Syftet med denna uppsats är att i en jämförande studie utreda skillnaderna beträffande gällande rätt avseende upplysningsskyldigheten för säljaren vid fastighetsköp respektive vid köp av lös egendom. Uppsatsen ska även utreda huruvida skillnaderna är motiverade för säljaren av en vara. Någon bestämmelse som tar sikte på säljarens upplysningsskyldighet finns inte i 4 kap. JB. Av förarbetena framgår det att undersökningsplikten är utgångspunkten för felansvaret och att det inte finns någon generell upplysningsskyldighet för säljaren. I NJA 2007 s. 86 ansågs det motiverat att frångå gängse riskfördelning och ålägga fastighetssäljaren en upplysningsskyldighet, vilken tillsynes verkar ha en generell karaktär. I nämnda rättsfall dras paralleller med avtalsvillkoret i 19 § 1 st. 2 p. KöpL, som ger ett visst mått av upplysningsskyldighet. Inom doktrin är det omdiskuterat om säljaren i vissa situationer ska ha en sådan skyldighet. Efter avgörandet i NJA 2007 s. 86 kan det fastställas att det nu etablerats en upplysningsskyldighet vid sidan av AvtL:s ogiltighetsregler. Mot bakgrund av förarbetena, praxis och doktrin som behandlats gällande 19 § KöpL kan det konstateras att det inte finns ett klart stöd för att säljarens upplysningsskyldighet går vid sidan av AvtL:s ogiltighetsregler. Fastighetssäljaren ansvarar efter NJA 2007 s. 86 redan vid den lägre graden ohederlighet, vilket kan anses ha skapat en slags diskrepans mellan säljaren av lös egendom och fastighetssäljaren. Min sammantagna slutsats blir därmed att de skillnader som nu skapats i gällande rätt beträffande säljarens upplysningsskyldighet vid försäljning av en vara inte är motiverade, med hänsyn till den diskrepans som nu skapats mellan egendomsslagen och som inte kan undgå att betecknas som en generell upplysningsskyldighet för fastighetssäljaren. / The purpose of this thesis is to, in a comparative study, examine differences in the law concerning the obligation for a vendor to inform at real estate purchase and purchase of movable property. The thesis shall also examine whether the differences are justified for the vendor of goods. A provision that refers to the seller's obligation to inform doesn’t exist in ch. 4 JB. The legislative history shows that the buyer’s obligation to inspect is the basis for the allocation of liability and that there isn’t a general obligation for the vendor to inform. In NJA 2007 p. 86, it was considered justifiable to depart from the usual risk allocation and impose a real estate vendor an obligation to inform, which seems to be general. The case mentioned above draws parallels with the contractual term of 19 § 1p. (2) AvtL, which gives a certain degree of obligation to inform. In doctrine, it’s debated whether the vendor in some situations should have such an obligation. After the ruling in NJA 2007 p. 86, an obligation to inform alongside AvtL’s rules on invalidity has now been established. With regard to legislative history, case law and doctrine examined concerning 19 § 1p. (2) AvtL, it can be concluded that there isn’t a clear support that the vendor’s obligation to inform goes alongside the AvtL’s rules on invalidity. The vendor of real estate is liable now by NJA 2007 p. 86 already at the lower degree of dishonesty, which might have created a sort of discrepancy between the vendor of movable property and the vendor of real estate. My overall conclusion is therefore that the current differences created in the law regarding the vendor's obligation to inform when vending goods can’t be justified, having regard to the discrepancy that emerged between asset classes and which can’t avoid to qualify as a general obligation to inform for the vendor of real estate.

Si le recours au crédit est devenu aujourd’hui une banalité, la réglementation de ce secteur s’avère cependant une nécessité. Des réglementations ont donc été mises en place concernant non seulement les opérations de crédit proposées par les banquiers mais également le comportement de ceux-ci à l’égard de leurs clients lors de l’octroi de ces crédits. Le droit saoudien et le droit français ne portent pas, en la matière, les mêmes regards. Ceci est dû au fait que le droit saoudien, fondé sur le droit musulman, est tenu de respecter ses exigences lors de la distribution de crédit. Parmi celles-ci, se trouve l’interdiction du prêt à intérêt, ou du riba, ayant pour conséquence la création d’un régime original de distribution de crédit, marque de la différence essentielle avec le droit français libre de toutes exigences d’ordre religieux. Cependant, si cette divergence est inéluctable, une convergence est constatée entre le droit saoudien et le droit français quant aux obligations mises à la charge du banquier dispensateur de crédit. Toutefois, contrairement au droit français, ces obligations en droit saoudien manquent de précision et d’évolution. Ainsi, la convergence devrait encore être consolidée, et cela en s’inspirant des solutions dégagées par le droit français en la matière, notamment par la mise à la charge des banquiers dispensateurs de crédit d’un certain nombre d’obligations assurant le juste équilibre entre les intérêts du banquier et ceux de son emprunteur. / If the appeal on credit today has become somewhat trivial, the regulation of this sector however proves to be a necessity. Regulations have therefore been set up concerning not only the operations of credit offered by the bankers, but also their behaviour concerning their clients during the conferment of credits. Saudi law and French law differ in this field. This is due to the fact that the Saudi law is based on the Charia, which influences its requirements concerning the distribution of credit. Among these requirements is the ban of loans with interest, or of the riba, creator of an original regime of credit distribution, which marks the major difference to French law, free from any religious requirements. On the other hand, although this divergence is ineluctable, a convergence can be found between Saudi law and French law concerning obligations put payable to the banker providing the credit. However, contrary to French law, these obligations in Saudi law lack in precision and evolution. Therefore convergence should once again be consolidated by drawing inspiration from the solutions given by French law in the field, notably by putting obligations on bankers in order to assure a fair balance between the interests of the banker and those of his borrower.

Les banques sont exposées à une multitude des risques. Dans un contexte réglementaire caractérisé par le renforcement de la surveillance européenne et des règles de protection de la clientèle, il est nécessaire de cartographier, évaluer, contrôler et maîtriser le risque juridique bancaire, partie intégrante du risque opérationnel. Pour ce faire, la récente discipline de gestion des risques ou risk management fournit les outils nécessaires aux établissements de crédit. Sa méthodologie générale s'avère pleinement transposable en matière juridique et est adaptée aux exigences légales en matière de contrôle interne, de gestion des risques et de calcul d'un niveau équilibré et approprié de fonds propres. Elle offre, par ailleurs, une grille de lecture inédite des obligations d'information, de mise en garde et de conseil du banquier à l'égard de ses clients. Véritable manifestation du paradigme ordo-libéral, ce trio informationnel témoigne du fait que le droit ne peut pas faire abstraction du milieu économique et social. Utiles pour le bon fonctionnement du marché et pour le progrès social, elles sont en même temps le signe d'une tendance au rééquilibrage contractuel, en dépassant la conception classique d'égalité abstraite des parties contractuelles. Les risques juridiques liés à ces trois obligations du banquier envers ses clients sont nombreux, pouvant être à la fois fréquents et extrêmes. L'étude de ces risques permet, entre autres, d'identifier les excès, voire les ambiguïtés ou les insuffisances du droit positif en la matière. / Banks are exposed to a multitude of risks. In view of the increased focus on European supervision and on consumer protection in the current regulatory framework, it is appropriate to map, evaluate, monitor and control the banking legal risk, as part of the operational risk. For this purpose, the risk management offers the necessary tools to the credit institutions. Its general approach is completely applicable in the legal field and is adapted to the legal requirements on internal supervision, risk management and determination of a balanced and proper level of own funds. Moreover, it provides a new key for the reading of the duties to disclose information, to caution and to advise that the banks have towards their clients. As a genuine expression of the ordo-liberal paradigm, this triple duty demonstrates that the law cannot ignore the social and economic. These duties are useful for the proper functioning of the market and for the social progress, and they are also the sign of a trend towards resetting the balance in contracts, leaving behind the classic concept of theoretical equality between parties to a contract. There are many legal risks in relation to those three requirements of the bank towards its customers, which can have frequent occurrences and very serious consequences. The study of those risks is meant, inter alia, to identify the overregulation, the ambiguities or the lack of regulation in the current legal framework.

Many mental health organizations have developed campaigns that concentrate on reducing the stigma towards mental health with the intentions of increasing access and utilization for people with mental illnesses that are not receiving appropriate mental health services. The mental health campaigns predominantly focus on establishing awareness and education related to the number of people with mental illnesses and diagnoses so that people will not be ashamed or embarrassed to have mental illnesses or access mental health treatments. However, societal prejudices have caused many people diagnosed with mental illnesses to lose jobs, homes, and families; therefore, in general, people are afraid of being diagnosed as mentally ill and seeking mental health treatments. Additionally, recent national attention and media reports of tragic and senseless events caused by people diagnosed with mental illnesses intensified the societal prejudices and stigma towards people with mental illnesses, which have depicted these people as extremely harmful to themselves and others . Consequently, societal demands magnified the need for public changes to prevent future tragedies, which contributed to President Barack Obama proposing regulations and policy agendas aimed at reducing stigma towards mental health and increasing access and utilization of mental health services. The mental health campaign initiatives and legislative proposals are supportive to the cause by reducing prejudices and barriers for people diagnosed with mental illnesses, and hopefully, preventing future tragic events. However, the research indicated that there is another barrier to mental health services impacting the lower levels of access and utilization. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts; / Health Care Ethics / PhD; / Dissertation;

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Resume: A comparison of current and deposit account contract The original purpose of the diploma thesis " A comparison of current and deposit account contract" had been to describe and analyse the existing legislation of the Current Account Contract and the Deposit Account Contract regulated by Act No. 513/1991 Coll., the Commercial Code, as amended by subsequent legislation, further to compare them and to draw the appropriate legal conclusions out of this comparison. With respect to the development of legal control, in particular due to passing the Act No. 284/2009 Coll., on payment system, as amended by subsequent legislation, and the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, it was necessary to modify the meaning of this thesis in the way to reflect new statutory regulation resulting out of the above, while respecting existing regulations. The aim of the thesis thus became a description, analysis and comparison of the Current Account and Deposit Account Contract and a description and analysis of the Contract for Payment Services, all of above covered by the description and subsequent comparison with the Account Contract. The thesis is conceived primarily to comparison of the above-mentioned statutory regulations with the fact that some of the more significant and at the same time problematic legal issues...

Resümee Das Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist eine komplexe Zusammenfassung und Analyse des Begriffs Kindesunterhalt für Minderjährige nach der Neukodifizierung des Privatrechts in der Tschechischen Republik und Wiedereingliederung ins Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, zusammen mit der Einführung des Begriffs Kindesunterhalt in den historischen Kontext und mit der Bewertung der Einflüsse der vorherigen Regelungen. Diese Diplomarbeit wird sich außer der Vorstellung dieses Begriffs in der tschechischen Rechtsregelung auch mit den Rechtsregelungen der Slowakischen Republik, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Republik Österreich beschäftigen. Das erste Kapitel wird der Rechtsregelung der Tschechischen Republik gewidmet. Nach der allgemeinen Abgrenzung des Unterhalts und seiner historischen Entwicklung folgt die Regelung der Unterhaltspflicht und des Kindesunterhalts für Minderjährige. Ich habe mein Augenmerk auf die Subjekte der Unterhaltspflicht, also auf den Unterhaltsberechtigten, der außerstande ist, sich selbst zu unterhalten, und auf den Unterhaltsverpflichteten gerichtet, wo sich um die Eltern oder unter bestimmten Bedingungen um andere Personen handelt, z.b. Großeltern. Dann habe ich mich mit den einzelnen Bedingungen beschäftigt, die für die Entstehung der gesetzlichen Unterhaltspflicht, ihr Erlöschen und oder...

1. Summary The Influence of a Change of Circumstances on the Existence of an Obligation The purpose of my thesis is to present a brief outline of the problems concerning the impact of the change of circumstances on the existence of an obligation. The leading principle looking into this issue is the rebus sic stantibus principle. This principle can be considered as the opposite of the contemporary major contract rule worshipped by most of the European states and thus legal systems, the pacta sunt servanda principle. This principle, meaning the necessity of putting emphasis on the performance, is at present the fundamental principle of contract law of the Czech republic too. However, day-to-day life creates situations, in which the strict compliance with this principle can be in conradiction with justice and the contractor's expectations of the fairness of the law. The rebus sic stantibus principle is presently applied usually only to rare specific cases, the question, whether it should be allowed to terminate the contract under a essential change of the circumstances to all contracts in general, is an object of long-term discussions among many legal experts and legislators. This thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the essentialy changed circumstances (also...

The aim of this (diploma) thesis is to compare the withdrawal from a contract according to the Civil Code on one hand and the Commercial Code on the other hand. In addition to this aim the thesis compares the withdrawal from a contract and the dismissal of a contract and critically deals with contemporary valid legislation. This thesis reminds a judicial development of this institute. Mentioning all the above aspects it evaluates legislation of withdrawal from a contract in the new Civil Code. Providing of all these aspects this thesis tries to help to map the developing statement at the final stage of transformation of Czech civil law and to collect crucial issues to evaluate the given thesis. The thesis analyses several aspects of the withdrawal from a contract - conditions of its application, reasons and consequences of this withdrawal and a limitation of actions. In addition it examines a cancellation fee as a special consequence of the withdrawal from contract. After a detailed investigation of legislation in the Civil Code and in the Commercial Code it emerged that the legislation in the Commercial Code is more precise and closer to a modern conception of contractual law. Considering modern contractual law legislation in the new Civil Code could also be positively evaluated. It has been...

This thesis deals with the relation of an advocate and a client. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part generally focuses on the relation between an advocate and a client. This part is composed of four chapters. Chapter one attempts to define basic terminology used in this paper, such as advocacy, client and advocate. Then the history of advocacy from ancient Rome is outlined in brief as well as legislation of advocacy. Chapter two looks at various ways of formation of the relation between an advocate and a client, it focuses on the most common way - a contract about providing legal services. Chapter three is one of the crucial chapters of this paper and concentrates on chosen rights and obligations of an advocate towards a client and vice versa, rights and obligations of a client towards an advocate. The last chapter of the first part explicates the termination of the relation between an advocate and a client. The second part of the thesis is more specific, final 18 pages deal with one of the most signifiant obligations of an advocate - obligation of secrecy. This part is subdivided into four sections which present the following: extent of the obligation, breaking of the obligation including analysis of particular regulations of related laws, for example Criminal Code or Tax Code. The...