[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é avaliar a gestão da função metrológica em uma unidade de exploração e produção de óleo e gás de uma grande empresa de energia no Brasil e propor ações de melhoria a partir dos resultados do diagnóstico da referida função. Desde a emissão da Portaria Conjunta n°1 ANP/Inmetro, em junho de 2000, as atividades de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil passaram por um acelerado processo de reestruturação organizacional e de adequação das instalações de medição para atender ao novo marco regulatório. Nesse contexto, a motivação da pesquisa vincula-se a uma real necessidade de melhoria da gestão da função metrológica em uma unidade de exploração e produção de óleo e gás natural da Petrobras, particularmente no que tange à consolidação da cultura metrológica e ao desenvolvimento de competências associadas a novos requisitos de medição de vazão de óleo e gás natural. A metodologia compreende: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre os temas centrais; (ii) proposição de modelo conceitual para avaliação da gestão da função metrológica; (iii) elaboração e aplicação do instrumento de pesquisa; (iv) estudo de caso da Unidade de Operações de Exploração e Produção da Petrobras no Espírito Santo e de quatro unidades incorporadas ao caso; (v) proposição de ações frente aos desafios e oportunidades reveladas no diagnóstico situacional. Destacam-se como resultados da pesquisa: (i) o modelo conceitual para avaliação da gestão da função metrológica, com foco na medição de vazão de óleo e gás natural; (ii) o diagnóstico da situação atual da gestão da função metrológica na referida Unidade e em quatro unidades incorporadas ao estudo de caso; (iii) mapeamento dos desafios e oportunidades associados à efetiva gestão da função metrológica nas unidades analisadas. Como conclusão, a pesquisa mostra que o modelo conceitual proposto foi adequado para os fins a que se destina, constituindo um importante instrumento de avaliação e retroalimentação para a gestão da função metrológica. Esse modelo poderá ser disseminado em outros contextos organizacionais de exploração e produção de óleo e gás natural. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is two-fold: (i) to assess the management of metrological function of an oil and gas exploration and production unit within a large energy enterprise in Brazil; and (ii) to propose recommendations for its improvement. Since the creation of Portaria Conjunta n 1 ANP/Inmetro, in June 2000, oil and gas exploration and production activities in Brazil have suffered an accelerated process of organizational reengineering and adapted all their measurement installations to attend the new regulatory framework. In this context, the motivation of this research arose from Petrobras’needs to have an assessment tool capable of measuring efficiency and efficacy of its metrological function, incorporating in the analytical framework elements concerning organizational culture and development of competences towards attendance of new metrological requirements. The methodology comprises: (i) bibliographic and documentary research on the central themes of dissertation; (ii) propose of a conceptual model for assess metrological function management, which links theoretical approaches reviewed; (iii) development and application of a survey questionnaire, based on this conceptual framework; (iv) case study focusing on the metrological function at Exploration and Production Operational Unit of Espírito Santo and its four subunities; (v) formulation of improvement actions for Petrobras metrological function at the selected unities, and suggestions for future research and replication in other organizational contexts. As a conclusion, it can be said that the proposed assessment model fulfilled expectations and assumptions formulated at the very beginning of this research. According to the opinion of managers and teams involved, the model is an useful management and learning tool for improve the management of metrological function and has a large potential for replication in other organizational contexts from the empirical evidences achieved.

L’espace souterrain, qui s’étend depuis la surface des terres émergées et des fonds marins jusqu’au centre de la Terre, est délaissé par le droit international. Aucune règle de droit international positif ne vient réglementer l’utilisation que les Etats font de leur espace souterrain territorial, cette utilisation et le régime de la propriété souterraine faisant partie de leur domaine réservé. Si les normes internationales régissent l’utilisation de l’espace souterrain extra-territorial, celui des grands fonds marins et celui de l’Antarctique, elles n’appréhendent l’espace souterrain qu’en termes d’utilisation et de mise en valeur des ressources minérales. De ce régime juridique d’exploration et d’exploitation des ressources minérales dépend d’ailleurs le statut juridique de l’espace souterrain qui va de la pleine souveraineté de l’Etat côtier à l’exclusion de toute appropriation nationale ou individuelle. Devant la multiplication des utilisations souterraines et face aux dommages environnementaux et aux violations des droits de l’homme liés à certaines de ces utilisations, le droit international doit réinvestir l’espace souterrain et notamment le contenu et l’étendue des droits qui le concernent tant dans l’ordre interne qu’international afin d’en réglementer la mise en valeur et d’en assurer la protection. / Until today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.