Master of Science

M.S.

The demand for deep fried chips by public and the number of people entering the fast food industry in the form of fast food outlets has increased tremendously. Frying oils are very expensive and are the most important ingredient used in the preparation of fried foods. Due to high oil costs and lack of knowledge, frying oils are used to their maximum. This has resulted in the abuse of deep fried chip cooking oils. The overall quality of the deep fried chip cooking oil used in the South Central Operational Entity of the eThekwini Municipality is not known but abused cooking oils have been identified by Environmental Health Practitioners (EHP's) during routine inspections of fast food outlets. Considering all of the above, the objectives of the proposed research were: (l) Determine the overall prevalence of the use of abused deep fried chip cooking oils at fast food outlets in the South Central Operational Entity of the eThekwini Municipality. (2) Determine in which supervision areas in the South Central Operational Entity the use of abused cooking oil is most prevalent. (3) Determine current/reported practices in preserving the quality of chip oil. (4) Make appropriate recommendations to owner/managers of the fast food outlets and to Environmental Health Practitioners. The study design was observational utilizing a Rapid Epidemiological Assessment (REA) technique, with both a descriptive and analytical component. All fast food outlets making deep fried chips in the South Central Operational Entity registered with the eThekwini Health Department at the time of the study were included in the study population. The Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) method was used to determine the overall prevalence of the use of abused oil and to determine supervision areas reached the predetermined service target. A total of 100 fast food outlets were sampled. An oil sample from each fast food outlet, which was taken and sent to a laboratory where an Oxifrit Test was done on every oil sample taken. The Oxifrit Test was the benchmark in this study. EHP's of eThekwini Municipality collected further data by means of an observational checklist and a closed-ended questionnaire, which aimed to establish cooking oil preservation practices. The study revealed that 60 of the outlets had oil that was acceptable whereas 40 had oil that was unacceptable (abused oil). In the multivariate analysis the only factors significantly associated with abused oil were the condition of the fryer and frequency of oil change. Supervision Areas 6, and 4 had more abused deep fried chip cooking oil than average in the South Central Operational Entity. For further prioritization, Supervision Areas 6 and 4 fell below the decision rule for majority of acceptable oil preservation practices, thus Supervision Areas 6 and 4 will be targeted for intervention. Intervention will include education, monitoring and ultimately enforcing the law by EHP's to ensure safe use of deep fried chip cooking oil in the South Central Operational Entity within eThekwini Municipality. / Thesis (M.P.H.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to the commercial, nutritional and health value of vegetable oils, seeds and beans, the analysis of their components is of much interest. In this dissertation oil-containing food products, specifically vegetable oils, seeds and beans, were investigated. Selected minor components of three locally produced vegetable oils, namely apricot kernel, avocado pear and macadamia nut oils were investigated using 31P NMR spectroscopy. These minor components, including 1,2 diacylglycerols, 1,3 diacylglycerols and free fatty acids, were identified in the 31P NMR spectra of each of the three vegetable oils for the first time. Two approaches were used for the quantification of the minor components present in the spectra. A calibration curve approach used known concentrations of standard minor components to establish calibration curves while a direct correlation approach calculated the unknown concentration of minor components in the vegetable oils using a known amount of standard compound within the analysis solution. These approaches aided in determining the concentration of minor components during storage studies in which vegetable oils were stored in five different ways: exposed to light, in a cupboard, in a cupboard wrapped in tin foil, at -8 °C and at 5 °C. It was found that determining the best storage condition for each oil was difficult since individual minor components were affected differently by the various storage conditions. However, in general the best storage conditions appeared to be 5 °C and -8 °C. The oil, protein and carbohydrate contents of sesame, sunflower, poppy, and pumpkin seeds, and soy, mung, black and kidney beans were analysed by thermogravimetric analysis and 13C NMR solid state NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that the first derivative of TGA data for seeds and beans can give valuable information about the carbohydrate, moisture, protein and fat content. This has not been previously demonstrated. For the seeds, the integration of a region between 270–480 ºC was equal to the sum of the oil and protein content and compared well to quantitative results obtained by other conventional methods. For beans the integration of a region between 180-590 ºC, gave a value which represented the sum of the oil, protein and carbohydrate content. 13C solid state NMR spectroscopy, including SPE-MAS, CP-MAS and variable contact time experiments, was carried out on these seeds and beans and gave valuable information on the solid-like and liquid-like components. To our knowledge these seeds and beans have never been previously analysed using this technique. 13C SPE-MAS NMR spectroscopy indicated that the seeds contained more liquid-like components than the beans. In turn the 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra indicated that beans had higher levels of solid-like components than the seeds. These conclusions correlated well with the quantities of liquid-like components and solid-like components that were determined by conventional methods and TGA. Preliminary studies using T1pH experiments on the components present in the seeds and beans led to a few observations. Most interesting is that a model using a two- phase fit in order to determine T1pH values appears to be more accurate than a one-phase model. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groente olies, sade en bone is ‘n onderwerp van groot belang omrede hul kommersiële, voeding en gesondheidswaardes. In hierdie tesis is olie-bevattende voedselprodukte, spesifiek groente-olies, sade en bone geanaliseer. Geselekteerde komponente teenwoordig in klein hoeveelhede in drie lokaal geproduseerde groente-olies, naamlik appelkoos-pit, avokadopeer en makadamia-neut olies is geanaliseer met behulp van 31P KMR spektroskopie. Hierdie komponente, insluitend 1,2 diasielglyserole, 1,3 diasielglyserole en ongebonde vetsure, is vir die eerste keer geïdentifiseer in die 31P KMR spektra van die drie groente olies. Twee benaderings is gebruik vir die hoeveelheids-bepaling van die komponente in die spektra. ‘n Yking-kurwe metode het gebruik gemaak van bekende hoeveelhede konsentrasies standaard komponente vir die opstel van yking-kurwes, terwyl ‘n direkte korrelasie metode gebruik is om die onbekende konsentrasie van komponente in groente olies te bepaal met behulp van ‘n bekende hoeveelheid standaard verbinding teenwoordig in die oplossing. Hierdie metodes het gelei tot die bepaling van die konsentrasies van die komponente gedurende vyf verskillende berging toestande wat ingesluit het: Blootgestel aan lig, in ‘n donker kas, in ‘n donker kas toegevou in tin foelie, bevries by -8 °C en in ’n koelkas by 5 °C. Dit was bevind dat bepaling van die beste bergingstoestand vir elke olie moeilik is aangesien die individuele komponente verskillend geaffekteer word deur die verskeie berging toestande. Die beste bergings toestand oor die algemeen blyk egter om by 5 °C en -8 °C te wees. Sesamsaad, sonneblomsaad, papawersaad en pampoensaad sowel as sojaboontjie, mungboontjie, swartboontjie en pronkboontjie se olie, protein en koolhidraat komponente was geanaliseer met behulp van termogravimetriese analise (TGA) en 13C soliede toestand KMR spektroskopie. Dit was bevind dat die eerste afgeleide van die TGA data waardevolle inligting lewer oor die komponent inhoud van elk van die sade en bone. Hierdie is nog nie vantevore bevind nie. Vir die sade, was die integrasie van ‘n area tussen 270–480 ºC gelyk aan die som van die olie en proteïen inhoud en het goed vergelyk met die waardes verky deur algemene analitiese metodes. Vir die boontjies, was die integrasie van ‘n area tussen 180-590 ºC gelyk aan die som van die olie, protein en koolhidraat inhoud. 13C vaste staat KMR spektroskopie, insluitende SPE-MAS, CP-MAS en variëerbare kontak-tyd eksperimente, was gedoen en het waardevolle inligting gelewer omtrent die solied-agtige en mobiel-agtige komponente. Hierdie sade en bone is tot ons kennis nog nie van te vore met die tegnieke ondersoek nie. 13C SPE-MAS NMR spektroskopie het aangedui dat daar ‘n groter hoeveelheid mobiel-agtige komponente in sade as in bone teenwoordig is. 13C CP-MAS NMR spektroskopie het weer aangedui dat daar ‘n groter hoeveelheid solied-agtige komponente in bone as in sade teenwoordig is. Hierdie gevolgtrekkings het goed vergelyk met die waarnemings verkry deur konvensionele analitiese metodes en TGA. Voorlopige studies op die komponente van sade en bone deur T1pH eksperimente het tot ‘n paar gevolgtrekkings gelei waarvan die mees interessantste was dat ‘n twee-fase model vir die bepaling van T1pH waardes beter resultate lewer as ‘n een-fase model.

O objetivo do experimento foi verificar o efeito da adição do óleo de soja, óleo de linhaça, óleo de coco babaçu e sebo bovino na ração de fêmeas suínas lactantes. As dietas eram energeticamente altas, sendo uma dieta basal acrescida em 8% por diferentes fontes de energia, (1) óleo de soja, (2) óleo de linhaça, (3) óleo de coco e (4) gordura animal, tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Santa Rosa, Leme, SP. As variáveis avaliadas foram peso inicial, aos 100 dias de gestação (PI), peso à desmama (PD), espessura de toucinho aos 100 dias de gestação (ETI), espessura de toucinho à desmama (ETD), mudanças corporais no período lactacional como perda de peso (PP), perda de espessura de toucinho (PET), produção de leite (PL) e peso dos leitões (Ple) nos dias 7, 14 e 21 da lactação, intervalo desmama estro (IDE), duração do estro (DE) e concentrações de estrógeno (Es) à desmama, 48 horas após a desmama e no estro. A espessura de toucinho foi medida no P2. A técnica de PL foi realizada pela técnica de peso dos leitões antes e depois das mamadas. O manejo para diagnóstico do estro foi realizado duas vezes ao dia. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas em 3 ocasiões à desmama (Dia 1), 48 horas após a desmama (Dia 2) e na comprovação do estro (Dia 3). As análises da (Es) foram realizadas pela técnica de radioimunoensaio. Foram utilizadas 24 fêmeas, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os resultados foram analisados através do programa computacional Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1985) submetidos à análise de variância pelo procedimento GLM (PROC GLM). Para os valores de peso, espessura de toucinho, bem como das mudanças no período não houve diferença significativa, e os resultados foram para PI 257,7; 259,3; 265,0 e 267,0 quilos e para PD 231,3; 217,4; 224,9 e 225,0 quilos para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Os valores de 17,0; 16,5; 16,5; 16,0 milímetros foram para ETI e 13,2; 12,13; 12,5 e 12,0 mm para ETD nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. A PP durante a lactação foi de 44,4; 41,9; 40,1 e 39,1 para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Já a PET apresentou médias de 3,8; 4,2; 4,0 e 4,0 mm nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa para PL, bem como para os diferentes dias de mensurações tendo como resultados no 7º dia 10,13; 9,43; 8,98 e 8,85 Kg para os diferentes tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. No 14º dia os valores médios para os tratamentos foram de 10,12; 11,20; 10,26 e 8,79 Kg, respectivamente, e os valores de 11,34; 10,47; 10,56 e 10,76 Kg para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente para o 21º dia. O peso dos leitões não foi significativo entre os tratamentos, mas apresentou significância nos três diferentes tempos (P < 0,01) e os valores médios foram de 2,87; 2,95; 2,83 e 2,9 Kg para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente para o 7º dia de amamentação, de 5,01; 4,88; 4,8 e 4,75 Kg nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente para 14º dia. Já para o 21º dia os valores nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente foram de 6,80; 6,58; 6,56 e 6,82 Kg. O IDE e DE não apresentaram diferença significativa e tiveram como médias nos respectivos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 de 74,0; 68,0; 70,3 e 78,7 horas para IDE e 57,6; 62,0; 64,0 e 72,0 para DE. Para as médias de Es não houve significância e estas apresentaram os seguintes valores de 10,25; 12,82; 9,65 e 8,71 pg/ml nos respectivos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 no dia 1. Para o dia 2 os valores nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 foram de 25,8; 27,39; 24,64 e 32,12 pg/ml respectivamente, e os valores de 83,6; 79,14 e 77,64 pg/ml para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente referentes ao dia 3. / Twenty-four Dalland C40 sows were used in one experiment to study the effect of dietary vegetable oil or tallow on productive and reproductive parameters. All sows were fed a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 8% soybean (T1), linseed (T2), coconut (T3) oil or tallow (T4) from day 100 of gestation and throughout the lactation period. Sow initial weight and backfat thickness were determined at day 100 of gestation (ISW and IBT, respectively), and at weaning (WSW and WBT, respectively). Sow weight and backfat thickness losses (WL and BTL, respectively) were calculated, and milk yield (MY) was estimated at day 7, 14 and 21 of lactation by weighing the litter before and after suckling. Interval weaning estrus (IWE), and estrus duration (ED), and piglet weight (PW) were recorded. Blood samples were taken at weaning (day 1), and 48 hours after weaning (day 2), and at onset of estrus (day 3) for estradiol (E2) determination. There were no treatment effects for the parameters studied. The means for E2 were 10.25; 12.82; 9.65 e 8.71 pg/ml (day 1), and 25.8; 27.39; 24.64 e 32.12 pg/ml (day 2), and 83.6; 79.14 e 7764 pg/ml (day 3) for treatment 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectively. Means for E2 on day 3 were higher than values observed on day 1 and 2.

O município de São Paulo detém uma grande quantidade de fontes produtoras de óleos e gorduras residuais, que são aproximadamente 13.000 estabelecimentos. O potencial poluidor desses resíduos é imenso, faz-se necessário um programa funcional, sustentável e integrado de coleta e destinação correta para o óleo e a gordura descartados. Nesse sentido, a geografia, como ciência da sociedade e da natureza utiliza-se de diferentes métodos, técnicas e metodologias para avaliar os problemas e auxiliar na criação de propostas que visem minimizar os impactos ambientais causados pelo inadequado descarte dos resíduos. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar como é realizado o descarte do óleo residual de fritura na cidade de São Paulo e dar sugestões para a geração de uma política pública integrada de identificação dos focos geradores, coleta e destinação adequada desses resíduos. O descarte de óleos e gorduras residuais em locais inapropriados, prática comumente utilizada por estabelecimentos comerciais, pode causar inúmeros impactos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, impactos estes que vão desde poluição dos mananciais e solos até obstrução e entupimentos de redes coletoras de esgoto, ocasionando gastos desnecessários ao setor público. O aumento do número de estabelecimentos geradores de óleo residual de fritura na cidade de São Paulo gera também uma maior pressão sobre os sistemas de coleta de esgoto, pois a prática do descarte incorreto desses resíduos é muito comum e causa sérios problemas de entupimento e mau cheiro. Assim, esta pesquisa busca, através do uso de geotecnologias para análise do uso da terra, avaliar como se deu o processo de ocupação urbana ao longo dos anos, e identificar as áreas onde ocorreu um maior crescimento do número de estabelecimentos geradores de gordura residual. Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a conscientização da população, empresários, empreendedores e gestores públicos quanto à problemática do descarte incorreto de óleos e gorduras residuais, criando uma cultura positiva, capaz de envolver a todos esses agentes, levando a uma política sustentável sobre esse assunto. Após um levantamento das políticas vigentes no município de São Paulo, relacionadas com os óleos residuais, verificou-se que existe apenas uma norma que regulamenta a coleta e o rerrefino de lubrificantes para máquinas em geral. A lei foi estabelecida pelo CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) Lei nº 6.938 de 31 de Agosto de 1981 e regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 99.274 de 06 de Julho de 1990, propiciando a criação de uma rede regulamentada de iniciativa particular visando o rerrefino desses resíduos. Iniciativas como as da cidade de São Francisco (EUA), voltadas especificamente para os óleos e gorduras residuais de fritura, poderiam ser adotadas facilmente no município de São Paulo, exigiria apenas um esforço conjunto entre secretarias e a adoção de um sistema de informações geográfica (SIG), no qual fossem carregadas as bases necessárias para determinar os pontos produtores de óleo residual e o volume de descarte de cada estabelecimento. Com o cruzamento dessas informações seria possível determinar os pontos mais críticos do município, por onde o trabalho de coleta deveria ser iniciado, passando a atender todo o território ao longo da implantação do projeto. A adoção de políticas como essas beneficiam todos os munícipes, além de melhorar a qualidade ambiental das áreas urbanas, evitando, assim, gastos excessivos com a manutenção das tubulações, transtornos para os cidadãos, agravamento de problemas de saúde pública, como as pragas urbanas e criando, mecanismos necessários para uma cidade sustentável. / The municipality of São Paulo holds a lot of producing sources of residual oils and fats, which are approximately 13,000 establishments. The pollution potential of this waste is immense; it is necessary a functional program, sustainable and integrated to the collection and proper disposal for oil and fat discarded. In this sense, geography, as a science of society and nature makes use of different methods, techniques and methodologies to assess the problems and assist in the creation of proposals to minimize environmental impacts caused by improper disposal of waste. The aim of this work is to evaluate how it is done the disposal of residual frying oil in Sao Paulo and give suggestions for the creation of an integrated public policy to identify the generators outbreaks, collection and proper disposal of such waste. The disposal of residual oil and fat in the wrong places, a common practice used by commercial establishments, can cause a lot of harmful impacts to the environment, ranging from water and soil pollution to obstruction and clogging of sewage systems, causing unnecessary expenses the public sector. The increase of residual frying oil generators in Sao Paulo also generates greater pressure on the sewage collection systems, because the incorrect disposal practice of this waste is very common and cause serious clogging problems and bad smell. Thus, this research aims, through the use of geo-technologies for analysis of land use, evaluate how was the process of urban settlement over the years, and identify areas where there was a greater increase in the number of generators establishments residual fat. This work aims to contribute to public awareness, businessmen, entrepreneurs and public officials about the problem of incorrect disposal of residual oil and fat, creating a positive culture, able to involve all these agents, leading to a sustainable policy on the subject. After a survey of existing policies in the São Paulo municipality, related whit residual oils, it was found that there is only one norm that regulates the collection and re-refining of lubricants for machines in general. The law was established by CONAMA (National Environment Council) Law No. 6938 of August 31 of 1981 and regulated by Decree No. 99.274 of July 6 of 1990, allowing the creation of a regulated network of private initiative aimed the re-refining of such wastes. Initiatives such as the city of San Francisco (USA), geared specifically to the residual oil and fat frying, easily could be adopted in São Paulo, would require only a joint effort between departments and the adoption of a geographic information system (GIS), in which were charged the necessary basis to determine the producers points of residual oil and the volume of each establishment. With the crossing of this information would be possible to determine the most critical points of the municipality, where the collection work should be started, starting to serve the entire territory along the project implementation. The adoption of policies like these benefit all citizens, and improve the environmental quality of urban areas, thus avoiding excessive spending on the maintenance of pipes, inconvenience to citizens, worsening public health problems, such as urban pests and creating mechanisms for a sustainable city.

O objetivo do experimento foi verificar o efeito da adição do óleo de soja, óleo de linhaça, óleo de coco babaçu e sebo bovino na ração de fêmeas suínas lactantes. As dietas eram energeticamente altas, sendo uma dieta basal acrescida em 8% por diferentes fontes de energia, (1) óleo de soja, (2) óleo de linhaça, (3) óleo de coco e (4) gordura animal, tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Santa Rosa, Leme, SP. As variáveis avaliadas foram peso inicial, aos 100 dias de gestação (PI), peso à desmama (PD), espessura de toucinho aos 100 dias de gestação (ETI), espessura de toucinho à desmama (ETD), mudanças corporais no período lactacional como perda de peso (PP), perda de espessura de toucinho (PET), produção de leite (PL) e peso dos leitões (Ple) nos dias 7, 14 e 21 da lactação, intervalo desmama estro (IDE), duração do estro (DE) e concentrações de estrógeno (Es) à desmama, 48 horas após a desmama e no estro. A espessura de toucinho foi medida no P2. A técnica de PL foi realizada pela técnica de peso dos leitões antes e depois das mamadas. O manejo para diagnóstico do estro foi realizado duas vezes ao dia. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas em 3 ocasiões à desmama (Dia 1), 48 horas após a desmama (Dia 2) e na comprovação do estro (Dia 3). As análises da (Es) foram realizadas pela técnica de radioimunoensaio. Foram utilizadas 24 fêmeas, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os resultados foram analisados através do programa computacional Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 1985) submetidos à análise de variância pelo procedimento GLM (PROC GLM). Para os valores de peso, espessura de toucinho, bem como das mudanças no período não houve diferença significativa, e os resultados foram para PI 257,7; 259,3; 265,0 e 267,0 quilos e para PD 231,3; 217,4; 224,9 e 225,0 quilos para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Os valores de 17,0; 16,5; 16,5; 16,0 milímetros foram para ETI e 13,2; 12,13; 12,5 e 12,0 mm para ETD nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. A PP durante a lactação foi de 44,4; 41,9; 40,1 e 39,1 para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Já a PET apresentou médias de 3,8; 4,2; 4,0 e 4,0 mm nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa para PL, bem como para os diferentes dias de mensurações tendo como resultados no 7º dia 10,13; 9,43; 8,98 e 8,85 Kg para os diferentes tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. No 14º dia os valores médios para os tratamentos foram de 10,12; 11,20; 10,26 e 8,79 Kg, respectivamente, e os valores de 11,34; 10,47; 10,56 e 10,76 Kg para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente para o 21º dia. O peso dos leitões não foi significativo entre os tratamentos, mas apresentou significância nos três diferentes tempos (P < 0,01) e os valores médios foram de 2,87; 2,95; 2,83 e 2,9 Kg para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente para o 7º dia de amamentação, de 5,01; 4,88; 4,8 e 4,75 Kg nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente para 14º dia. Já para o 21º dia os valores nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente foram de 6,80; 6,58; 6,56 e 6,82 Kg. O IDE e DE não apresentaram diferença significativa e tiveram como médias nos respectivos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 de 74,0; 68,0; 70,3 e 78,7 horas para IDE e 57,6; 62,0; 64,0 e 72,0 para DE. Para as médias de Es não houve significância e estas apresentaram os seguintes valores de 10,25; 12,82; 9,65 e 8,71 pg/ml nos respectivos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 no dia 1. Para o dia 2 os valores nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 foram de 25,8; 27,39; 24,64 e 32,12 pg/ml respectivamente, e os valores de 83,6; 79,14 e 77,64 pg/ml para os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente referentes ao dia 3. / Twenty-four Dalland C40 sows were used in one experiment to study the effect of dietary vegetable oil or tallow on productive and reproductive parameters. All sows were fed a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 8% soybean (T1), linseed (T2), coconut (T3) oil or tallow (T4) from day 100 of gestation and throughout the lactation period. Sow initial weight and backfat thickness were determined at day 100 of gestation (ISW and IBT, respectively), and at weaning (WSW and WBT, respectively). Sow weight and backfat thickness losses (WL and BTL, respectively) were calculated, and milk yield (MY) was estimated at day 7, 14 and 21 of lactation by weighing the litter before and after suckling. Interval weaning estrus (IWE), and estrus duration (ED), and piglet weight (PW) were recorded. Blood samples were taken at weaning (day 1), and 48 hours after weaning (day 2), and at onset of estrus (day 3) for estradiol (E2) determination. There were no treatment effects for the parameters studied. The means for E2 were 10.25; 12.82; 9.65 e 8.71 pg/ml (day 1), and 25.8; 27.39; 24.64 e 32.12 pg/ml (day 2), and 83.6; 79.14 e 7764 pg/ml (day 3) for treatment 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectively. Means for E2 on day 3 were higher than values observed on day 1 and 2.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture (MCTo), designed to increase energy expenditure and improve lipid profiles containing medium chain triglycerides, phytosterols and n-3 fatty acids in the form of flaxseed oil, versus the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). Forty-eight hamsters were fed (i) hypercholesterol emic (HC) control, (ii) HC MCTo, (iii) HC ALA, (iv) HC MCTo/ALA diets for 4 weeks. No effects on food intake, body weight, total body water, lean body mass, fat mass, and tissue thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were observed. ALA alone had no effect on total cholesterol (TC); however, MCTo feeding increased TC with (p < 0.03) and without (p < 0.003) ALA when compared to control. ALA increased HDL levels compared to control (p 0.04) and MCTo/ALA (p < 0.007) groups. MCTo, with (p < 0.0001) or without (p < 0.006) ALA, increased non-HDL cholesterol levels versus control. The non-HDL:HDL ratio was decreased by ALA compared to MCTo (45%) and MCTo/ALA (68%) (p < 0.0001), a similar trend was seen when compared to the HC control (22%) group (p < 0.14). Triglyceride levels were not altered by any of the dietary treatments. Liver and heart tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased (p < 0.05) by all three treatments when compared to control. Both tissues showed an increase (p < 0.05) in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) when fed ALA compared to all other treatments. Hamsters fed ALA had a lower (p < 0.05) GSH/GSSG ratio compared to all treatment groups. In conclusion, MCTo feeding does not elicit beneficial effects on circulating plasma lipids and measures of body composition. In addition, our results do not clearly support an improvement in oxidative status through supplementation of ALA. However, our results do support the existence of beneficial effects of ALA on circulating lipoprotein content in the hamster.

The dissertation analyses the economic and ecological aspects of Darvill Waste Water Works (WWW) through key indicators from Sustainable Development Records (SDR). The SDR study identifies disturbances caused by large concentrations of soap, oil and grease (SaG), therefore a framework of proposed solutions to dealing with these problems has also been investigated. The first component of the study highlights the importance of adequate indicators. Key indicators provide important information that is useful to management and policy makers. The SDR used to analyse the DarvillWWW in Pietermaritzburg provides relevant information for the management of Darvill WWW and Umgeni Water (UW), the City Council and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). According to the SDR model the Works is identified as a service providing social institution. The operation of this institution affects the community of Pietermaritzburg as well as the surrounding natural environment. SDR uses the key indicators of effectiveness, Thrift and Margin to analyse the economic and ecological impacts of the service provided.The study incorporates relevant data for Darvill WWW during 1993- 1996. Effectiveness measures the degree of compliance with national water quality standards as set out by the DWAF. Compliance of the following variables, E.coli, Chlorine, Soluble Reactive Phosphate (SRP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Ammonia were investigated. These variables produce varying trends. Increasing compliance is linked to improved plant efficiency while decreasing compliance is linked to the poor quality of industrial effluent. Industrial effluent containing large concentrations of SOG is a particular problem. Thrift measures the costs of operating the Works in terms of energy, chemicals, labour and capital. Overall financial, energy and labour thrift declined while chemical thrift increased. Increasing chemical thrift is due to the reduced consumption of chemicals as a result of a greater reliance on the process of biological phosphate removal. Decreasing thrift is related to increased costs of capital, energy and labour due to the deteriorating quality of vegetable oil effluent. Margin measures the deviation of non-complying samples from water quality standards. Analysis of the data produced varying trends. The following variables were analysed, E.coli, Chlorine, SRP, TSS, Conductivity, COD and Ammonia. Marginal difference is studied in an attempt to analyse those samples which do not comply with national standards. Deteriorating quality of industrial effiuent seems to be the reason for deviation from the standards. Chemical margin was also studied for the period between 1993-1996. Chemical margin is a comparison between the value of sludge produced and the cost of chemicals used to produce the sludge. The SDR study highlights deteriorating quality of industrial effluent as a cause for concern to Darvill WWW. Proposed management options are investigated to provide a workable solution. The second part of the study investigates alternate options for handling wet industrial effluent from the vegetable oil industries. These industries were identified as the source of large concentrations of SOG that were entering the Works which impacts negatively on the operational capacity, thereby increasing operating costs and decreasing the quality of the service provided. Vegetable oil industries were found guilty of discharging industrial effluent that did not meet the City standards into the sewers, they were also charged with illegal dumping into rivers. The study identified the interested and affected parties and alternate solutions were proposed to the problems. Interested and affected parties include UW, Pietermaritzburg City Council, DWAF. Some of the aspects that were investigated include the local industrial tariff, the drainage By-laws, national legislation, the "polluter pays" principle and the principle of pollution prevention. Economic incentives using economic instruments were reviewed. These include ecotaxes such as marketable/tradable permits and pollution charges. These instruments may allow for more equitable charges thereby promoting the "polluter pays" principle. The use of these instruments may be able to achieve a workable solution but further investigations are necessary. SDR analysis indicates that Darvill WWW seems to be effectively treating wastewater but operating costs are increasing in order to achieve compliance. These costs are being unfairly borne by the City ratepayers and UW and a more equitable situation is necessary. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.

Orientadores: Maria Alvina Krahenbuhl, Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boros_LasloAndreDjevi_M.pdf: 2305152 bytes, checksum: 3c079eaeca07d356820561decab9dffe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a modelagem matemática e termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas constituídos pelos ácidos graxos e triglicerídeos. A importância deste estudo está relacionada ao fato destas substâncias serem os principais constituintes dos óleos e gordura, que possuem grande aplicação em diversas áreas das industrias alimentícias, farmacêutica e química. A principal característica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido dos sistemas graxos é a possibilidade de formação de um composto na fase sólida, identificado pela presença do ponto peritético na curva de equilíbrio. De posse desta informação foram empregados modelos que permitissem representar a formação deste composto. Para os sistemas graxos em que não há formação de compostos na fase sólida foram empregados os modelos derivados da abordagem tradicional do equilíbrio sólido-líquido e também a metodologia de COUTINHO e RUFFIER-MERAY (1998), que permite a obtenção do diagrama de fases a partir de poucas medidas experimentais obtidas através do DSC. Já para os casos em que há formação de composto na fase sólida foi aplicada a metodologia de SLAUGHTER e DOHERTY (1995), que trata a formação de composto como uma reação química, e também foi desenvolvido um novo modelo que representa a formação do composto como uma transição sofrida por um dos componentes presentes na mistura... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The propose of this work was to carry through the mathematical and thermodynamical modeling of the solid-Iiquid equilibrium of systems consisting of fatty acids and triglycerides. The importance of this study is related to the fact that substances are the main constituent of oils and fats, which possess great application in several areas of the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The main characteristic of solid-liquid equilibrium of the fatty systems is the possibility of formation of a compound in the solid phase, identified for the presence of the peritetic point in the equilibrium curve. Of ownership of this information models had been used that allowed to represent the formation of this compound. For the fatty systems where it does not have formation of compound in the solid phase had been used the models derived from the traditional treatment of the solid-liquid equilibrium and also the methodology of COUTINHO and RUFFIER-MERAY (1998), which allows the attainment of phases diagrams from few gotten experimental measures through the DSC. Already for the cases where it has formation of composition in the solid phase was applied the SLAUGHTER and DOHERTY (1995) methodology, which deals with the formation composition as a chemical reaction, and also was developed a new model that represents the formation of the composition as a polymorphic transition suffered for one from the components in the mixture... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química