Este trabalho tem como objetivo central avaliar o estado de conservação e o uso atual de um dos principais exemplares da arquitetura Moderna brasileira: o Conjunto da Pampulha. Sabida sua função patrimonial no contexto histórico e cultural, procura-se identificar as já passadas intervenções para compreender a transformação pela qual esse conjunto passou. Pretende-se identificar quais os problemas práticos e burocráticos mais correntes na preservação dos edifícios Modernos no Brasil. Bem como especular quais podem ser os principais problemas e entraves na preservação dos bens modernos, que já fazem parte de uma memória arquitetônica, artística e cultural da nação. Para atender os objetivos de análise, uma breve revisão das origens da arquitetura Moderna Brasileira abrirá o presente trabalho; contextualizando projetos icônicos e seus respectivos autores no tempo/espaço. A revisão bibliográfica reunirá informações sobre o tema reconhecimento e valorização do patrimônio histórico arquitetônico, com uma revisão concisa de suas teorias e doutrinas. Ainda, revisitará as legislações patrimonialistas vigentes e o posicionamento de órgãos nacionais e mundiais responsáveis pela proteção de patrimônios arquitetônicos do estudo de caso. No contexto de intervenção em uma obra arquitetônica construída, serão diferenciadas em termos gerais as intervenções de restauro, reforma e reciclagem. Munido deste material, o trabalho entra no estudo de caso. A história, contexto, percalços e triunfos do projeto de Oscar Niemeyer para a Pampulha serão avaliados a partir da coleta dos dados em livros, revistas, fotografias, material obtido em órgãos públicos do estado de Minas Gerais em visita, e documentação disponível das intervenções ao conjunto ao longo do tempo. Da fundamentação teórica, bibliográfica e documental, a dissertação do curso de mestrado pretende uma análise crítica e parecer especulativo do objeto de estudo (Conjunto da Pampulha), reunindo informações a quem interesse desenvolver um estudo preliminar de reciclagem de edifícios modernos. / This body of work aims to evaluate the conservation state and actual use of one of the primary examples of Brazilian Modern architecture: Niemeyer’s Pampulha. By knowing its role in its historical and culture context, we seek to identify past interventions to comprehend the transformations that took place in this collection of architecture works. The purpose is to identify the most common, practical and bureaucratic problems in preservation of Modern Architecture in Brazil. And to speculate which might be the main issues and obstacles in the preservation of Modern properties, that are already part of this nation’s architectural, artistic and cultural memory. To reach these goals of analysis, a brief review of the origins of Brazilian Modern architecture opens the present paper to set its architectural plans and authors in time/space. The literature review will gather information on the topic ‘recognition and appreciation of the architectural heritage’ with a recall of its theories and doctrines. The thesis will also revisit current heritage statutes and the understanding of national and world institutions responsible for architectural heritage care. In the context of architectural interventions, restoration, reform and recycling will be differentiated in general terms. Provided with this material, this work enters into case study. History, context, mishaps and triumphs of Oscar Niemeyer’s Pampulha original design will be evaluated from data collected in books, journals, photos, obtained through personal research in public agencies of the State of Minas Gerais and in available documentation gathered through time. From theoretical foundation to literature and documentation this master’s degree thesis intends to offer a critic overview and a speculative insight of its point of interest, gathering information for whomever seeks to develop a preliminary study in Modern buildings’ recycling.

“The Transgressive Stage: The Culture of Public Entertainment in Late Victorian Toronto,” argues that public entertainment was one of the most important sites for the negotiation of identities in late Victorian Toronto. From the vantage point of the twenty-first century, where theatre is strictly highbrow, it is difficult to appreciate the centrality of public entertainment to everyday life in the nineteenth century. Simply put, the Victorian imagination was populated by melodrama and minstrelsy, Shakespeare and circuses. Studying the responses to these entertainments, greatly expands our understanding of Victorian culture. The central argument of this dissertation is that public entertainment spilled over the threshold of the playhouse and circus tent to influence the wider world. In so doing, it radically altered the urban streetscape, interacted with political ideology, promoted trends in consumption, as well as exposed audiences to new intellectual currents about art and beauty. Specifically, this study examines the moral panic surrounding indecent theatrical advertisements; the use by political playwrights of tropes from public entertainment as a vehicle for political satire; the role of the stage in providing an outlet for Toronto’s racial curiosity; the centrality of commercial amusements in defining the boundaries of gender; and, finally, the importance of the theatre—particularly through the Aesthetic Movement—in attempts to control the city’s working class. When Torontonians took in a play, they were also exposing themselves to one of the most significant transnational forces of the nineteenth century. British and American shows, which made up the bulk of what was on offer in the city, brought with them British and American perspectives. The latest plays from London and New York made their way to the city within months, and sometimes weeks, of their first production. These entertainments introduced audiences to the latest thoughts, fashion, slang and trends. They also confronted playgoers with issues that might, on the surface seem foreign and irrelevant. Nevertheless, they quickly adapted to the environment north of the border. Public entertainment in Toronto came to embody a hybridized culture with a promiscuous co-mingling of high and low and of British and American influences.

This project researches the history of a demolished building and its material that was later salvaged to formulate suggestions for reuse and interpretation within a new structure. The specific case examined was Indianapolis's Oscar C. McCulloch School No. Five demolished in 1986. The architectural glazed terra cotta was rescued from the wreckage and is the focus of this study.This creative project traces the historical and architectural significance of School No. Five, including a discussion on the general history of terra cotta, its use and manufacturing and construction techniques, and how it specifically applies to School No. Five.Next the salvaged terra cotta from School No. Five were assessed in an eight step process. The results of the assessment show the type and extent of deterioration observed on each piece, including a discussion on the various causes of deterioration, general repair, conservation techniques, and finally specific recommendations for the salvaged terra cotta. The project concludes with several design options and interpretations of the reconstructed facade of School No. Five. / Department of Architecture

The build–up of 6Li and 3He, that is, the strong thermal neutron absorbers or the so called "neutron poisons", in the beryllium reflector changes the physical characteristics of the reactor, such as reactivity, neutron spectra, neutron flux level, power distribution, etc.; furthermore,gaseous isotopes such as 3H and 4He induce swelling and embrittlement of the reflector. The SAFARI–1 research reactor, operated by Necsa at Pelindaba in South Africa, uses a beryllium reflector on three sides of the core, consisting of 19 beryllium reflector elements in total. This MTR went critical in 1965, and the original beryllium reflectors are still used. The individual neutron irradiation history of each beryllium reflector element, as well as the impact of beryllium poisoning on reactor parameters, were never well known nor investigated before. Furthermore, in the OSCAR{3 code system used in predictive neutronic calculations for SAFARI–1, beryllium reflector burn–up is not accounted for; OSCAR models the beryllium reflector as a non–burnable, 100% pure material. As a result, the poisoning phenomenon is not accounted for. Furthermore, the criteria and hence the optimum replacement time of the reflector has never been developed. This study presents detailed calculations, using MCNP, FISPACT and the OSCAR{3 code system, to quantify the influence of impurities that were originally present in the fresh beryllium reflector, the beryllium reflector poisoning phenomenon, and further goes on to propose the reflector's replacement criteria based on the calculated fluence and predicted swelling. Comparisons to experimental low power flux measurements and effects of safety parameters are also established. The study concludes that, to improve the accuracy and reliability of the predictive OSCAR code calculations, beryllium re flector burn–up should undoubtedly be incorporated in the next releases of OSCAR. Based on this study, the inclusion of the beryllium reflector burn–up chains is planned for implementation in the currently tested OSCAR–4 code system. In addition to beryllium reflector poisoning, the replacement criteria of the reflector is developed. It is however crucial that experimental measurements on the contents of 3H and 4He be conducted and thus swelling of the reflector be quantifed. In this way the calculated results could be verified and a sound replacement criteria be developed. In the absence of experimental measurements on the beryllium reflector, the analysis and quantifcation of the calculated results is reserved for future studies. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The build–up of 6Li and 3He, that is, the strong thermal neutron absorbers or the so called "neutron poisons", in the beryllium reflector changes the physical characteristics of the reactor, such as reactivity, neutron spectra, neutron flux level, power distribution, etc.; furthermore,gaseous isotopes such as 3H and 4He induce swelling and embrittlement of the reflector. The SAFARI–1 research reactor, operated by Necsa at Pelindaba in South Africa, uses a beryllium reflector on three sides of the core, consisting of 19 beryllium reflector elements in total. This MTR went critical in 1965, and the original beryllium reflectors are still used. The individual neutron irradiation history of each beryllium reflector element, as well as the impact of beryllium poisoning on reactor parameters, were never well known nor investigated before. Furthermore, in the OSCAR{3 code system used in predictive neutronic calculations for SAFARI–1, beryllium reflector burn–up is not accounted for; OSCAR models the beryllium reflector as a non–burnable, 100% pure material. As a result, the poisoning phenomenon is not accounted for. Furthermore, the criteria and hence the optimum replacement time of the reflector has never been developed. This study presents detailed calculations, using MCNP, FISPACT and the OSCAR{3 code system, to quantify the influence of impurities that were originally present in the fresh beryllium reflector, the beryllium reflector poisoning phenomenon, and further goes on to propose the reflector's replacement criteria based on the calculated fluence and predicted swelling. Comparisons to experimental low power flux measurements and effects of safety parameters are also established. The study concludes that, to improve the accuracy and reliability of the predictive OSCAR code calculations, beryllium re flector burn–up should undoubtedly be incorporated in the next releases of OSCAR. Based on this study, the inclusion of the beryllium reflector burn–up chains is planned for implementation in the currently tested OSCAR–4 code system. In addition to beryllium reflector poisoning, the replacement criteria of the reflector is developed. It is however crucial that experimental measurements on the contents of 3H and 4He be conducted and thus swelling of the reflector be quantifed. In this way the calculated results could be verified and a sound replacement criteria be developed. In the absence of experimental measurements on the beryllium reflector, the analysis and quantifcation of the calculated results is reserved for future studies. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

“The Transgressive Stage: The Culture of Public Entertainment in Late Victorian Toronto,” argues that public entertainment was one of the most important sites for the negotiation of identities in late Victorian Toronto. From the vantage point of the twenty-first century, where theatre is strictly highbrow, it is difficult to appreciate the centrality of public entertainment to everyday life in the nineteenth century. Simply put, the Victorian imagination was populated by melodrama and minstrelsy, Shakespeare and circuses. Studying the responses to these entertainments, greatly expands our understanding of Victorian culture. The central argument of this dissertation is that public entertainment spilled over the threshold of the playhouse and circus tent to influence the wider world. In so doing, it radically altered the urban streetscape, interacted with political ideology, promoted trends in consumption, as well as exposed audiences to new intellectual currents about art and beauty. Specifically, this study examines the moral panic surrounding indecent theatrical advertisements; the use by political playwrights of tropes from public entertainment as a vehicle for political satire; the role of the stage in providing an outlet for Toronto’s racial curiosity; the centrality of commercial amusements in defining the boundaries of gender; and, finally, the importance of the theatre—particularly through the Aesthetic Movement—in attempts to control the city’s working class. When Torontonians took in a play, they were also exposing themselves to one of the most significant transnational forces of the nineteenth century. British and American shows, which made up the bulk of what was on offer in the city, brought with them British and American perspectives. The latest plays from London and New York made their way to the city within months, and sometimes weeks, of their first production. These entertainments introduced audiences to the latest thoughts, fashion, slang and trends. They also confronted playgoers with issues that might, on the surface seem foreign and irrelevant. Nevertheless, they quickly adapted to the environment north of the border. Public entertainment in Toronto came to embody a hybridized culture with a promiscuous co-mingling of high and low and of British and American influences.

A primeira metade do século vinte testemunhou a consagração de profundas alterações nos paradigmas culturais, técnicos e intelectuais vigentes. A arquitetura, como reflexo do comportamento de uma sociedade, esteve envolvida no processo de modernização e, embora a busca por uma linguagem arquitetônica adequada ao homem e ao modo de vida despontados pela industrialização tenha iniciado em meados de 1800, sua consolidação deu-se no decorrer do século seguinte pelas geniais lideranças de movimentos modernizantes, dentre os quais Le Corbusier encontra-se incluído. A importância deste mestre europeu para o desenvolvimento e a difusão da arquitetura moderna parece, portanto, incontestável. Através da elaboração de teorias, princípios regulamentadores e do legado de obras construídas, Le Corbusier foi uma referência para gerações de arquitetos ao redor do mundo. Dentre seus seguidores estão indivíduos atuantes no cenário carioca de meados da década de trinta, ocasião em que o país - governado por Getúlio Vargas - empregava a arquitetura como ferramenta do progresso nacional. A vinda de Le Corbusier ao Brasil, em 1936, para a consultoria da sede do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública e da Cidade Universitária da Universidade do Brasil contribuiu para o despertar de talentos como Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Jorge Moreira e Oscar Niemeyer, os quais passaram a adquirir, progressivamente, oportunidades de demonstrar suas posições diante dos problemas arquitetônicos. Preceitos corbusianos foram amplamente adotados e parece, portanto, infactível desvincular representantes de uma das principais vertentes arquitetônicas nacionais de seu personagem norteador. A presente dissertação - caracterizada, sobretudo, pelo seu apelo didático - investiga, por conseguinte, de que modo estratégias compositivas preconizadas por Le Corbusier foram reinterpretadas pelos citados protagonistas da primeira geração moderna brasileira, explicitando-as através da configuração de paralelos identificados segundo uma análise crítico-comparativa. Pretende, por meio da abordagem consciente de um assunto corriqueiramente tratado em âmbito acadêmico, suscitar uma depurada compreensão dos intrincados laços que uniram os indivíduos mencionados e suas respectivas posturas projetuais, auxiliando, igualmente, na apreensão de lições possíveis de serem adaptadas a contextos atuais. / The first half of the 20th century witnessed the establishment of profound modifications in the cultural, technical and intellectual currents paradigms. Architecture, as a reflection of a society behavior, has been involved in the modernization process and, although the search for an appropriate architectonical language to man and the way of life risen by industrialization had started in the middle of 1800, its consolidation occurred during the following century by the brilliant leadership of modernizing movements among which is included Le Corbusier, whose importance for the development and dissemination of modern architecture seems, therefore, undeniable. Through the elaboration of theories, regulatory principles and the legacy of built works, Le Corbusier was a reference for generations of architects around the world. Among his followers there are active individuals in Rio de Janeiro scenery of the middle 30’s, time when the country – governed by Getúlio Vargas – used the architecture as a national progress instrument. The arrival of Le Corbusier in Brazil, in 1936, for consulting the headquarters of the Ministry of Education and Public Health and the University City of University of Brazil encouraged the flourishing of talents like Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Jorge Moreira and Oscar Niemeyer, who began to get opportunities to demonstrate their postures against the architectural problems. Corbusian precepts were widely adopted and hence it appears infeasible to dissociate representatives of one of the national architectonic main trends of its guiding character. This thesis – mainly characterized by its didactical appeal – investigates how Le Corbusier’s compositional strategies were reinterpreted by the quoted protagonists of the first Brazilian modern generation by configuring parallel identified according to a criticalcomparative analysis. It intends, through a conscious approach of a subject commonly broached in academic field, raise a refined understanding of those intricate ties that united the mentioned individuals and their respective projetual postures also assisting in the apprehension of lessons possible to be adjusted to currents contexts.

O estudo enfoca a arquitetura religiosa moderna, no intuito de apreender as permanências simbólicas e as conquistas figurativas alcançadas pelos arquitetos modernistas para dar forma e representação ao templo, em tempo dito ‘dessacralizado’ porque materialista e espiritualmente plural. Fundamentalmente, compila e sistematiza, por similaridades ideológicas, funcionais, simbólicas, tipológicas e formais, o legado eclesiástico projetado e/ou construído no mundo ocidental cristão entre os anos 1850 e 1960, grosso modo. Em sincronia, apresenta suas condições de origem, razões e significados e analisa como os pressupostos modernistas aplicaram-se ao fato arquitetural das novas catedrais, igrejas paroquiais, capelas locais e obras eclesiásticas várias, católicas e protestantes. Revela, também, seus produtores – financiadores, incentivadores, projetistas e construtores – analisando a atenção dada ao tema pelos mais eminentes nomes do período e realçando agentes inestimáveis, desprezados pela ‘bibliografia oficial’ do Movimento Moderno. Nas entrelinhas ensaia, ainda, discussão crítico-interpretativa de obras paradigmáticas ao debate por conjunção especial de fatores, no sentido de identificar as estratégias e signos modernos válidos à prática arquitetural contemporânea.

O estudo trata sobre o templo cristão na modernidade no período 1920 a 1970 de modo a resgatar, reconhecer e posicionar essa produção, digna de estudo, no contexto da arquitetura do século XX. Panorama acerca do tema, apresenta compilação e sistematização do concebido em capelas, igrejas paroquiais e catedrais, relacionando cristianismo e tempos modernos para identificar e avaliar os reflexos litúrgicos e simbólicos, por um lado, e funcionais, construtivos e estilísticos, por outro, numa inter-relação de homem, arte e sagrado no período. Historiografia crítica sobre o assunto, além de reunir e lançar juízo sobre as obras, recolhendo constatações gerais e peculiaridades como contribuição ao estado da arte moderna, desvela autores e incentivadores destacados em movimentações e resultados arquitetônicos para o templo cristão, afirmando suas importâncias e promovendo seu devido reconhecimento. Por tese, comprova a relevância da arquitetura do templo cristão como programa na modernidade, demonstrando sua continuidade, em quantidade e qualidade e evidenciando que a representação icônica do sagrado, que acontece através do tempo no templo, não se esvaiu ou perdeu-se nesse tempo histórico, tendo continuado o Cristianismo, através de outras construções marcantes, o trabalho inexorável de amparo e consolação espiritual a que se dedica a mais de dois milênios. / The study deals with the Christian temple in the modern period from 1920 to 1970 in order to rescue, to recognize and position this production, worthy of study in the context of twentieth century architecture. Panorama on the subject, has designed the compilation and systematization in chapels, parish churches and cathedrals, linking Christianity and modern times to identify and assess the liturgical and symbolic reflections, on the one hand, and functional, constructive and stylistic, the other, by a cross-relation of man and sacred art in the period. Critical historiography on the subject, besides gathering and lay judgments about the works by collecting general findings and peculiarities as a contribution to the state of modern art, unveils encouraging authors and movements in outstanding architectural and results for the Christian church, affirming their importance and promoting their due recognition. In theory, demonstrates the relevance of the Christian church architecture as a program in modernity, demonstrating its continuity, in quantity and quality, showing that the iconic representation of the sacred, what happens over time in the temple, not faded or lost at this time history, Christianity has continued through other landmark buildings, the relentless work of spiritual support and comfort that is dedicated to more than two millennia.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central avaliar o estado de conservação e o uso atual de um dos principais exemplares da arquitetura Moderna brasileira: o Conjunto da Pampulha. Sabida sua função patrimonial no contexto histórico e cultural, procura-se identificar as já passadas intervenções para compreender a transformação pela qual esse conjunto passou. Pretende-se identificar quais os problemas práticos e burocráticos mais correntes na preservação dos edifícios Modernos no Brasil. Bem como especular quais podem ser os principais problemas e entraves na preservação dos bens modernos, que já fazem parte de uma memória arquitetônica, artística e cultural da nação. Para atender os objetivos de análise, uma breve revisão das origens da arquitetura Moderna Brasileira abrirá o presente trabalho; contextualizando projetos icônicos e seus respectivos autores no tempo/espaço. A revisão bibliográfica reunirá informações sobre o tema reconhecimento e valorização do patrimônio histórico arquitetônico, com uma revisão concisa de suas teorias e doutrinas. Ainda, revisitará as legislações patrimonialistas vigentes e o posicionamento de órgãos nacionais e mundiais responsáveis pela proteção de patrimônios arquitetônicos do estudo de caso. No contexto de intervenção em uma obra arquitetônica construída, serão diferenciadas em termos gerais as intervenções de restauro, reforma e reciclagem. Munido deste material, o trabalho entra no estudo de caso. A história, contexto, percalços e triunfos do projeto de Oscar Niemeyer para a Pampulha serão avaliados a partir da coleta dos dados em livros, revistas, fotografias, material obtido em órgãos públicos do estado de Minas Gerais em visita, e documentação disponível das intervenções ao conjunto ao longo do tempo. Da fundamentação teórica, bibliográfica e documental, a dissertação do curso de mestrado pretende uma análise crítica e parecer especulativo do objeto de estudo (Conjunto da Pampulha), reunindo informações a quem interesse desenvolver um estudo preliminar de reciclagem de edifícios modernos. / This body of work aims to evaluate the conservation state and actual use of one of the primary examples of Brazilian Modern architecture: Niemeyer’s Pampulha. By knowing its role in its historical and culture context, we seek to identify past interventions to comprehend the transformations that took place in this collection of architecture works. The purpose is to identify the most common, practical and bureaucratic problems in preservation of Modern Architecture in Brazil. And to speculate which might be the main issues and obstacles in the preservation of Modern properties, that are already part of this nation’s architectural, artistic and cultural memory. To reach these goals of analysis, a brief review of the origins of Brazilian Modern architecture opens the present paper to set its architectural plans and authors in time/space. The literature review will gather information on the topic ‘recognition and appreciation of the architectural heritage’ with a recall of its theories and doctrines. The thesis will also revisit current heritage statutes and the understanding of national and world institutions responsible for architectural heritage care. In the context of architectural interventions, restoration, reform and recycling will be differentiated in general terms. Provided with this material, this work enters into case study. History, context, mishaps and triumphs of Oscar Niemeyer’s Pampulha original design will be evaluated from data collected in books, journals, photos, obtained through personal research in public agencies of the State of Minas Gerais and in available documentation gathered through time. From theoretical foundation to literature and documentation this master’s degree thesis intends to offer a critic overview and a speculative insight of its point of interest, gathering information for whomever seeks to develop a preliminary study in Modern buildings’ recycling.