As ideias políticas e filosóficas que influenciaram a criação da regra da legalidade penal e do princípio da ofensividade têm origem no Iluminismo. Principalmente durante a Idade Média e o Antigo Regime, confundia-se crime com pecado e as pessoas podiam ser punidas por mero capricho do soberano, sem que existisse lei. As arbitrariedades eram gritantes. A finalidade de ambas as teorias surgidas no período da Ilustração, portanto ao pregarem que era necessária a existência de lei prévia para que alguém fosse punido (regra da legalidade) e que o crime pressupunha uma lesão a direito ou bem jurídico de terceiro (princípio da ofensividade) , era a mesma: limitar o poder punitivo. No entanto, a regra da legalidade penal foi muito mais absorvida pelo discurso dogmático-jurídico do que o princípio da ofensividade, sendo oportuno, pois, analisar as razões pelas quais isso ocorreu. Algumas delas serão analisadas neste estudo como, por exemplo, a ausência de previsão explícita desse princípio nas Constituições, a suposta incompatibilidade desse princípio com a separação de poderes e com a própria regra da legalidade penal e a insegurança jurídica que a aplicação de princípios poderia gerar. Além disso, há um fator político de destaque: a consolidação da burguesia exigia a imposição de limites formais ao poder estatal, mas não limites materiais. Outro fator importante foi o advento do positivismo criminológico, no final do século XIX, que, ao confundir crime com doença, retornou ao paradigma do direito penal do autor que havia vigorado na Idade Média. Finalmente, para demonstrar o que impediu a consolidação do princípio da ofensividade especificamente no Brasil, será analisada a influência da doutrina europeia na dogmática nacional. / The political and philosophical ideas that influenced the creation of the principle of legality and the harm principle came from the Age of Enlightenment. Mainly during the Middle Age and the Old Regime, there was a confusion between crime and sin and people could be punished simply because of the whim of the sovereign, with no law. The arbitrariness were enormous. The reason for both theories that were born at the Age of Reason which required that the legal rules would have to be declared beforehand (principle of legality) and that the crime presupposed a harm or injury to other individuals (harm principle) were the same: to limit the power of punishment. However, it can be seen that the rule of the legality has been taken by the dogmatic and legal speech much more deeper than the harm principle, being opportune then, to analyze the reasons it happened. Some of them will be analyzed in this research, for instance, the absence of this explicit principle in the Constitutions, the alleged incompatibility of this principle with the separation of powers and the legality rule itself and the legal uncertainty that the application of principles could trigger. Furthermore, there is a major political factor: the consolidation of the bourgeoisie demanded the imposition of formal limits to the power of the state, but not material limits. Another important factor was the advent of positivist criminology, in the late nineteenth century, which, by confusing crime with illness, brought the paradigm of criminal law of the author, which was applied in the Middle Ages, back. At last, to show what stopped the consolidation of the harm principle specifically in Brazil, there will be an analysis of the influence of European doctrine in the Brazilian dogmatic.

As ideias políticas e filosóficas que influenciaram a criação da regra da legalidade penal e do princípio da ofensividade têm origem no Iluminismo. Principalmente durante a Idade Média e o Antigo Regime, confundia-se crime com pecado e as pessoas podiam ser punidas por mero capricho do soberano, sem que existisse lei. As arbitrariedades eram gritantes. A finalidade de ambas as teorias surgidas no período da Ilustração, portanto ao pregarem que era necessária a existência de lei prévia para que alguém fosse punido (regra da legalidade) e que o crime pressupunha uma lesão a direito ou bem jurídico de terceiro (princípio da ofensividade) , era a mesma: limitar o poder punitivo. No entanto, a regra da legalidade penal foi muito mais absorvida pelo discurso dogmático-jurídico do que o princípio da ofensividade, sendo oportuno, pois, analisar as razões pelas quais isso ocorreu. Algumas delas serão analisadas neste estudo como, por exemplo, a ausência de previsão explícita desse princípio nas Constituições, a suposta incompatibilidade desse princípio com a separação de poderes e com a própria regra da legalidade penal e a insegurança jurídica que a aplicação de princípios poderia gerar. Além disso, há um fator político de destaque: a consolidação da burguesia exigia a imposição de limites formais ao poder estatal, mas não limites materiais. Outro fator importante foi o advento do positivismo criminológico, no final do século XIX, que, ao confundir crime com doença, retornou ao paradigma do direito penal do autor que havia vigorado na Idade Média. Finalmente, para demonstrar o que impediu a consolidação do princípio da ofensividade especificamente no Brasil, será analisada a influência da doutrina europeia na dogmática nacional. / The political and philosophical ideas that influenced the creation of the principle of legality and the harm principle came from the Age of Enlightenment. Mainly during the Middle Age and the Old Regime, there was a confusion between crime and sin and people could be punished simply because of the whim of the sovereign, with no law. The arbitrariness were enormous. The reason for both theories that were born at the Age of Reason which required that the legal rules would have to be declared beforehand (principle of legality) and that the crime presupposed a harm or injury to other individuals (harm principle) were the same: to limit the power of punishment. However, it can be seen that the rule of the legality has been taken by the dogmatic and legal speech much more deeper than the harm principle, being opportune then, to analyze the reasons it happened. Some of them will be analyzed in this research, for instance, the absence of this explicit principle in the Constitutions, the alleged incompatibility of this principle with the separation of powers and the legality rule itself and the legal uncertainty that the application of principles could trigger. Furthermore, there is a major political factor: the consolidation of the bourgeoisie demanded the imposition of formal limits to the power of the state, but not material limits. Another important factor was the advent of positivist criminology, in the late nineteenth century, which, by confusing crime with illness, brought the paradigm of criminal law of the author, which was applied in the Middle Ages, back. At last, to show what stopped the consolidation of the harm principle specifically in Brazil, there will be an analysis of the influence of European doctrine in the Brazilian dogmatic.

Both philosophers and literary critics have championed artworks as necessary to moral education. As a result many of these critics believe that art that is bad or immoral can causally affect our character, resulting in moral harm. Moral harm is the idea that artworks possess a strong disposition to affect our moral beliefs such that we are less able to distinguish between what is good and what is bad. I examine this concept of moral harm and argue that immoral artworks do not have this kind of causal power over our moral beliefs. Proponents of the moral harm thesis are in error to attribute such a power to artworks. Additionally, I propose a definition of immoral artworks consistent with moral harm, as well as discuss the distinction between immoral artworks and artworks that are merely elicit disgust or offense.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-22T19:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nanci Sanchesseg.pdf: 2026141 bytes, checksum: 3c1240c3d580ce66e6f36483b56bdd0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-11T15:23:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nanci Sanchesseg.pdf: 2026141 bytes, checksum: 3c1240c3d580ce66e6f36483b56bdd0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-11T15:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nanci Sanchesseg.pdf: 2026141 bytes, checksum: 3c1240c3d580ce66e6f36483b56bdd0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Os estudos sobre crime têm no século XIX terreno fértil para sua produção. As pesquisas sobre crime e as suas relações com as perspectivas de sobrevivência dos homens livres e pobres ainda estão em construção. Apesar dos trabalhos relevantes nessas áreas, os enfoques de pesquisas ainda se concentram na população cativa e nas suas relações com as demais classes. A “natureza” dos núcleos de mineração sempre foi de “produzir” uma “massa anônima” de homens livres inseridos nas oscilações ocorridas nesses núcleos econômicos. Esse estudo destina-se à identificação da trajetória dos homens livres e pobres na Vila das Minas do Rio das Contas dos oitocentos. Uma região com espaços oportunizantes de trabalho restritos devido à decadência aurífera e às perspectivas mínimas de inserção social através da policultura e criação de gado no Alto Sertão da Bahia. Neste trabalho identificamos, a partir da construção de um perfil populacional da Vila das Minas do Rio das Contas no século XIX, as ocupações desses livres, suas articulações com outras classes, e o roubo com recurso de sobrevivência, dentro das estruturas de um local de mineração decadente. A pesquisa se baseou em documentos que, em sua maioria, são inéditos. São, em grande parte, processos-crime, livro de matrícula, registros de ouro e considerações sobre a região realizadas pelos viajantes que por ali passaram no século XIX. Através dessa documentação podemos identificar não só as atividades realizadas pelos livres pobres, como também sua estrutura econômica dedicada à lavoura e pecuária, atividades que não conseguiram dar espaços de inclusão a esses homens, que encontravam no crime uma forma de burlar a escassez material. / Salvador

Adolescents commit between 30% and 50% of the sexual offenses against young children in the United States. Adolescents who complete specialized treatment for sexual offending, including family therapy, have lower rates of sexual recidivism. Despite the evidence that including families in adolescents' treatment may contribute to lower sexual recidivism rates, there are few descriptions of family therapy with adolescents who sexually offend. In particular, there are no conceptualizations or models of family involvement derived from parents and adolescents' perspectives on treatment. To address this need, this study examined adolescents' and their parents\' experiences of participation in family therapy when the adolescent son had been required to complete treatment for sexual offending. In addition, the study explored how parent and adolescent participation in family therapy was associated with adolescents' progress in treatment for sexual offending. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, a conceptualization of family therapy was developed through semi-structured interviews with ten adolescent boys who have sexually offended and their parents/caregivers. In addition, a focus group of seven family therapists who specialize in the treatment of adolescents who sexually offend reviewed the findings and offered input on refining the emerging clinical conceptualization. Findings suggest that youth have more successful outcomes when therapists foster hopefulness and use parents to help motivate youth and facilitate change. Positive outcomes of family therapy for youth included expressing himself more clearly, caring about people, thinking about his future and setting goals, having more confidence, following the rules, "progressing in treatment, being accountable for his behavior, becoming more honest, developing life skills, and understanding and expressing regret for sexually offending. Positive outcomes of family therapy for families included changes in household rules, family roles, setting boundaries, and having respectful communication. Implications for how to best include families in adolescents' treatment of sexual offending are addressed. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Ricardo Alexandre Ferreira / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa a relação entre as tradições legislativas, primeiro lusa e depois brasileira, a respeito dos crimes de estupro e de rapto e os casos registrados, julgados e punidos, ou não, na cidade de São Paulo na vigência do Código Criminal do Império do Brasil. Primeiro código criminal do Brasil independente, elaborado com o objetivo de superar a legislação criminal herdada da antiga metrópole lusa, considerada pelos oitocentistas como inaplicável à nova realidade nacional, o Código guardou, contudo, continuidades e rupturas com a tradição portuguesa sobre o estupro e o rapto. Mudanças nas concepções sobre os crimes, as penas, as vítimas e os criminosos foram realizadas. Com a promulgação do Código do Processo Criminal, em 1832, emergiram novos procedimentos validadores da averiguação dos crimes e do julgamento do criminosos. A defesa da honra e a diferenciação moral entre as potenciais vítimas, entretanto, continuaram a guiar a legislação, ao passo que uma ampliação na compreensão do conceito de violência foi realizada, passando a considerar também as ameaças e o terror sofrido pela vítima como elementos que agravavam a culpa dos acusados. Apesar da nova legislação e da ampliação do sistema judiciário, as fontes policiais e judiciárias indicam que esses delitos, cuja ocorrência era considerada recorrente pelos contemporâneos, continuaram a ser alvo de pouca judicialização. Em observância às legislações principais e a alguns decretos complementares, os poucos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work analyses the relationship amongst the legislative traditions, firstly portuguese and then brazilian at a later moment, regarding rape and abduction offenses and the registered cases, judged and convicterd, or not, in the city of São Paulo in force of the Criminal Code of the Empire of Brazil. First criminal code of Independent Brazil, elaborated with the objective of superseding the criminal legislation inherited from the old mainland, considered by the nineteenth century thinkers to be inapplicable to the new national reality, the new Code has kept, however, continuities and ruptures with the Portuguese tradition about rape and abduction. Modification in the wordings, penalties and the possible victims and perpetrators were made. With the promulgation of the Criminal Procedure Code, in 1832, new validating procedures in the investigation and prosecution of criminals emerged. However, the defense of honor and moral differentiation between potential victims kept on guiding the legislation, while the concept of violence was enlarged, also taking into consideration threats and horror suffered by the victim as aggravating elements of culpability to the accused. Despite the new legislation and the expansion of the judiciary, police and judicial sources indicate that these offenses, which occurrence was deemed common by contemporaries, continued to be the subject of little judicialization. In compliance with the main legislations and some complementary decrees, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Three studies conducted in Vermont yielded data on 82 sexual recidivists’ index offenses (Time 1) and sexual reoffenses (Time 2) across 16 modus operandi (MO) characteristics. The current study examines the stability of these 16 characteristics between Time 1 and Time 2 offenses. Probabilities of Time 1–Time 2 characteristic combinations are reported, including when controlling for static risk as measured by the Static-99R and Vermont Assessment of Sex Offender Risk–2 (VASOR-2). Overall, considerable stability of offenders’ MO was evident between Time 1 and Time 2 offenses. Victim characteristics and offense behaviors were the most stable MO characteristics, and degree of force used and victim injury were less stable and trended toward less forceful and less injurious reoffenses. Controlling for static risk had little impact on the patterns of MO stability.

Individuals with a criminal background face several barriers to securing employment, one of which is the reluctance of hiring managers to extend employment offers to them. African American ex-offenders are disproportionately affected by these barriers. The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of hiring managers in a metropolitan area in the Southern United States and to identify the factors that influence the hiring decisions of ex-offenders. A descriptive study design was used to explore whether type of criminal offense, length of crime, or race of offender affect a hiring manager'€™s decision to hire an ex-felon. The disparate impact of discrimination theory served as the theoretical framework. Data were collected from a nonrandom, purposive sample of 376 current and former hiring managers and HR professionals who make hiring decisions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Study findings revealed 53% of respondents said they would not hire a person with a felony conviction, which supports the claim that a person'€™s criminal background does play a role in whether an employer extends an employment offer. The findings of this study may provide guidance to legislators in developing or amending hiring laws to better facilitate the reintegration of people with felony criminal backgrounds. Such action may engender positive social change through the reduction of criminal activity in urban areas, gains in the economy, improved public safety, more stable neighborhoods, and a decrease in the cost of housing offenders. Moreover, positive social change may occur when offenders do not recidivate because the state will not have to spend funds on incarceration.

No description available.

No description available.