No description available.

No description available.

<p>The lateral superior olive (LSO) is a binaural nucleus that is critical for azimuthal sound localization. Bipolar principal cells of the LSO compute interaural level differences (ILDs) by comparing converging excitatory and inhibitory inputs driven by either ear. More specifically, this computation relies on integrating excitatory inputs from the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus with inhibitory, GABA/glycinergic inputs from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), which are driven by sound originating at the contralateral ear. In order to reliably compute ILDs, the converging inputs must represent sounds of the same frequency. This specificity emerges during the first few weeks of postnatal life in rats as a result of functional and anatomical refinement. Interestingly, significant refinement of this auditory circuit occurs in the absence auditory experience. We focused on changes in the subcellular location of MNTB inputs and the expression of vesicular proteins before hearing onset.</p> <p>The subcellular distribution of inputs onto a neuron heavily influences synaptic integration and the mature distribution likely emerges during a period of circuit refinement. Little is known about how the inputs are distributed onto LSO principal cells and how the mature distribution is achieved. We studied the distribution of inhibitory inputs onto LSO neurons and found that significant re- distribution occurs before hearing onset. The mechanisms underlying the refinement of the inhibitory MNTB projection are not well understood but could be related to the transient co-transmission of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. We studied the expression of vesicular proteins that may regulate the release of GABA/glycine and glutamate at the immature MNTB terminal. We found that MNTB terminals transiently express two Ca++ sensors, which may be associated with the different release properties for GABA/glycine and glutamate. Lastly, we asked one specific example of what controls the expression and sorting of vesicular proteins at the immature MNTB terminal.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Tesis por compendio / [EN] The main goal of this Thesis was to determine the influence of the main processing stages involved in obtaining natural extracts with high antioxidant potential from byproducts originating in the olive oil industry. Firstly, the effect of freezing and/or the drying methods applied to olive oil byproducts on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of the extracts subsequently obtained was addressed. For this purpose, two byproducts were considered: olive leaves and olive pomace. Secondly, the feasibility of intensifying the extraction of olive leaf polyphenols by means of a new technology, such as power ultrasound, was approached taking both compositional and kinetic issues into account. Thirdly, how the processing conditions (drying and extraction) influence the extract's stability was evaluated. Thus, on the one hand, extracts obtained from olive leaves were subjected to in vitro digestion or dehydrated and stored at different conditions. Finally, the possibility of obtaining a dried vegetable matrix (apple) rich in olive leaf phenolic compounds was explored by addressing the influence of apple pretreatments (blanching and freezing) and drying on the final retention of infused phenolics. The antioxidant potential of extracts and the retention of infused polyphenols in apple were evaluated by means of the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity analysis, as well as the identification and quantification of the main olive leaf polyphenols by HPLC-DAD/MS-MS. Moreover, in apple samples, the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity and microstructure were also analyzed. The experimental results highlighted that both drying and freezing methods significantly (p<0.05) influenced the concentration of the main polyphenols identified in the olive leaf extracts. Thus, drying at the highest temperature tested was the best processing condition in which to obtain extracts with high antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. Ultrasound application was found to be a relevant, non-thermal way of speeding-up the antioxidant extraction from olive leaves. Thus, by appropriately tuning-up the process variables, the ultrasonic assisted extraction shortened the extraction time from the 24 h needed in conventional extraction to 15 min, without modifying either the extract composition or the antioxidant potential. As far as extract stability is concerned, the processing conditions used for obtaining the olive leaf extracts did not have a meaningful influence on bioaccessibility. Regardless of the method used, stabilizing the extracts by means of dehydration only reduced both the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content by around 10 %. Moreover, storage conditions did not show a significant (p<0.05) effect on the antioxidant potential of the extracts for 28 days of storage. A stable dried product (apple), rich in natural phenolic compounds (from olive leaves or tea extracts), was obtained by combining drying-impregnation-drying steps. However, it should be considered that the role of fresh apple drying on the retention of infused olive leaf polyphenols was more important than the further drying of the impregnated apple. In overall terms, olive leaves can be considered a potential source of natural phenolic compounds. Notwithstanding this, the previous drying and freezing steps applied in the raw material processing are decisive factors in the obtaining of natural extracts with high antioxidant potential. Moreover, enhancing the extraction by applying power ultrasound was stated as a non-thermal way of shortening processing times. The stability of olive polyphenols during storage and in vitro digestion was closely related to the individual component considered. Finally, the exploitation of olive leaf extracts as a means of enriching solid foodstuffs requires the use of porous solid matrices free of oxidative enzymes. / [ES] El objetivo principal de esta Tesis fue determinar la influencia de las principales etapas de procesado implicadas en la obtención de extractos naturales con alto potencial antioxidante a partir de los subproductos originados en la industria del aceite de oliva. En primer lugar, se evaluó el efecto de los métodos de congelación y/o secado de la materia prima (hojas y orujo), sobre el contenido polifénolico y la capacidad antioxidante de los extractos. En segundo lugar, se abordó la intensificación de la extracción de polifenoles de hoja de olivo con ultrasonidos de potencia, teniendo en cuenta: composición y la cinética del proceso. A continuación, se estudió cómo las condiciones de procesado (secado y extracción) podían influir en la estabilidad de los extractos. Así, extractos de hojas de olivo fueron sometidos a digestión in vitro o deshidratados y almacenados a distintas condiciones. Por último, se exploró la posibilidad de obtener una matriz vegetal deshidratada (manzana) y rica en compuestos fenólicos de hoja de olivo. Para ello, se evaluó la influencia de los pretratamientos de la manzana (escaldado y congelación) y del secado en la retención final de los polifenoles impregnados. El potencial antioxidante se determinó a través del contenido total en compuestos fenólicos y la capacidad antioxidante y la identificación y cuantificación (HPLC-DAD/MS-MS) de los principales polifenoles. Además, en manzana, se midió la actividad enzimática de la polifenol oxidasa y peroxidasa y se analizó la microestructura. Los resultados manifestaron que el método de secado y el de congelación influyeron significativamente (p<0.05) en la concentración de los principales polifenoles en los extractos. Así, el secado a mayor temperatura resultó ser el mejor tratamiento para obtener extractos con alta capacidad antioxidante y alto contenido fenólico. La aplicación de ultrasonidos resultó ser una alternativa no térmica muy interesante para acelerar la extracción de antioxidantes de hojas de olivo. Con la combinación adecuada de las variables del proceso, la aplicación de ultrasonidos redujo el tiempo de extracción de 24 h necesarias en extracción convencional a 15 min, sin modificar la composición de los extractos y su potencial antioxidante. En cuanto a la estabilidad del extracto, las condiciones de procesado no tuvieron una influencia significativa en la bioaccesibilidad de los extractos. Independientemente del método utilizado, la estabilización de extractos por deshidratación sólo redujo la capacidad antioxidante y el contenido total en compuestos fenólicos en torno a un 10 %. Además, las condiciones de almacenamiento no mostraron ningún efecto significativo (p<0.05) sobre el potencial antioxidante durante los 28 días de almacenamiento. Combinando secado-impregnación-secado, fue posible desarrollar un producto deshidratado (manzana), estable y rico en compuestos fenólicos naturales (de hojas de olivo o extractos de té). No obstante, cabe destacar que el secado de la manzana fresca jugó un papel más importante en la retención de los polifenoles de hoja de olivo infundidos que el secado final de la manzana impregnada. En términos generales, las hojas de olivo pueden considerarse como una fuente potencial de compuestos fenólicos naturales. No obstante, el secado y la congelación durante el procesado de la materia prima son factores decisivos para la obtención de extractos naturales con alto potencial antioxidante. Además, la aplicación de ultrasonidos de potencia durante la extracción puede resultar una alternativa no térmica muy interesante de cara a acortar el tiempo de procesado. La estabilidad de los polifenoles de la hoja de olivo, durante el almacenamiento y la digestión in vitro, dependió claramente del compuesto individual considerado. Finalmente, el empleo del extracto de hoja de olivo como medio para enriquecer alimentos sólidos requiere del uso de matrices s / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser determinar la influència de les principals etapes de processament implicades en l'obtenció d'extractes naturals amb alt potencial antioxidant procedents de subproductes de la indústria de l'oli d'oliva. En primer lloc, es va estudiar l'efecte de la congelació i/o els mètodes d'assecatge aplicats a fulles d'olivera i pinyolada sobre el contingut fenòlic i la capacitat antioxidant dels extractes. En segon lloc, es va avaluar, tenint en compte la composició i la cinètica del procés, la intensificació de l'extracció de polifenols de fulla d'olivera amb ultrasons de potència. En tercer lloc, es va avaluar com les condicions de processament (assecatge i extracció) poden influir en l'estabilitat dels extractes. Així, extractes de fulles d'olivera van ser sotmesos a una digestió in vitro o deshidratats i emmagatzemats a distintes condicions. Finalment, es va explorar la obtenció d'una matriu vegetal deshidratada (poma) i rica en compostos fenòlics de fulla d'olivera considerant la influència del pretractament de la poma (escaldament i congelació) i de l'assecatge sobre la retenció final dels fenòlics introduïts en la poma. El potencial antioxidant es va avaluar determinant el contingut fenòlic total i la capacitat antioxidant, així com identificant i quantificant els principals polifenols (HPLC-DAD/MS-MS). A més, en poma l'activitat enzimàtica de la polifenoloxidasa i la peroxidasa i la microestructura. Els resultats experimentals van destacar que el mètode d'assecatge i el de congelació van influir significativament (p<0,05) en la concentració dels principals polifenols identificats en els extractes. L'assecatge a la temperatura més alta que es va provar va resultar la millor condició de processament per a obtenir extractes amb una alta capacitat antioxidant i un alt contingut fenòlic. L'aplicació d'ultrasons va ser una manera rellevant i no tèrmica d'accelerar l'extracció d'antioxidants de les fulles d'olivera. Així, amb la combinació adequada de les variables del procés, l'extracció assistida per ultrasons va escurçar el temps d'extracció, de les 24 h requerides en l'extracció convencional a 15 min, sense modificar la composició de l'extracte ni el potencial antioxidant. Quant a l'estabilitat de l'extracte, les condicions de processament utilitzades per a l'obtenció dels extractes de fulla d'olivera no van tenir una influència significativa en la bioaccessibilitat. Independentment del mètode utilitzat, l'estabilització dels extractes per mitjà de la deshidratació només va reduir la capacitat antioxidant i el contingut fenòlic total al voltant d'un 10 %. A més, les condicions d'emmagatzematge (temperatura i forma de l'extracte: líquid o pols) no van mostrar cap efecte significatiu (p<0,05) en el potencial antioxidant dels extractes durant els 28 dies d'emmagatzematge. Combinant etapes d'assecatge-impregnació-assecatge fou possible obtenir un producte assecat estable (poma) i ric en compostos fenòlics naturals (de fulles d'olivera o te). No obstant això, cal destacar que l'assecatge de la poma fresca va ser més important i determinant en la retenció dels polifenols de fulla d'olivera que no l'assecatge de la poma impregnada. En termes generals, les fulles d'olivera es poden considerar com una font potencial de compostos fenòlics naturals. No obstant això, l'aplicació d'assecatge i congelació durant el processament de la matèria primera són factors decisius per a l'obtenció d'extractes naturals amb un alt potencial antioxidant. A més, l'aplicació d'ultrasons de potència durant l'extracció resultà ser una forma no tèrmica de millorar el procés, tot reduint-ne el temps d'extracció. L'estabilitat dels polifenols d'olivera durant l'emmagatzematge i la digestió in vitro va dependre del compost individual considerat. Finalment, la utilització d'extractes de fulla d'olivera per a desenvolupar aliments sòlids enriquits requ / Ahmad-Qasem Mateo, MH. (2015). ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING CONDITIONS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY BYPRODUCTS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/53452 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El sector agroalimentario constituye una de las industrias con mayor relevancia. Durante la producción de aceite de oliva, se generan grandes volúmenes de subproductos, destacando el alperujo, que contiene todos los restos de la aceituna que permanecen una vez que se ha extraído el aceite. Se trata de un subproducto con una elevada carga orgánica, lo que puede suponer un riesgo ambiental si no se gestiona adecuadamente. Por otro lado, el alperujo es rico en compuestos fenólicos, los cuales tienen un elevado interés industrial, debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes. Esto representa una oportunidad excelente para valorizar el alperujo, recuperando compuestos de interés y reduciendo la carga contaminante del residuo. En esta Tesis Doctoral, se ha abordado este reto, en el marco de la Tecnología de Membranas. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo la optimización de un proceso de extracción sólido-líquido asistida por ultrasonidos, para extraer los compuestos fenólicos presentes en el alperujo. Se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios tanto con mezclas de etanol/agua como con agua pura. Además, se llevó a cabo una caracterización detallada de los metabolitos presentes en los extractos derivados del alperujo, de forma que se determinaron más de 50 compuestos. En las siguientes etapas, se emplearon tanto los extractos obtenidos con etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v) como los acuosos. En cuanto a estos últimos, se trataron mediante ultrafiltración, seleccionando las membranas UP005 y UH030, debido a su adecuada productividad y eficacia en términos de rechazo a la demanda química de oxígeno. Los compuestos fenólicos fueron recuperados con mayor pureza en el permeado de este proceso. A continuación, esta corriente de permeado fue sometida a un proceso de nanofiltración, empleando la membrana NF270 (DuPont), para llevar a cabo la concentración de los compuestos fenólicos previamente purificados. Además, se demostró la viabilidad de esta membrana, NF270, para separar compuestos fenólicos de bajo peso molecular y azúcares, empleando disoluciones modelo con una composición basada en las aguas residuales de la industria oleícola. Los extractos hidroalcohólicos de alperujo también fueron tratados mediante procesos de membrana. Previamente, se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica relacionada con la ultrafiltración en medio orgánico. A continuación, se evaluó un proceso de ultrafiltración para purificar los extractos de alperujo preparados con etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v), obteniendo resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a la estabilidad de las membranas (empleando las membranas UF010104 y UF010801v3, de la casa comercial SolSep BV, y UP005, de Microdyn Nadir) y la recuperación de compuestos fenólicos en el permeado. Para aumentar la pureza de estos compuestos fenólicos y abordar su fraccionamiento, se estudió un proceso de nanofiltración con disolventes orgánicos, empleando una disolución simulada, cuyo disolvente fue etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v), y con una composición basada en el permeado del proceso de ultrafiltración (con la membrana UP005) en medio orgánico. La membrana NF270 fue la más destacada, debido a su notable densidad de flujo de permeado. Además, esta membrana rechazó adecuadamente los compuestos no deseados, como azúcares y ácidos, lo que facilitó la recuperación satisfactoria de los compuestos fenólicos en el permeado. Considerando los resultados obtenidos, se propuso un proceso integrado basado en la extracción de estos compuestos con etanol/agua 50:50 (v/v), la ultrafiltración de este extracto, con la membrana UP005, para llevar a cabo su purificación, la nanofiltración, con la membrana NF270, de la corriente de permeado obtenida previamente, para aumentar la pureza y fraccionar los compuestos fenólicos y, finalmente, la concentración de la corriente de permeado obtenida durante la nanofiltración, mediante un proceso de ósmosis reversa, empleando la membrana NF90 (DuPont) que rechazó apropiadamente los compuestos fenólicos. / [CA] El sector agroalimentari constitueix una de les indústries amb major rellevància. Durant la producció d'oli d'oliva, es generen grans volums de subproductes, entre els quals destaca l'alperujo, que conté totes les restes de l'oliva que romanen una vegada que s'ha extret l'oli. Es tracta d'un subproducte amb una elevada càrrega orgànica, la qual cosa pot suposar un gran risc ambiental. D'altra banda, l'alperujo és ric en compostos fenòlics, els quals tenen un elevat interés industrial, degut a les seues propietats antioxidants. Aquest contingut en compostos bioactius representa una oportunitat excel·lent per a valorar l'alperujo, recuperant compostos d'interés i reduint la càrrega contaminant del residu. En aquesta Tesi Doctoral, s'ha abordat aquest repte, en el marc de la Tecnologia de Membranes. En primer lloc, es va dur a terme l'optimització d'un procés d'extracció sòlid-líquid assistida per ultrasons, per a extraure els compostos fenòlics presents a l'alperujo. Es van obtindre resultats satisfactoris tant amb mescles d'etanol/aigua com amb aigua pura. A més, es va dur a terme una caracterització detallada dels metabòlits presents en els extractes derivats de l'alperujo, de manera que es van determinar més de 50 compostos. En les següents etapes del procés, es van emprar tant els extractes obtinguts amb etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v) com els extractes aquosos. Quant a aquests últims, es van tractar mitjançant ultrafiltració, estudiant les membranes, seleccionant les membranes UP005 i UH030, a causa de la seua adequada productivitat i eficàcia en termes de rebuig a la demanda química d'oxigen. Els compostos fenòlics van ser recuperats amb major puresa al permeat d'aquest procés. A continuació, el corrent de permeat obtinguda durant l'etapa d'ultrafiltració va ser sotmesa a un procés de nanofiltració, emprant la membrana NF270 (DuPont), per a dur a terme la concentració dels compostos fenòlics prèviament purificats. A més, es va demostrar la viabilitat d'aquesta membrana, NF270, per a separar compostos fenòlics de baix pes molecular i sucres, emprant dissolucions model. Els extractes hidroalcohòlics d'alperujo també van ser tractats mitjançant processos de membrana. Prèviament, es va dur a terme una revisió exhaustiva de la literatura científica relacionada amb la ultrafiltració al mig orgànic. A continuació, es va avaluar un procés d'ultrafiltració per a purificar els extractes d'alperujo preparats amb etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v), obtenint resultats satisfactoris quant a l'estabilitat de les membranes (emprant les membranes UF010104 i UF010801v3, de la casa comercial SolSep BV, i UP005, de Microdyn Nadir) i la recuperació de compostos fenòlics, els quals es van obtindre en el corrent de permeat. Per augmentar la puresa d'aquests compostos fenòlics i abordar el seu fraccionament, es va estudiar un procés de nanofiltració amb dissolvents orgànics, utilitzant una dissolució simulada, que el seu dissolvent va ser etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v), i amb una composició basada en el permeat del procés d'ultrafiltració al mig orgànic. D'entre totes les membranes, la membrana NF270 va ser la més destacada, a causa de la seua notable densitat de flux de permeat. A més, aquesta membrana va rebutjar adequadament els compostos no desitjats, com a sucres i àcids, la qual va facilitar la recuperació satisfactòria dels compostos fenòlics en el permeat. Considerant els resultats obtinguts, es va proposar un procés integrat basat en l'extracció d'aquests compostos amb etanol/aigua 50:50 (v/v), la ultrafiltració d'aquest extracte, amb la membrana UP005, per a dur a terme la seua purificació, la nanofiltració, amb la membrana NF270, del corrent de permeat obtinguda prèviament, per augmentar la puresa i fraccionar els compostos fenòlics i, finalment, la concentració del corrent de permeat obtinguda durant la nanofiltració, mitjançant un procés d'osmosi reversa, emprant la membrana NF90 (DuPont) que va rebutjar apropiadament els compostos fenòlics. / [EN] The agri-food sector is one of the industries with higher international relevance. During olive oil production, large volumes of by-products are generated. Among them, the wet olive pomace stands out. It contains all the olive components remaining after the olive oil extraction. This by-product has a high organic load, which may represent an environmental risk if it is not properly disposed. On the other side, the wet olive pomace is rich in phenolic compounds, which have high industrial interest due to their antioxidant properties. This content in bioactive compounds represents an excellent opportunity to valorize the wet olive pomace, recovering compounds of interest and reducing the contaminant load of the residue. In this Doctoral Thesis, this challenge has been addressed, in the framework of Membrane Technology. First, an ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction was optimized to extract the phenolic compounds from wet olive pomace. Satisfactory results were obtained, both with mixtures of ethanol/water and with pure water. Furthermore, a detailed characterization of the metabolites present in the extracts derived from wet olive pomace was conducted. More than 50 compounds were determined. During the following stages, both the extracts obtained with ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v) and the aqueous extracts were considered. The aqueous extracts were treated by ultrafiltration, selecting the UP005 and UH030 membranes, due to their suitable productivity and efficacy, in terms of the rejection of the chemical oxygen demand. The phenolic compounds were recovered at a higher purity in the permeate. Afterwards, the ultrafiltration permeate was treated by nanofiltration, employing the NF270 membrane (DuPont), in order to concentrate the previously purified phenolic compounds. Moreover, the feasibility of the NF270 membrane to separate low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds from sugars was demonstrated. To that end, simulated solutions, with a composition based on olive mill wastewaters, were employed. The hydroalcoholic extracts of wet olive pomace were also treated by membrane processes. Previously, an exhaustive review of the scientific literature related to organic-solvent ultrafiltration was addressed. Later, it was evaluated an ultrafiltration process to purify the wet olive pomace extracts prepared with ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v). Satisfactory results were obtained, regarding the membranes stability (UF010104 and UF010801v3, from the manufacturer SolSep BV, and UP005, from Microdyn Nadir) and the recovery of phenolic compounds. These molecules were obtained in the permeate stream. To increase the purity of the phenolic compounds and address their fractionation, an organic-solvent nanofiltration process was studied. A simulated solution, whose solvent was ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v), was employed. The composition of this solution was based on the UP005 permeate obtained in organic media. Among all the evaluated membranes, the NF270 membrane stood out due to the high permeate flux. Furthermore, this membrane properly rejected the unwanted compounds, such as sugars and acids. This allowed the satisfactory recovery of phenolic compounds in the permeate stream, after their purification and fractionation. Considering these results, an integrated process was proposed. It was based on the extraction of the compounds of interest with ethanol/water 50:50 (v/v), and a further ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis process. The ultrafiltration of the extract was performed with the UP005 membrane to conduct its purification. Then, the UP005 permeate was nanofiltered, employing the NF270 membrane to enhance the purity of the phenolic compounds and fractionate them. Finally, the NF270 permeate was concentrated by means of a reverse osmosis process, employing the NF90 membrane (DuPont), which suitably rejected the phenolic compounds. / Sánchez Arévalo, CM. (2023). Implementación de tecnología de membranas para la valorización de los compuestos fenólicos presentes en las aguas residuales de la industria de producción de aceite de oliva [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198859 / Compendio

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, (Rossi) (Diptera:Tephritidae), is a key pest of olive crops. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environmentally benign and species-specific method of pest control, aiming to reduce the reproductive potential of a wild population through the mass-release of sterile insects. Previous olive fly SIT trials, involving the release of gamma-ray sterilised mixed-sex populations, achieved limited success. Key problems included altered diurnal mating rhythms of the laboratory-reared insects, leading to assortative mating between released and wild populations, and low competitiveness of the radiation sterilised mass-reared flies. Consequently, the production of competitive, male-only release cohorts is seen as essential. The RIDL (Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal) system is a transgene-based derivative of SIT, one version of which involves the mass release of insects carrying a female specific lethal transgene (fsRIDL). This thesis describes: 1) the development of fsRIDL olive fly strains and the molecular analysis of transgene insertion and function; 2) the analysis of strain life-history parameters; 3) studies into sexual selection and mating compatibility; 4) a caged proof-of-principle population suppression trial; and, 5) selection dynamics on the fsRIDL trait in caged populations. Olive fly fsRIDL strains were developed with full female-lethal penetrance and repressibility. The lead strain displayed similar life-history and sexual competitiveness traits to those of the wild-type strain from which they were derived. In addition, transgenic males showed photoperiod compatibility and strong sexual competitiveness with field-collected wild olive flies. The feasibility of the fsRIDL approach was demonstrated when repeated male releases caused eradication of caged olive fly populations. Although needing field confirmation, these results suggest that fsRIDL olive fly strains may help to mitigate key problems experienced in previous olive fly SIT trials, and could help form the basis of a renewed effort towards olive fly SIT control.

Dès la fin du Ier s. ap. J.-C., la population de Rome avoisine le million d’habitants. À cette époque, Auguste planifie la conquête des contrées septentrionales. L’approvisionnement du peuple de l’Vrbs et des armées est une préoccupation de premier ordre et le ravitaillement en huile d’olive, produit indispensable au quotidien romain, devient un enjeu de taille. La province de Bétique réunit toutes les conditions nécessaires pour accueillir une production d’huile à grande échelle, grâce à son climat optimal et aux conditions d’exportation idéales que lui offrent ses cours d’eau navigables. C’est ainsi que l’huile produite dans le Bassin du Guadalquivir et transportée dans les amphores globulaires Dressel 20 alimentera tout l’Occident romain entre le Ier et le IIIe s. ap. J.-C. Si ce phénomène économique majeur est relativement bien appréhendé du point de vue des sites de consommation, la question de la production de l’huile et des amphores en Bétique a été longtemps délaissée.Les ateliers de potiers d’amphores à huile (Dressel 20 et Dressel 23), installés sur les berges du Guadalquivir et du Genil, sont indéniablement les meilleurs témoins de l’intensité de l’oléiculture dans la région, en raison de l’ampleur des vestiges occasionnés par cette industrie potière. En tant qu’activité subsidiaire de l’oléiculture spéculative, l’évolution de la fabrication d’amphores est donc le reflet fidèle de celle de ce secteur économique. Cette étude microrégionale, consacrée aux ateliers de la vallée du Genil, constitue une approche détournée pour parvenir à appréhender le développement de l’oléiculture à caractère spéculatif. Elle vise à analyser la dynamique économique des ateliers d’amphores à huile de ce territoire, à comprendre les interactions existantes entre la production industrielle d’huile, le développement de l’industrie potière et les conséquences de ces activités sur l’environnement.Cette thèse qui s’inscrit dans une perspective archéo-historique, repose à la fois sur un travail documentaire et sur une analyse globale des faits matériels mis en évidence lors d’enquêtes de terrain. Les campagnes de prospections conduites dans la zone étudiée et la fouille de l’atelier de potiers de Las Delicias ont permis un renouvellement considérable des connaissances grâce à la collecte de nombreuses données inédites. La caractérisation des ateliers qui découle du classement et de l’analyse de ces données a permis d’aborder un certain nombre de problématiques relatives à l’organisation du travail, aux procédés de fabrication et aux différentes activités connexes à la production des amphores à huile.De plus, la richesse épigraphique qui caractérise l’amphore Dressel 20, a permis de corréler les observations archéologiques d’ordre structurel et topographique avec les marques de fabrique à caractère onomastique et toponomastique. L’étude épigraphique poussée des estampilles des différents centres de production a ainsi permis de retracer l’histoire de chaque atelier, en identifiant les acteurs de la production, les stratégies et les modes de gestion mis en place par ces derniers.Cette approche multiscalaire, partant de l’analyse de chaque atelier, pour ensuite passer à la mise en corrélation des résultats obtenus à l’échelle de la vallée, et rejoindre enfin la sphère de l’oléiculture, a permis de mettre en regard l’histoire sociale avec l’histoire des techniques, et ainsi retracer tout un pan de l’histoire socio-économique de la Bétique romaine. / From the end of the 1st century BC, the population of Rome is close to one million inhabitants. At this time, Augustus plans the conquest of the northern regions. The supply of the people of the Vrbs and the armies is a prime concern and the refuelling of olive oil, essential product of the Roman daily, becomes a major challenge. The province of Betica combines all the conditions necessary to accommodate large-scale oil production, thanks to its optimal climate and the ideal export conditions offered by its navigable waterways. Thus the oil produced in the Guadalquivir Basin, transported in the Dressel 20 globular amphorae, will feed the entire Roman West between the 1st and the 3rd centuries. Although this major economic phenomenon is relatively well understood from the point of view of consumption sites, the question of the production of oil and amphorae in Betica has long been neglected.The oil amphorae potters' workshops (Dressel 20 and Dressel 23), located on the banks of the Guadalquivir and Genil, are undeniably the best witnesses to the intensity of olive growing in the region, due to the magnitude vestiges caused by this pottery industry. As a subsidiary activity of speculative olive growing, the evolution of amphora production is therefore a faithful reflection of this economic sector. This microregional study, devoted to the workshops of the Genil valley, is an indirect approach to apprehend the development of speculative olive growing. It aims to analyse the economic dynamics of oil amphorae workshops in this region, to understand the existing interactions between industrial oil production, the development of the pottery industry and the consequences of these activities on the environment.This thesis, which is part of an archaeo-historical perspective, is based at the same time on a documentary work and on a global analysis of the material facts highlighted during field investigations. The archaeological surveys conducted in the study area and the excavation of the Las Delicias potters' workshop have allowed a considerable renewal of knowledge thanks to the collection of many brand-new data. The characterization of the workshops resulting from the classification and analysis of these data made it possible to address a number of issues relating to the organization of work, the manufacturing processes and the various activities related to the production of oil amphorae.In addition, the epigraphic richness that characterizes the Dressel 20 amphora has made it possible to correlate archaeological observations of structural and topographical order with onomastic and toponomastic stamps. The in depth epigraphic study of the stamps of the different production centres thus made it possible to trace the history of each workshop, identifying the actors of the production, the strategies and the management methods put in place by the latter.This multiscalar approach, starting from the analysis of each workshop, then moving on to the correlation of the results obtained at the valley scale, and finally joining the sphere of olive growing, made it possible to confront the social history with the history of techniques, and thus trace a whole section of the socio-economic history of the Roman Betica.

Este trabalho descreve a reação de reticulação alternativa do pericárdio bovino com os acetais do glutaraldeído, preparados a partir da solução de glutaraldeído na presença do etanol em meio ácido. Os acetais difundem para dentro da matriz colagênica, e a reticulação ocorre após a desproteção dos grupos aldeídicos com uma amina terciária. O material obtido sob estas condições mostrou as propriedades biológicas e mecânicas similares ou superiores àqueles descritos para o pericárdio bovino reticulado pelo procedimento convencional com glutaraldeído, e provavelmente, com resultados de uma distribuição e natureza química mais homogênea das reticulações formadas, devido à ausência das reticulações polímeros de glutaraldeído. As biopróteses manufaturadas com pericárdio reticulado com acetais do glutaraldeído, também mostraram durabilidade superior e foi menos suscetível ao processo de calcificação, como determinado em implantes subcutâneos em ratos. Resultados preliminares de teste à fadiga e performance hidrodinâmica foram caracterizados por um comportamento similar àqueles materiais tratados convencionalmente sugerindo que, o pericárdio reticulado com acetais do glutaraldeído pode ser um procedimento alternativo e mais eficiente na manufatura das biopróteses, particularmente com respeito à calcificação, um dos maiores problemas encontrados pós-implante. / This work describes the cross-linking of bovine pericardium with glutaraldehyde acetals, which are its protected forms. The acetals, prepared from a glutaraldehyde solution in the presence of ethanol in acidic media was al/owed to diffuse within the collagen matrix, and cross-linking achieved by deprotection with a tertiary amine. The material obtained under this conditions showed biological and mechanical properties similar or superior to those described for bovine pericardium crosslinked by conventional procedure with glutaraldehyde, and probably, as a results of a more homogeneous distribution and chemical nature of the formed crosslinks, that is the absence of polymeric cross-links. Bioprostheses manufactured with glutaraldehyde acetals cross-linked bovine pericardium, also showed higher durability and was less susceptible to calcification process, as determined in subcutaneous implant in rats. Preliminary results on fatigue test and hydrodynamic performance were characterized by a behavior similar to those observed for conventional/y treated materials suggesting that, glutaraldehyde acetals crosslinked bovine pericardium may be an alternate and more efficient procedure in the manufacture of bioprostheses, particularly in respect to calcification, one of the major problems found post-implantation.

<div>Inferring genetic population structure in endangered, highly migratory species such as sea turtles is a necessary but difficult task in order to design conservation and management plans. Genetically discrete populations are not obvious in highly migratory species, yet require unique conservation planning due to unique spatial and behavioral life-history characteristics. Population structure may be inferred using slowly evolving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), but some populations may have diverged recently and are difficult to detect using mtDNA. In these cases, rapidly evolving nuclear microsatellites may better elucidate population structuring. Bayesian inference and ordination may be useful for assigning individuals to inferred populations when populations are unknown. It is important to carefully examine population inference results to detect hierarchical population structuring, and to use multiple, mathematically diverse methods when inferring and describing population structure from genetic data. Here I use Bayesian inference, ordination, and multiple genetic analyses to investigate population structure in Olive ridley sea turtles (ORs; Lepidochelys olivacea) nesting in northwestern Costa Rica (NWCR) and across the entire Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). Mitochondrial DNA did not show structure within NWCR, and existing data from prior studies are not appropriately published to compare NWCR to Mexican ORs. In NWCR, Bayesian inference suggested one population, but ordination suggested four moderately structured populations with high internal relatedness, and moderate to high levels of connectivity. In the ETP, Bayesian inference suggested a Mexican and Central American population, but hierarchical analysis revealed a third subpopulation within Mexico. Ordination revealed nine cryptic clusters across the ETP that primarily corresponded to Mexican and Central American populations but contained individuals from both populations, some from other, distant nesting sites. The subpopulation within Mexico was well-defined after ordination, and all clusters displayed high 10 internal relatedness and moderate genetic differentiation. Bottlenecks were detected in both putative populations, at seven Mexican and two Central American nesting beaches, and in six out of nine inferred clusters, including three out of four Mexican clusters. Bottleneck events may have played some role in cluster differentiation. Migration was significant from Mexico to Central America at multiple levels, but did not necessarily agree with potential migrants elucidated by ordination. Migration was generally lower between ordination-inferred clusters than between nesting sites or Bayesian-inferred clusters. Phylogenetic trees generally supported structuring by ordination, rather than by Bayesian inference. Structuring in ordination not tied to bottleneck events could be due to mating behaviors or patterns of nesting beach colonization dictated by environmental features. In this study, ordination provided a more practical and nuanced framework for defining MUs and DIPs in ETP ORs than did STRUCTURE. This may be due to hierarchical structuring within ETP ORs that may be present in other sea turtle populations and species. In the case of ETP ORs, hierarchical structure may be an artefact of recent population bottlenecks and subsequent recolonization of nesting beaches, or due to mating at foraging grounds or along migratory routes. Bayesian inference may not be the best method for population inference in highly migratory species such as sea turtles, which have a high potential for broad scale genetic connectivity, and therefore may display hierarchical population structuring not easily related to nesting sites. Future studies, and perhaps published studies, should incorporate Bayesian inference and ordination, as well as other measures of population divergence and descriptive statistics, when searching for population structure in highly migratory species such as sea turtles.</div>

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le programme Nouvel Atlas Linguistique de la Corse et Banque de Données Linguistiques Corses et plus particulièrement dans la préparation du quatrième volume consacré à l’agriculture. A partir d’une collecte sur le terrain du lexique et des techniques relatifs à l’oléiculture et à la viticulture, une étude de géolinguistique et de sémantique lexicale est réalisée, à partir du corpus oral comprenant les données de la BDLC et d’enquêtes personnelles. L’examen de la répartition géolinguistique porte sur l’ensemble des variétés dialectales insulaires et est accompagné de commentaires étymologiques et sémantiques de chaque terme correspondant aux thèmes abordés. Pour conduire ce travail, nous nous sommes en particulier appuyés sur les travaux réalisés dans le reste du domaine italo-roman, notamment à travers un dépouillement systématique de dictionnaires étymologiques, historiques et dialectaux ; ce qui permet de donner une dimension comparatiste à notre étude. Cette recherche propose un développement de deux principaux axes : d’une part, l’évaluation de la diversité linguistique et la mise en évidence des rapports avec les aires voisines à la Corse et d’autre part, établir les processus de formation lexicale permettant, outre de retracer le cheminement de la langue, d’observer les caractéristiques des lexiques oléicole et viticole (lexique spécifique vs lexique général ; lexique hérité vs constructions motivées ; les analogies et les différences). / This thesisis part of the Program calledNew Linguistic Atlas of Corsica and LinguisticCorsican Data Bank and more specifically in the preparation of the fourth volume devoted to agriculture. From a field collection of vocabulary and techniques related to the viticulture and winegrowing, a study of geo-linguistic and lexical semantics has been done, from the spoken corpus data includingBLDC and personalsurveys. Examination of the distribution geolinguisticcovers all the islanddialects and isaccompanied by etymological and semanticcommentseachtermcorresponding to the topicdiscussed. To conductthiswork, weparticularlyrelied on the workdone in the rest of the Italian-Roman field -, includingthrough a systematicanalysis of etymologicaldictionaries, historical and dialectological ,whichallows to give a comparative dimension to ourstudy.This research proposes a development of two main areas: first, evaluate the linguisticdiversity and highlightrelationshipswithneighboring areas to Corsica and secondly, establishprocesses for lexical training, also to trace the language, observe the characteristics of the wine and olive lexicons (specificlexicon vs. generallexicon; lexiconinherited vs motivated constructions and the similarities and differences). / S’iscriviistatesi in u prugrammaNouvel Atlas Linguistique de la Corse è Banque de Données Linguistiques Corses è più particularmenti in a priparazioni di u quartuvulumu à prò di l’agricultura. À partasi di unaracoltaannant’àlocu è di u lessicu è di i tecnichi di a vigna è di l’alivu, hèfattuunustudiu di geolinguistica è di semanticalessicale, à partasi di un corpus uralichìcunteni i dati di a BDLC è di inchiestiparsunali. L’esamini di a ripartizionigeoliguisticatratta di l’insemi di i varietàdialettaliisulani è ghjèaccumpagnata di cummentietimulogichi è semantichi d’ugniterminicurrispundanti à i temaammintati. Da stradàistutravaddu, ci simuaiutatipà u più di i travaddirializatiind’è u restu di u duminiuitalorumanzu, in particularicù un spoddusistematicu di dizziunariaetimulogichi, storichi et dialettali ; ciòchìparmetti di dàuna misura cumparatista à u nosciustudiu. Istaricercapruponaunusviluppu di duiiassiprincipali : d’un cantu, a valutazioni di a diversitàlinguistica è a messa in luci di i leiaincù l’aghjivicini à a Corsica et d’un altrucantu, stabiliscia i prucessi di furmazionilessicalichìparmettani, aldilà di ritraccià l’andatura di a lingua, di fidighjà i caratteristichi di i lessichi di l’alivu è di a vigna (lessicuspecificu vs lessicughjinirali ; lessicueridatu vs custruzzionimutivati ; l’analugii è i sfarenzi).Parollichjavi : dialettulugia, geografialinguistica, corsica, aliva, vigna, etimulugia, semantisimu.