Esta revisão teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso de enxaguatórios bucais pré-procedimento na redução do número de microrganismos disseminados pelo aerossol gerado pelos procedimentos odontológicos. Apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) foram incluídos. As bases de dados MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Acadêmico e LILACS foram pesquisadas para busca de artigos publicados até março de 2018. Foi realizada meta-análise de efeitos aleatórios da redução de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFCs) isoladas após realização de procedimentos odontológicos que geram aerossol. Dos 725 artigos potencialmente relevantes, 12 ECRs que estudaram a eficácia da clorexidina, óleos essenciais, cloreto de cetilpiridínio e produtos fitoterápicos foram incluídos. Todos os estudos mostraram que o enxaguatório bucal pré-procedimento promoveu redução significativa no número de UFCs. A Meta-análise mostrou que enxaguatórios bucais com óleos essenciais promoveram redução percentual média de 73,9% no número de UFCs. Nenhum dos estudos incluídos apresentou baixo risco de viés. Os resultados desta revisão permitem concluir que a realização de enxágue pré-procedimento reduz significativamente o número de microrganismos no aerossol. / This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pre-procedural mouthrinses in reducing the number of microorganisms disseminated by the aerosol generated by dental procedures when compared to placebo or no mouthrinse. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar and LILACS databases were searched for articles published until March 2018. Random effects meta-analysis was performed for reduction of the number of colony forming units (CFU) disseminated in the dental office by the aerosol. Of 725 potentially relevant articles, 12 RCTs that studied the efficacy of chlorhexidine, essential oils, cetylpyridinium chloride and herbal products were included. All studies have shown that pre-procedural mouthwashes promoted significant reduction in the number of CFUs. Meta-analysis showed that mouthwashes with essential oils promoted mean percentage reduction of 73.9% in the number of CFUs. None of the included studies presented low risk of bias. In conclusion, pre-procedural mouthwashes significantly reduce the number of microorganisms in the aerosol.

A construção civil, e mais especificamente os empreendimentos de base imobiliária, necessitam de grandes volumes de recursos concentrados em um curto período para o desenvolvimento de seus produtos, cujo payback é de horizonte largo, dependendo assim de ferramentas que permitam alavancar os empreendimentos para que os recursos sejam utilizados nas atividades fim das empresas deste setor. Desta forma, o setor ganha em produtividade, competitividade e agilidade, incluindo a diminuição da rotatividade de sua mão-de-obra. A securitização vem ao encontro dos interesses do setor por ser um sistema flexível para a captação dos recursos que possibilita o re-direcionamento de recursos da poupança brasileira para o mercado de empreendimentos de base imobiliária. É neste contexto que o presente trabalho apresenta a securitização de empreendimentos de base imobiliária, mais especificamente de edifícios de escritório voltados à locação, como um vetor de impulsão deste mercado a partir do momento que se torna uma alternativa de investimento atrativa aos poupadores, da mesma forma como é vista em países onde este já é um procedimento consagrado. Como o Brasil ainda tem um mercado incipiente, o mercado americano, que já apresenta maturidade, será utilizado como referência para as projeções que serão feitas acerca do desenvolvimento da securitização no Brasil. Com isto, com a projeção das expectativas para o mercado paulistano de edifícios de escritórios e com a demonstração da atratividade dos papéis, pretende-se mostrar que a securitização é um meio de funding2 que pode sustentar grande parte da demanda por recursos para a implantação de novos produtos deste mercado. / Construction industry, specifically, real state ventures, needs great amount of capital concentrated on a short period of time in order to develop its products, which have a long term payback. For that reason, this sector become dependant on methods that allows the leverage of undertakings, so the entrepreneurs’ resources can be employed on the their core business. Such methods allow this sector to have significant gains in terms of productivity, competitiveness and agility, including also the diminution of its employees’ turnover. The securitization comes across the interests of this sector, as it is a flexible financial resource’s gathering system that conducts to the steering of Brazilian’s savings accounts to the real state market. On this context, the present work introduces the real state ventures securitization, focused on office buildings, as an important tool for the development of this market, as it becomes an attractive investment opportunity when compared with the savings options available on the market. As the Brazilian market is still incipient, the American market, that shows more maturity, will be used as benchmark for projections concerning the securitization’s development on Brazil. This projection, combined with São Paulo’s office building market analysis and the demonstration of the attractiveness of the securities as an investment option, will be used to demonstrate that the securitization is a funding structure that can sustain great part of the capital demand for the development of new ventures on this market.

Os avanços nas tecnologias de informação têm propiciado grandes mudanças no setor da construção civil. Sob o ponto de vista do aumento da competitividade, as empresas de projetos podem ter uma relevante contribuição. A modelagem da informação surgiu como uma tecnologia potencial para estimular a melhoria na qualidade dos projetos e pode ser considerada uma transição significativa na prática de projeto porque é uma mudança de paradigma. As empresas de projeto têm processos internos de gestão característicos ao seu universo os quais moldam a implementação de qualquer nova tecnologia nestas empresas. Ao mesmo tempo as mudanças no processo de projeto de arquitetura também são significativas quando estas empresas adotam a modelagem da informação da construção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar por meio de estudos de caso a implementação e uso da modelagem da informação da construção em empresas de arquitetura. Foram analisados os impactos da implantação da modelagem da informação na gestão das empresas e no processo de projeto de arquitetura. Para atingir os objetivos propostos foram adotadas a revisão bibliográfica e o estudo de casos múltiplos. Os estudos de caso foram acompanhados pelo período aproximado de um ano, em três empresas de projeto de arquitetura. Como resultados percebeu-se que as empresas de arquitetura necessitam de maior capacitação em gestão para que possam se preparar e se beneficiar da adoção de novas tecnologias. A antecipação destas tendências pode colaborar com a manutenção de posições estratégicas ou criar novas oportunidades. A conversão dos desafios em vantagens pode ser fonte de grandes vantagens competitivas. A motivação e a metodologia para a implantação também são fundamentais para garantir o sucesso da implantação. O projeto de arquitetura obtém muitas vantagens, mas o uso de softwares BIM mas requer maior capacitação técnica do arquiteto e uma sólida formação em tecnologia. / Advances in technology of information have led to major changes in the construction sector. With the increase of competitiveness, design firms may have a potential contribution. The building information modelling emerged as a potential technology to encourage improvement in the quality of the projects and can be considered a significant transition in the practice of project because it is a genuine paradigm shift. The design firms have internal management processes which could shape the implementation of any new technology in these companies. At the same time the changes in the architectural design process are also significant when these companies adopt BIM. This study aimed to evaluate through case studies the implementation and use of BIM in design firms. Also, the impacts of the implementation of information modeling in business management and architecture design process were analyzed. To achieve the proposed objectives two main methodologies were adopted: the literature review and multiple case study. The case studies were followed for approximately one year in three design firms. As result it was realized that the architectural design offices need more management training so they can prepare themselves for the benefit of new technologies adoption. The anticipation of these trends may contribute to the maintenance of strategic positions or the creation of new opportunities. The conversion of the challenges in advantages can be sources of great competitive advantages. The motivation and methodology for implementation are also critical to ensure successful deployment. The design gets many advantages with the use of BIM software but requires greater technical skill of the architect professional and a solid background in technology.

Research into energy demand in office buildings has tended to focus on building fabric or systems, or the organisation as a whole, rather than the actions or motivations of individual building occupants. This study applies an attitude-behaviour approach used more frequently with household or travel behaviours to energy demand behaviours by individual occupants in office settings. The approach is extended to include contextual factors such as behavioural control, organisational expectations and social influences. Comparisons are drawn between the office and home settings. The study took place in the offices of two local authorities, Nottingham City Council and Nottinghamshire County Council, and included a questionnaire survey (n=819), semi-structured interviews (n=9), and building surveys (n=5). Behaviours examined included switching off lights, computers and computer monitors. Lighting behaviours were reported to be carried out more frequently than computer monitor behaviours in both the office and household settings. Analysis of behaviours identified that they needed to be considered at a specific level, according to the equipment (lighting, computer monitors), setting (office, home), and triggers (finishing a task, leaving a room). The physical context of the behaviour was particularly important. Different levels of individual control over energy affected the performance of behaviours. No evidence was found to support the notion of spillover that enacting one energy demand behaviour might lead to the enactment of further energy demand behaviours, including for similar behaviours performed in different settings (e.g. the office and the home). Organisational, social and psychological/attitudinal influences on individual behaviour were also examined. Structural Equation Modelling examined influences proposed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Values-Beliefs-Norms Theory. Neither theory provided a strong explanation of the collected data. However, support was found for the Perceived Behavioural Control construct, while moral and value-led constructs had a small influence on behaviour. This thesis provides recommendations for practitioners and policy makers seeking to reduce individual-level energy demand in office settings, and for future research into energy use in organisational settings. Recommendations include promoting energy saving as an aspect of professionalism, characterising energy demand behaviours specifically by setting and equipment, and recognising the importance of the social aspects of shared office environments.

This study explores the use of the doctrine of the offices of Christ (prophet, priest, and king) in the literature of the English separatists Henry Barrow (c.1550-1593) and Henry Ainsworth (1569-1622). No study to date explores the English separatists’ use of the doctrine in ecclesiological debates. During the period 1580 to 1620 the doctrine was more commonly referenced when discussing soteriology. Barrow and Ainsworth provide some of the clearest expressions of the doctrine of the offices of Christ in separatist works and their steadfastness in those beliefs in light of opposition make them good candidates for this research. This study sets out to answer the question: what was the significance of participation by the elect in the offices of Christ as used in Barrow and Ainsworth’s writings? This research focuses on the theology of Barrow and Ainsworth and does not consider the social or experiential aspects of their professed beliefs. This study provides a detailed analysis of the writings of Barrow and Ainsworth particularly noting their use of the offices of Christ in discussions of the visible church. It then examines the relationship of Barrow and Ainsworth’s Christology and ecclesiology, expressed through the offices of Christ, in their understanding of the visible church. Finally, this research compares their usage with works published in England from 1580 to 1620, considering whether their usage was distinct. Its findings challenge the traditional historiographical suggestions that purity, polity, discipline, and covenant were the central themes of Barrow and Ainsworth’s ecclesiology. This research suggests that, for Barrow and Ainsworth, the visible church was the visible expression of Christ on earth and the continuation of his earthly ministry begun at the incarnation. They believed that the visible church was the result of union with Christ, not the means of it. Through union with Christ, all the elect participated in Christ’s offices. Barrow and Ainsworth’s understanding of the visible church incorporated their understanding of Christ’s continuing work expressed in his offices of prophecy, priesthood, and kingship. Christ was immediately present in his visible church, working in the elect and through the elect as prophets, priests, and kings. The visible elect, when gathered, became the body of Christ on earth and as his body they continued the work of prophecy, priesthood, and kingship that he had begun.

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Dewey. / Bibliography: leaves 123-127. / M.S.

This thesis examines why law firms are organised as they are. It develops a theoretical framework of reflexive archetype theory which is constructed from structuring theory (Ranson, Hinings and Greenwood 1980), archetype theory (Hinings and Greenwood 1988), and circuits of power theory (Clegg 1989). It emphasises the reflexivity and integration of the process of organising within law firms. Empirical data are collected from fifteen Sydney law firms and interpreted within reflexive archetype theory. These data confirm the reflexivity and integration of elements within law firms that are theoretically postulated. A research agenda is developed and the contributions of the thesis to the field of organisational analysis are enumerated. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Denna experimentella studie undersökte om maskerande brusljud på ovidkommande tal påverkar inlärning av visuell information. Experimentet genomfördes i ett laboratorium med 32 försöksdeltagare. Visuella ord presenterades för försöksdeltagarna samtidigt som auditivt tal från samma semantiska kategori, med eller utan maskerande brusljud, presenterades. De visuella orden skulle återges i valfri ordning. Resultatet av studien visar att ett maskerande brusljud på ovidkommande tal har positiv effekt på inlärningsförmågan. Detta visades av att försökspersonerna mindes fler visuellt presenterade ord samt att de lyckades ignorera det ovidkommande talet bättre då talet maskerades av ett brusljud jämfört med om talet inte maskerades av ett brusljud. Resultaten av studien kan med fördel tillämpas i öppna kontorslandskap. Detta då medarbetare i öppna kontorslandskap ofta utför kognitivt krävande uppgifter i en bullrig miljö innehållande bland annat bakgrundstal. Ett maskerande brusljud kan minska störningen av ovidkommande kontorsljud och ovidkommande tal och på så sätt positivt påverka arbetsprestationen. / This study examined if a masking white noise on irrelevant speech affects the encoding of visual information. An experiment was carried out in a laboratory with 32 participants. The participants were presented to a series of written words and were prompted to recall these words in any order. While the participants studied the written words, irrelevant speech from the same semantic category was presented with or without a masking noise. The participants were told to ignore the irrelevant speech. The results of this study showed that the number of intrusions from the irrelevant speech decreases and the number of recalled written words increases when the irrelevant speech is masked by a white noise compared to irrelevant speech without a masking noise. The findings of this study could be applied in the acoustic design of open-plan offices where cognitive tasks, such as reading comprehension and proofreading, are performed in a noisy environment. A white noise can reduce the intelligibility of office noise and irrelevant speech, which have positive effect on work performance.

Founded in 1896, the Chunghwa Post Corporation, provided the people with the post services, savings and insurance by government organizational structure. In 2003, the Chunghwa Post Corporation reorgained its structure to be a national enterprise, in order to comply with the global trend and government policy. The business model was changed from service-oriented people to be a business-oriented enterprise. After reorgained, the Chunghwa Post Corporation adjust its operation goals, not only to serve the people with good quality but also to gain the profits for keeping the company subtainable and development . All the revenue of the post comes from the operantion of branch offices, espercilly from the Taiper Post Office where located in Taipei metropolitan area. We shall to know what the problem for the operation of Taipei branch offices after corporation. In this study, there are many problems under the discussions through the ten managers work in the Taipei branch offices, we get many suggestions and hope it will be a helpful for the future companys decision and policy-making. We found that to evalue the focus of performance of branch offices is unfair¡F double recheck of audictors will effect the routine operation of branch office¡F be kind to managers and staffs that hard work in branch offices and establish the good information system to support and reduce the mistake of business operations.

No description available.