The purpose of this study was to examine some of the interrelationships between innovation in nursing education, professional attitudes and wastage from nursing. Five groups of students who participated in innovative nurse education courses in A.C.T. hospitals in the 1970's were surveyed by a self administered questionnaire which gathered biographical data as well as attitudinal information. Their responses were compared with those of students who had undertaken a traditional nursing course at an A.C.T. hospital in the same period. The findings of this study suggested that the instrument used may provide a better measure of satisfaction with nursing than of professional attitudes. One of the unexpected findings from the survey which suggested the need for further study was that many of those who had undertaken further nursing study indicating apparent commitment to continuing education in a chosen career would not encourage others to enter nursing. Another was that those who indicated greater career choice commitment may in fact be those who felt unable to obtain alternative employment. It was found that innovation in hospital based nurse education courses attracted different people and produced graduates with different attitudes to professional issues,who followed different career pathways compared to graduates of traditional nurse education courses. Innovative courses appear to have attracted older and better qualified entrants and to have increased the likelihood of graduates being promoted. Respondents from the innovative courses showed increased interest in continuing education and Professional Association activity than their control group colleagues. They were more frustated with the traditional role of the nurse as the selfless, dedicated worker and were less commited to their career choice, overall these findings perhaps indicated a level of dissatisfaction with nursing higher in the innovative course graduates than in the control group. These findings may support Brief's contention (1976) that expectations raised during the educational process, if not fulfilled, will lead to wastage. wastage from nursing was intimately linked with dissatisfaction with work conditions in nursing. Those who had permanently left nursing had more frequently left for work related reasons and undertaken non-nursing study than those who had left and returned or who had never left. Those who left for work related reasons were less likley to return and less likely to choose nursing again if given the chance than those who left for other reasons. Findings about the institutionalisation of innovation in nursing education were difficult to identify with certainty, since time lapse alone could explain many of the findings. Attitudes to the Professional Association were more favourabe in respondents from the later intakes into the innovative courses than from the earlier. Given the recent increases in industrial activity in nursing, this finding is consistent with time lapse. Later intakes also demonstrated greater commitment to continuing education than earlier. This too can probably be explained by the greater availability of such facilities in more recent times. In a period of shortages of nurses prepared to work in the health care facilities of Australia, and of changes in the educational preparation of nurses, the findings of this study relating to attitudes and wastage should be used as the basis for future workforce planning.

Aim: The aim of this qualitative interview study was to describe the nurse's professional role and the role as a patient during different time periods. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, where respondents had a link to the nursing profession, either as a student, now working nurse or retired nurse. Method: The data were analyzed using a content analysis. Result: The older nurses believe that nurses today has a high status and is seen as a well-read and well informed person. Most respondents believe that collaboration between nurses and doctors has improved since past. Most of the older nurses point out that new graduate nurses today have a good theoretical knowledge, but that the practical knowledge is not as good. Nurse’s work today is more independent, but has more administrative tasks. That health care professionals have a common dress is seen as something positive, however it may be difficult for patients to tell the difference between professional groups. The patient is more informed today, particularly with help from the Internet. There is today also a greater patient influence, especially in the pediatrics and psychiatric care. Conclusion: By gaining a comprehensive view of the impact changes has on the nurse profession today, the work on further developments can be made. / Syfte: Syftet med denna kvalitativa intervjustudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskans yrkesroll samt patientrollens förändring under olika tidsperioder. Metod: Data inhämtades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, där respondenterna hade en koppling till sjuksköterskeyrket, antigen som student, nu arbetande sjuksköterska eller pensionerad sjuksköterska. Datan analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: De äldre respondenterna anser att sjuksköterskan har en hög status idag och ses som en påläst och välinformerad person. Samarbetet mellan sjuksköterska och läkare anser de flesta har förbättrats genom tiden. Flertalet äldre sjuksköterskor påpekar att nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor idag har en god teoretisk kunskap, men att den praktiska kunskapen inte är lika bra. Idag arbetar sjuksköterskan mer självständigt fast med mer administrativa uppgifter. Att hälso- och sjukvårdens yrkesgrupper har en gemensam klädsel ses som någonting positivt, dock kan det vara svårt för patienterna att se skillnad på yrkesgrupperna. Patienten får idag mer information och är även mer välinformerad, framför allt genom internet. Idag finns även ett större patientinflytande, särskilt inom barnsjukvården och psykiatrisk vård. Slutsats: Genom att få en övergripande syn på vad förändringarna har medfört kan arbetet med vidareutveckling inför framtiden ske.

The focus of this study is on curriculum change within a nursing institute in Taiwan where there is a growing demand for reform to nurse education in order to produce more competent practitioners. I conceptualised a framework to guide the transformation process in ways that were empowering, sustainable and generative. I argued that curriculum change also involves the beliefs, customs, attitudes or expectations of those who participate in the process: essentially it is a reculturing process. My conceptual framework included notions such as student-centredness, reculturing, collaborative practices and reflections, personal growth, and professional development. A plan of action was developed based on the notions contained in the conceptual framework and carried out within an Action Research methodology. Action Research provided the mechanism by which the collaborators explored and understood their conceptions of teaching and learning and then planned and implemented action to change the current situation, and evaluate and reflect on the transformations. Strategies such as personal practical theorising, focus group, critical debate, and collaborative reflection were used to bring about the curriculum change. The significance of this study lies in its practical contribution to all aspects of curriculum making including innovation, planning, implementation and ongoing review. Although information generated from this study is not generalisable, lessons learned from it may be utilised by other educational institutes with similar issues and similar contexts.

Thirty years after the concept of primary health care (PHC) was declared the path to health for all, a crisis continues in human resources for health in Africa. This involves the low prioritisation of education and training for primary health care personnel (PHCP) which is crucial to effective practice in severely under-resourced settings. The curriculum required for this education, involving pictures and textual materials, must meet the needs and capacities of the learners so that learning transfer can occur and community health needs are met. This research set out to establish the basis upon which text and pictures should be incorporated into curriculum to address the requirements of community health nurses (CHNs) in The Gambia. A pragmatic, three phased, mixed methodological design was selected for this study. Curricula for African PHCP were first collected and examined using content analysis to determine the rationale for pictures and text. The second phase employed psychometric testing and statistical analysis to establish if learning style preferences for pictures and text were important in Gambian CHN learning. In the final phase, interviews with CHN students explored their preferences for pictures and text and how these preferences should be accommodated in curriculum. The research found that much of the PHCP curriculum analysed was generic, used traditional didactic approaches and focused on written knowledge-based assessment. Learning style preferences were not found to be a consideration and were unidentifiable in this context. Socio-cultural factors significantly impacted upon student CHN learning, but were not adequately addressed in the curriculum materials examined. In addition, CHNs preferred practical learning through primary, multi-sensory experiences. These findings support the conclusion that the localisation of CHN curriculum is required in order to provide a socio-cultural context for learning that is meaningful, rich, interactive and responsive to learner needs. This demands a reconnection with PHC principles of equity and participation which should underpin this curriculum. The thesis argues that an ecological framework better articulates the link between PHCP education and training, practice, and community needs, and should serve to guide curriculum design. Six strategies are identified that could be extended to African PHCP course design.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a treatment method that involves inhalation of 100% oxygen, and under higher pressure than the atmospheric. Blood has the ability to deliver more oxygen authorities. Treatment takes place in facilities called the hyperbaric chamber. During treatment, patients must adhere to certain principles that are given by the doctors and nurses working in these workplaces.The main objectives of this thesis were to map the influence of preparation on the course of treatment in a hyperbaric chamber and to determine how the patients are instructed by nurses during treatment in the hyperbaric chamber. Three research questions were set up to clarify how the preparation affects the patient during treatment in a hyperbaric chamber, as the patient is educated before treatment and what output the patient receives after leaving the hyperbaric chamber. In order to fulfill the objectives qualitative research methods were done, using a semi structured interview. The survey was conducted in two selected hospitals, in the České Budejovice Hospital, and at the University Hospital Plzeň - Lochotin. An individual, semi-structured interview was used as data collection technique, which was initially recorded on a cell phone and then transcribed into written form. At the beginning of the research interviews were conducted with nurses, who gave a comprehensive view of their job description. These conversations only complement the research. We included the brochure with basic information in our research and that was supplemented by information obtained from these interviews. The sample included patients treated in a hyperbaric chamber. They were subsequently divided into three subgroups. The first subgroup consisted of chronic patients, the second subgroup of patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the first time and who got the booklet with background information before their first exposure and in the third were also new patients but who were given a booklet after their first exposure. The survey was conducted in January and February 2015. Analyzed data formed four categories. Careful preparation of the patient is an essential part of treatment in a hyperbaric chamber, largely because of the specificity of this treatment, which consists mainly of placing the patient in an enclosed space, the need for a breathing mask and the inability to quickly leave the hyperbaric chamber without health risks. Therapy in a hyperbaric chamber alone is, in compliance with the indication, contraindication and dosing schedules and well-executed preparation, relatively safe and simple. From the above mentioned reasons it is necessary that the nurses in the area are sufficiently educated and that the patient who enters the hyperbaric chamber is properly prepared. Nurses educate each patient just before their first exposure, but also before every following one. There is very much information given to patients during preparation for entry into a hyperbaric chamber. The research showed that almost all the respondents had difficulty to remember all the details. Nurses tell them about hyperbaroxy essence, indications, contraindications, the exposure pattern, they select a breathing mask with them, and teach the patients to equalize the pressure in their ears, check their clothes and what they have with them. The nurses also check whether they are greased with creams, makeup and other cosmetics, and in the case of wounds if they are treated using a moist treatment instead of greasy. Before each exposure, the patient is asked about their health (a cold is a contraindication), their blood pressure is measured and the necessary nasal drops are applied. Precisely because of the considerable amount of information that patients get at their first exposure, we decided to include the booklet, which contains basic information for patients who are treated in a hyperbaric chamber for the first time, in our research.

Thesis: The role of the nurse in the nutrition of cancer patients. Nutritional issues concerning cancer patients are often discussed in recent years and they are still a current theme of debates. The results from surveys of recent years show the seriousness of the situation and urge to its fast solution. The situation is not favourable: the nutritional care in oncology is still underestimated, even though it forms significant foundation for the general success of treatment

Abstract Sleep disorders occur frequently during child development. Cause of these disorders are physical but more frequently psychogenic. In diploma work we addressed the nurse role dealing with sleep necessity for child in-patients.. In the theoretical part we dealt with sleep characteristic,sleep disorders and child needs which can be detected not only with child in-patients in hospital ward. Furthermore we engaged in sleep fysiology and other factors which can influence the sleep quality. In the quest for that I did use the semi-structured conversation conducted in hospital child ward in Tábor hospital a.s .and České Budějovice hospital a.s. The conversation contained 15 questions which were answered individually by nurses. Data collection took place in April, 2012. The total number of questioned nurses was 16. In the connection with the theme 2/two objectives and 2 research questions were set. To achieve the objective it was necessary to find what is important to secure child in-patient sleep and find if nurses provide conditions for child in-patient quality sleep. The research questions were raised: ? What principles are considered by nurses to be important to secure the child in-patient sleep mode? ? and secondly ? How the nurses secure the conditions for quality sleep of the child in-patient? ?. As for the theoretical field concerns the nurses do not have the basic knowledge of the sleep fysiology (REM, non REM). As it comes out from response of the nurses, each nurse has an individual opinion of the factors which ensure the child in-patient quality sleep. The conditions for quality sleep are secured by nurses in creating quiet environment, cool room and where necessary also their presence with falling asleep children. The diploma work results are individual On the basis of these findigs, I consider to be necessary, the educative material to be worked out and acquaint the child nurses with its content.

The nursing profession belongs to helping professions which are heavily demanding in terms of mental and physical aspects. The nurses who are university graduates enter into practice more mentally and physically mature, and their approach to patients and the care provided may be better than in nurses with secondary education. In care provision nurses have to cooperate with physicians, but also with other healthcare professionals. Due to the lack of medical personnel nurses assume responsibilities of other team members, which they may perceive as a restriction in fulfilling their professional identity. This restriction may be reflected in the quality of the care provided. It often happens that a nurse cannot fulfill her professional identity because of the pressure of her family which requires the fulfillment of their own requirements prior to fulfilling the professional identity of a nurse.The aim of the thesis was to determine how nurses, but also their family members, perceive the professional identity of nurses. The aim was achieved. The research was carried out in two phases. The first phase was conducted using interviews with six nurses of different ages both with and without university education. The second phase was carried out through a quantitative survey using a questionnaire method in health care facilities in Písek, České Budějovice and Plzeň. Results of the research can be used in qualification and lifelong education of nurses to strengthen their identification with the profession.

The topic of the thesis is: Specifics of nursing care of a child patient with oncologic pain. Children{\crq}s pain is a phenomenon surrounded by many myths and false information. It is also not sufficiently assessed and treated and often bagatelized by both nurses and doctors. Nurses play irreplaceable role in pain treatment, they are with the child patient more frequently then the doctor and are in close touch with the child{\crq}s parents. The care of a suffering child is a serious task in nursing. Treatment of a patient in pains requires a complex, holistic approach. Nurses, even if they diagnose pain properly, do not set an adequate nursing care plan and do not carry it out. Nurses have to defend interests of the sick child and must not let him/her suffer. The data was obtained by quantitative and qualitative research. The quantitative research was carried out by the technique of anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was made for the parents of children with oncologic disease. The qualitative research was carried out by the technique of semi-structured in-depth interview. The research sample consisted of nurses working at the Department of children{\crq}s oncology One of the aims of this thesis was to outline the problems in nursing care of a child patient with oncologic pain from the point of view of the parents. We observed if the parents had been informed about their child{\crq}s pain, if they know what symptoms they should watch in their child, if they know all the aspects of pain to be assessed and treatment methods to relieve the pain and also how nurses respond to their child{\crq}s pain. For this aim, a following hypothesis has been set forth: The parents of children patients with oncologic pain are educated about the possibilities of nursing care focused on relieving the pain. This hypothesis was confirmed by statistic testing. Another aim of this thesis was to find out the specifics of nursing care of a child patient with oncologic pain. Nurses think that the specifics of nursing care of a child patient with oncologic pain are not different from any other care of a child in pains. They just state that an oncologic disease is associated with pains caused by the disease itself or by diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Therefore they consider a specific feature the fact that the pain is observed more intensively and the staff is more precise in relieving the pain. It is obvious from the research that it would be effective for both parties, both for the nurses and the parents, to use educational materials on pain intended for them. I suppose that if there were such materials available, the parents would not need to contact nurses repeatedly. There was also a positive finding in the research that 92.5% of parents stated that nurses respond to children{\crq}s pain within 10 minutes. Further, that nurses believe that the child has pains, which was stated by 98.2% of the parents.

Abstract We most often see a family as a social group characterised by interaction within itself. A family is linked through numerous relations and it is also affected by a child. This applies to any other family even a family with a disabled child. In the world, there are about five million people who are affected by Down syndrome. It is the most widespread of all forms of mental retardation. In the Czech Republic, approximately seventy children with Down syndrome are born each year. In this paper, I worked on ``Collaboration of nurses caring of children with Down syndrome{\crqq}. The diploma paper was to give comprehensive information on specialized care of children with Down syndrome, including information on diseases and problems that might occur in the phylogenesis and life of such a child. The purpose of the paper is also proper understanding these issues, linkages with nursing care, therapeutic and diagnostic procedures as well as but finding the right approach to a family, education of families, and communication with parents. As a result, the paper should provide information about the collaboration of nurses and parents in influencing health and development of a child with Down syndrome. The objectives of the paper to map the problem of collaboration of nurses and parents raising a child with Down syndrome and to map the impact of nurses{\crq} collaboration with parents on complex care of children with Down syndrome have been met. Quantitative research was conducted using a questionnaire for nurses in surgeries of paediatricians and general practitioners for adolescents in the South Bohemian and Pilsen the Region. The hypothesis that nurses educate the parents of children with Down syndrome in the field of nursing care has been refuted on the basis of evaluated questionnaires. For qualitative research the following question was specified: ``What is the role of nurses in complex nursing care of children of children with Down syndrome.{\crqq} The answer was assessed based on interviews with parents bringing up a child with Down syndrome. The role of a nurse is one of a care provider, educator, adviser and protector. The findings of this diploma paper could serve as feedback for self-reflection of nurses in paediatric surgeries and to improve collaboration between parents and nurses in complex care of children Down syndrome.