado na irrigação por gotejamento pode ser modelado a partir informações das propriedades físico-hídricas do solo. Mas apesar do grande progresso na modelagem, a aplicação de modelos na irrigação e drenagem ainda não foi implementada em nenhum nível de maneira substancial. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo numérico utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos para estimar a forma e as dimensões do volume de solo molhado sob irrigação por gotejamento, e verificar a validade do modelo através da comparação com dados recolhidos em condições experimentais. O ensaio foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz-ESALQ/USP. As sondas de TDR foram confeccionadas segundo procedimentos descritos por Souza et al. (2006). O perfil do bulbo molhado formado no solo abaixo de um emissor do tipo gotejador foi determinado para 3 tipos de material: areia, solo arenoso e solo argiloso e para 3 vazões nominais do emissor: 2, 4 e 6 L/h. Cada uma das combinações entre tipo de solo e vazão foi repetida três vezes em caixas (1000 L) diferentes, totalizando 27 medições. Um modelo numérico foi desenvolvido para simular a distribuição da água no perfil do solo abaixo de uma fonte pontual. A solução da equação diferencial para o movimento da água em solo não saturado foi realizada pela discretização do espaço-tempo utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos. Um algoritmo em linguagem Visual Basic foi escrito para implementar o conjunto de equações e simular a evolução do bulbo molhado no tempo. Foi simulada a formação do bulbo molhado nas mesmas condições do experimento, e gráficos de isolinhas de umidade foram traçados no software Surfer. O modelo numérico proposto foi capaz de simular a formação do bulbo molhado em diferentes condições de tipo de solo e vazão do emissor. / The soil water patterns in drip irrigation can be modeled from physical and hydraulic properties of soil. But despite the great progress in modeling, the models have not been implemented at any level in irrigation and drainage. The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model using finite volume technique to estimate the shape and dimensions of the wetted soil volume under drip irrigation and verify the validity of the model by comparing data collected under experimental conditions. The trial was conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz- ESALQ/USP. The TDR probes were manufactured according Souza et al. (2006). The soil water patterns under a drip emitter type was determined for three types of material: sand, sandy soil and clay soil and three nominal flows of the emitters: 2, 4 and 6 L/h. Each of the combinations of soil type and flow rate was repeated three times in boxes (1000 L), totaling 27 measurements. A numerical model was developed to simulate the distribution of water in the soil profile below a point source. The solution of the differential equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil was carried out by the discretization of space-time using the technique of finite volume. An algorithm in Visual Basic language was written to implement the set of equations and simulate the evolution of wetted soil volume in time. Contour plots of soil water content were drawn in Surfer software. The proposed numerical model was able to simulate wetted soil volume under different conditions of soil type and flow of the emitter.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22051号 / 工博第4632号 / 新制||工||1722(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸田 潔, 教授 木村 亮, 教授 小池 克明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM