The nutraceutical omega 3 fatty acid, which has been used to prevent cardiovascular disease; on the other hand, atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, becoming myocardial infarction and strokes the main consequences. Objective: This study aimed to verify the preventive effects of omega-3 in the formation of atherosclerosis, inducing hyperlipidemic diet in rabbits to quantify the atherosclerotic involvement of the arterial lumen and to evaluate serum lipid levels (total cholesterol, fractions, triglycerides and HDL). Methods: 21 male rabbits New Zealand white race were randomized into three groups with seven animals, namely: control group (G1) where the animals received food and water ad labium; group hyperlipidemic (G2) food and water ad labium, 20 ml of chicken egg yolk divided in two doses and treated group (G3) that in addition to 20 ml of yolk, ingested 221 mg / kg body weight of omega-3 as well as food and water ad labium. The blood was collected to determine serum and after 99 days of the experiment, animals were euthanized for removal of debris following: aortic arch, right common carotid artery and right femoral artery. The results were compared using statistical methods of ANOVA, and Kolmogorov-Smirnorv. Results: There was no decrease in serum total cholesterol and fractions, and triglyceride did not increase HDL. There was thickening of the sub endothelial layer and formation of foam cells in G1 and G2. Conclusion: The Omega has no preventive effect in reducing atherosclerotic plaques; there was increased in the arterial lumen at 57.55%. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O ômega-3 é um ácido graxo nutracêutico, que tem sido utilizado para prevenir as doenças cardiovasculares, das quais a aterosclerose é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade, tornando o infarto do miocárdio e o acidente vascular encefálico suas principais consequências. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar a existência de efeitos preventivos do ômega-3 na formação da doença aterosclerótica, através da indução de dieta hiperlipidêmica em coelhos, quantificar o comprometimento aterosclerótico da luz arterial bem como, analisar os níveis lipídicos séricos (colesterol total, frações, triglicerídeo e HDL). Material e Método: 21 coelhos albinos, machos da raça Nova Zelândia foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos com sete animais, a saber: Grupo Controle (G1) cujos animais receberam ração e água ad libitum; Grupo Hiperlipidêmico (G2) ração e água ad libitum, mais 20 ml de gema de ovo de galinha em dividida em duas tomadas e o Grupo Tratado (G3) que além dos 20 ml de gema, ingeriu 221 mg/kg/peso de ômega-3, bem como ração e água ad libitum. O sangue foi coletado para verificar os níveis séricos e após 99 dias de experimento, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia para retirada dos seguintes fragmentos: arco aórtico, artéria carótida comum direita e artéria femoral direita. Os resultados foram comparados pelos métodos estatísticos ANOVA, e teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnorv. Resultados: Não houve diminuição dos níveis séricos do colesterol total, e frações, o triglicerídeo e não aumentou o HDL. Houve espessamento da camada subendotelial e formação de células espumosas, nos grupos G1 e G2. Conclusão: O ômega não tem efeito preventivo na redução das placas ateromatosas, houve aumento do comprometimento da luz arterial em 57,55%.

[pt] A presente tese intitulada Repercussões do Ômega 3 (n-3) AGPI-CL e da Saúde Mental Materna no Desenvolvimento Neuropsicológico na Infância, teve por objetivo geral investigar variáveis inerentes à nutrição e à saúde mental materna relacionando-as com o desenvolvimento na primeira infância. A organização deste trabalho deu-se em formato de artigos científicos. A primeira parte da tese foi um artigo de coorte transversal que objetivou investigar a influencia da ingestão materna de EPA e DHA durante o primeiro trimestre da gestação e o desenvolvimento cognitivo das crianças aos 18 e 24 meses de idade. A literatura monstra correlação positiva entre a ingestão destes ácidos graxos durante a gravidez e o desenvolvimento infantil. os dados da presente pesquisa revelaram que altas concentrações de DHA e EPA durante o primeiro trimestre da gravidez estão positivamente correlacionadas com o desenvolvimento cognitivo aos 18 e 24 meses de idade. O comprimento ao nascer, o nível socioeconômico e de educação paterna, também, foram variáveis preditoras para o desenvolvimento cognitivo aos 18 e 24 meses de idade. O segundo artigo desta tese foi dedicado à exploração dos efeitos dos AGPICL no desenvolvimento infantil mediante a realização de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise. Portanto, a hipótese de que a suplementação com n-3 LCPUFA durante a gravidez melhora o desenvolvimento neurológico infantil não pode ser aceita ou rejeitada com base nos estudos incluídos nesta revisão. O terceiro artigo foi um estudo de casos múltiplos, e consistiu em desenvolver conhecimentos detalhados sobre três díades (mãe-bebê) com o objetivo de investigar a complexidade das inter-relações dos sujeitos em seu contexto. Com base nos resultados deste estudo foi observado como o baixo nível de escolaridade materna e paterna, as precárias condições socioeconômicas, e o desemprego podem desencadear doenças relacionadas à saúde mental materna, repercutindo negativamente sobre o desenvolvimento motor e a motivação da criança para explorar seu próprio ambiente. Adicionalmente, o quarto artigo versou sobre um estudo de caso (díade mãe-bebê) em que se objetivou investigar indicadores de saúde mental materna e o apoio social recebido durante a gravidez e o período pós-parto, avaliando as influências e repercussões dessas variáveis sobre o desenvolvimento de uma criança. Evidenciou-se que a criança exposta à problemas de saúde mental materna e frágil apoio social, acompanhado de baixo nível socioeconômico está mais vulnerável à fatores que prejudicam o desenvolvimento socioemocional e comportamental, afetando de forma indireta o desenvolvimento cognitivo. / [en] The present doctoral thesis entitled Repercussions of Omega 3 (n-3) AGPI-CL and Maternal Mental Health on Child Neuropsychological Development had the general objective to investigate variables inherent to nutrition and maternal mental health related to childhood development. The first section of the thesis was a transversal cohort article that aimed to investigate the influence of maternal intake of EPA and DHA during the first trimester of pregnancy period on child cognitive development during the first two years of life. Pooled results from this study showed that high serum concentrations of DHA and EPA during the first trimester of pregnancy were positively correlated with cognitive development during the second year of life. Length at birth, socioeconomic level and parental education were also predictive variables for cognitive development at 18 and 24 months of age (Article 1). The second article of this thesis explored the effects of LCPUFA on child development through a systematic and meta-analysis review (Article 2). Based on our results, the hypothesis that supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA during pregnancy improves infant neurological development cannot be accepted or rejected based on data reported by randomized control trials included in the present review. The third article was a multiple case study conducted with three dyads (mother-baby) aiming to understand the complexity of the subjects interrelations in their context in detail. Based on the results of this study, low levels of parental education, precarious socioeconomic conditions and unemployment may trigger maternal mental health, impacting negatively child s motor development and motivation to explore his or her own environment (Article 3). In addition, a single case study was conducted (mother-baby dyad) with the objective to investigate maternal mental health and social support received during the perinatal period. Repercussions of these variables on child development were addressed. It has been suggested that a child s exposure to maternal mental health problems and fragile social support, accompanied by low socioeconomic status might make them more vulnerable to other factors that might impair socio-emotional and behavioral development (Article 4).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 503890 bytes, checksum: 99e21ac9bda74afe0bcd03f4094569ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The literature has several studies showing the anti-inflammatory and protective against cardiovascular disease, the polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 intake of fatty acids has been recommended as a way to prevent heart disease and improve heart function. There are few studies involving the anti-inflammatory effect of fatty acids omega-3, with the inflammatory process triggered by physical stress of great magnitude. The effect of supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 (n-3) in the immune response and occurrence of muscle damage in soldiers were investigated. Twenty males were divided in two groups and they received capsules contends PUFA n-3 (SUP) (n=10) or placebo (PLA) (n=10) during four weeks. in elapsing of the fourth week of supplementation, the military were submitted to a military camp with caloric ingestion and restricted rest, and elevated physical and psychological stress. The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP-hs) was used as inflammatory marker and the occurrence of muscle damage by creatine kinase s (CK) activity. Sanguine samples were taken in four moments: 1) before supplementation; 2) before camp; 3) during camp; 4) after camp. During the three weeks of supplementation that preceded the camp s routine, was observed a significant reduction in serum CRP-hs s concentration only in group SUP. A significant increase of CK activity in the after camp, confirmed the character strenuous of this procedure. In spite of not impeding the PCR-us s increase, SUP presented a concentration of PCR-hs significantly smaller than PLA at the end of camp. These results suggest that PUFA n-3 supplementation exercises a protecting effect against the inflammatory process induced by intense physical training and alimentary restriction / A literatura dispõe de vários estudos que comprovam o efeito antiinflamatório e protetor contra doenças cardiovasculares, que os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Ômega-3 possuem A ingestão destes ácidos graxos tem sido recomendada, como forma de prevenir doenças cardíacas e melhorar a função cardíaca. Existem poucas pesquisas associando o efeito antiinflamatório dos ácidos graxos Ômega-3, com o processo inflamatório desencadeado pelo estresse físico de grande magnitude. O efeito da suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) omega-3 (n-3) na resposta imunológica e ocorrência de dano muscular em militares foi investigado. Vinte sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos e receberam cápsulas contendo AGPI n-3 (SUP) (n=10) ou placebo (PLA) (n=10) durante quatro semanas. No decorrer da quarta semana de suplementação, os militares foram submetidos a um acampamento militar com ingestão calórica e repouso restrito e elevado estresse físico e psicológico. A concentração de proteína C-reativa ultra-sensível (PCR-us) foi utilizada como marcador inflamatório e a ocorrência de dano muscular pela atividade da enzima creatinoquinase (CK). Amostras sanguineas foram coletadas em quatro momentos: 1) présuplementação; 2) pré-acampamento; 3) durante o acampamento; 4) pós-acampamento. Durante as três semanas de suplementação e que antecederam o regime de acampamento foi observada uma redução significativa na concentração sérica de PCR-us apenas no grupo SUP. Um aumento significativo da atividade da CK no pós-acampamento confirmou o caráter extenuante deste procedimento. Apesar de não impedir a elevação da PCR-us, o grupo SUP apresentou uma concentração de PCR-us significativamente menor em comparação com o grupo PLA ao final do acampamento. Estes resultados sugerem que a suplementação de AGPI n-3 exercem um efeito protetor contra o processo inflamatório induzido por um regime de treinamento físico intenso e restrição alimentar.

L’adaptation à la vie extra-utérine requiert la résorption rapide du liquide pulmonaire, la création de la capacité fonctionnelle résiduelle (FRC), ainsi que l’augmentation du débit pulmonaire. Bien que ces mécanismes aient été largement étudiés, leurs cinétiques restent mal connues faute de méthode d’étude non invasive in vivo. L’échec de l’adaptation cardiorespiratoire à la naissance est la principale cause de mortalité et de morbidité de la période néonatale, malgré l’utilisation de stratégie préventive comme la corticothérapie anténatale, et l’amélioration des techniques de réanimation néonatale. Les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3 (AGPI n3) que l’on retrouve dans les huiles de poisson ont des effets cardiovasculaires et respiratoires qui pourraient améliorer la transition périnatale. Par ailleurs, leurs propriétés anti-inflammatoires peuvent réduire les conséquences des effets iatrogènes des techniques de réanimation dont la mise en oeuvre est nécessaire en cas de maladaptation cardiorespiratoire à la naissance. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été de : Mettre au point et valider une méthode d’exploration de la cinétique de réabsorption du liquide pulmonaire à la naissance par résonnance magnétique nucléaire Etudier les effets des AGPI n3 sur : l’adaptation ventilatoire à la naissance la circulation pulmonaire périnatale la prévention des lésions pulmonaires induites par une hyperoxie prolongée Les études ont été réalisées sur les modèles expérimentaux de foetus de brebis et de ratons nouveau-nés exposés à une hyperoxie prolongée. Nous montrons que la technique par IRM permet d’évaluer la cinétique de clairance du liquide pulmonaire in vivo en situations physiologique et pathologique. Alors que les AGPI n3 améliorent la circulation pulmonaire, ils n’ont pas d’effet sur la clairance du liquide pulmonaire. Par contre, ils réduisent les lésions pulmonaires induites par l’oxygène. Ces résultats expérimentaux suggèrent que les AGPI n3 pourraient prévenir les échecs d’adaptation cardiorespiratoire à la naissance et ses conséquences à long terme. / Perinatal transition requires clearance of pulmonary fluid, creation of functional respiratory capacity (FRC), and the multiplication of pulmonary blood flow by ten, to ensure gas exchange and blood oxygenation. Physiology of perinatal transition has been broadly studied but the kinetics of its evolution is less known. The aim of our study was to assess the kinetics of the respiratory transition. Besides, we supposed that polyunsaturated fatty-acids omega 3 (n3 PUFA) would improve this transition. To study the kinetic of respiratory transition, we used the MRI in 3 groups of lambs: premature group (Preterm) with a term of 122-124 days, two groups of late preterm lambs (134-136 days), including one group who received antenatal steroids (Late preterm + steroids), and a group without steroids (Late preterm). Surprisingly, we observed a rapid increase of lung fluid in preterm lambs reaching 30% at the end of the experimentation. Creation of FRC was also impaired in this group. In the Late preterm group, clearance of pulmonary fluid was slowed down with a moderate fall of 10%, whereas, in the Late preterm + steroids group, lung fluid dropped by 50% (p<0.05). Similarly, FRC in the Late preterm + steroids group was higher than the other 2 groups (p <0.05). Respiratory functions were closely related to lung fluid content and to FRC. We hypothesized that n3 PUFA would improve perinatal transition using two models: - An acute model: in a chronically instrumented model, catheters were introduced in the jugular and the carotid vessels of lamb fetuses at 122 days of gestation. Lamb fetuses received either Omegaven (n3 PUFA), or Intralipide (n6 PUFA), or isotonique physiological serum (SSI) for 4 days. Respiratory transition was explored by MRI. There was no significant difference between these three groups. Total lung fluid increased by about 20% in Omegaven group and 18% in SSI group (p> 0.05). - A model of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: pups were exposed to hyperoxia for 10 days, and feeding rats received supplementation by either n3 PUFA (Omacor), n6 PUFA (sunflower oil), or SSI, with control groups that received the same feeding supply but which were exposed to air. Histological studies showed bronchopulmonary dysplasia lesions in the Hyperoxia groups, characterized by decrease of alveolar number, decrease in the number of secondary alveolar septa, and widening of the interstitial space. These lesions were similar in SSI and n6 PUFA groups, whereas n3 PUFA improved these lesions (p <0.05). To assess the effects of n3 PUFA in pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR), we studied their effects on fetal circulation characterized by elevated RVP using a chronically instrumented experimental model of lamb fetus. Lamb fetuses received either n3 PUFA (Omegaven), or n6 PUFA (Intralipid). We then explored the action mechanisms of n3 PUFA: 1) NO pathway using L-Nitro Argenine (LNA), 2) potassium channels pathway using Tetraethylamonium (TEA) and 3) epoxides produced by cytochrome P450 using MS-PPOH. Finally, we investigated the effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) perfusion, or Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) perfusion in pulmonary circulation. We showed that, unlike Intralipid, Omegaven induced pulmonary vasodilation, and an increase in pulmonary flow. An identical effect was reproduced by EPA infusion, while DHA did not modify PVR. This response was not modified by LNA. But it was reduced by MS-PPOH, and abolished by TEA. These results indicate that n3 PUFA induced pulmonary vasodilation, mediated by epoxides which act on potassium channels. To conclude, we demonstrated that respiratory transition in preterm lambs even in late preterm ones is altered with the presence of pulmonary edema. n3 PUFA did not improve lung fluid clearance but should be considered in the tretment of pulmonary hypertension, and in the prevention of brochopulmonary dysplasia of the newborns.

Metabolic pathways in adipose tissue affect the whole-body energy homeostasis. De novo lipogenesis and futile metabolic cycling based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification which is engaged in regulation of fatty acid level in bloodstream are occuring there. These processes are partly regulated by nuclear receptor PPARγ. Mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in adipocytes are controlled by interacting of PPARγ with transcriptional coactivators PGC-1α and PGC-1β. The aims of this thesis were to find out whether PGC-1β is connected with regulation of futile cycling and de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissue and also how specific inactivation of PGC-1β gene in adipose tissue affects phenotype of mice during short-term cold exposure or treatment based on high fat diet enriched by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with mild calorie restriction. The results show that inactivation of PGC-1β probably does not affect futile cycling based on lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification. In mice with PGC-1β ablation compensation in weight of brown adipose tissue was observed as well as increase in the gene expresion of nuclear receptors PPAR, transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α and UCP1 during cold exposure. Even though the inactivation of PGC-1β in brown adipose tissue...

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de dietas suplementadas com semente de linhaça (ricas em ácido alfa-linolênico, LNA, ômega3) e antioxidantes naturais, provenientes do orégano e do alecrim, sobre o nível de incorporação dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega 3 (PUFA ômega3) em ovos e tecidos de aves. Para isto, 192 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem comercial Babcock de 22 semanas, foram alimentadas durante 30 dias com dietas constituídas de 0 (zero) e 5% de óleo de linhaça. Foram definidos 8 tratamentos: 4 grupos com 5% de óleo de linhaça (controle/sem antioxidante; BHA+BHT, 100+100 ppm; orégano, 200 ppm; alecrim, 200 ppm) e 4 grupos sem óleo de linhaça, mas utilizando os mesmos antioxidantes. A amostragem dos ovos foi realizada durante o experimento nos períodos 0, 10, 20 e 30 dias e dos tecidos das aves (sobrecoxa, coxa, asa, peito, coração, tecido adiposo e fígado) no tempo final do experimento. Os ácidos graxos foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa e o grau de oxidação lipídica através do teste do ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA). De acordo aos resultados obtidos, verificou-se aumento significativo dos ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico (LNA) e docosahexaenóico (DHA) nas gemas de ovo das aves que receberam 5% de óleo de linhaça nos tratamentos controle, BHA+BHT, orégano e alecrim, nos diferentes tempos (10, 20 e 30 dias), quando comparados com a dieta 0% linhaça. Além disso, a incorporação máxima dos ácidos LNA e DHA nas gemas de ovo foi obtida aos 20 dias de alimentação das aves, com um índice de incorporação de 15 a 30 e de 2,5 a 4,5 vezes o grupo controle, respectivamente. Na avaliação do grau de oxidação lipídica nas gemas de ovo, foi verificada diferença significativa na redução dos valores de absorbância nas 2 dietas, em todos os tratamentos com antioxidantes, quando relacionados ao seu respectivo controle. Com relação aos tecidos das aves, também houve incorporação significativa dos ácidos LNA e DHA, quando comparadas as duas dietas, sendo o fígado o tecido que apresentou a maior concentração destes ácidos graxos. Também foi possível verificar a eficácia dos antioxidantes naturais na proteção contra a oxidação lipídica nos tecidos sobrecoxa, coxa, asa e peito. Portanto, os extratos das especiarias, alecrim e orégano, podem ser utilizados satisfatoriamente para se obter ovos e tecidos de aves enriquecidos com PUFA ômega-3, melhorando a estabilidade lipídica. Considerando que os PUFA ômega-3 têm um interesse considerável na saúde humana, o fornecimento de dietas ricas em ácido alfa-linolênico presente na linhaça, para galinhas poedeiras, permitiu a obtenção de ovos e tecidos enriquecidos, os quais tornam-se uma fonte alternativa de PUFA ômega-3. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of diets containing flaxseed (rich in alpha-linolenic acid, LNA, omega-3) and natural antioxidants from oregano and rosemary on the level of incorporation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 (PUFA omega-3) in eggs and tissues of poultry. For this purpose, 192 laying hens at 22 weeks of age, of commercial lineage Babcock, were fed for 30 days with diets containing 0 (zero) or 5% of flaxseed oil. The hens were divided in 8 groups: 4 groups received diets with 5% of flaxseed oil (control / no antioxidant; BHA+BHT, 100+100 ppm; oregano, 200 ppm; rosemary, 200 ppm) and 4 groups received no flaxseed oil, but the same antioxidants. The sampling of the eggs was accomplished in 4 periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days) and of the tissues of poultry (upper thigh, thigh, wing, breast, heart, adipose tissue and liver) at the end of experiment. The fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography and the lipid oxidation was determined by thiobarbituric acid test (TBA). The results showed that the levels of alpha-linolenic (LNA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids increased in egg yolks from hens of the 4 groups fed diets with 5% flaxseed oil after 10, 20 and 30 days, when compared with diets 0% flaxseed oil. In addition, the maximum incorporation of LNA and DHA in egg yolks was obtained after 20 days, with an index of incorporation ranging from 15 to 30 and from 2.5 to 4.5, respectively. Also, a significant decrease of lipid oxidation in egg yolks for all groups receiving antioxidants was observed, when related with control. In the tissues of the hens, there was also significant incorporation of the LNA and DHA acids, when comparing the 2 diets, with the liver presenting the major concentration of these fatty acids. It was also possible to verify the effectiveness of the natural antioxidants in the protection against lipid oxidation in upper thigh, thigh, wing and breast tissues. Therefore, rosemary and oregano can be used satisfactorily to obtain eggs and tissues of poultry enriched with PUFA omega-3, improving the lipid stability. Considering that the PUFA omega-3 have considerable interest in the human health, the administration of diets rich in alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed to laying hens allows the eggs and tissues enrichment as an alternative source of PUFA omega-3.

A indústria alimentícia tem oferecido ao consumidor muitas opções para aquisição de pães, dentre essas estão os pães enriquecidos e os integrais. A linhaça é um alimento com alegação funcional que vem se destacando pela presença do Omega-3, fibra solúvel e proteína, porém seu consumo é baixo devido à falta de hábito e também por escassez de informação dos consumidores. O objetivo do estudo foi formular pães com adição de grãos de linhaça nas concentrações de 3%, 6% e 9% e compará-los ao controle, sem adição de linhaça. Foram realizadas análises de determinação do perfil de ácidos graxos, composição centesimal, quantificação do teor de minerais, determinação de antinutricionais (ácido fítico, taninos, compostos fenólicos totais), digestibilidade de proteína in vitro, análise da qualidade dos pães através do peso da massa crua, peso da massa assada, perdas durante a cocção e índice de conversão. As propriedades físicas dos pães também foram avaliadas através da textura, volume e cor. As características sensoriais foram analisadas através de teste de aceitabilidade realizado em padaria com 116 provadores e também pela Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) com 13 provadores treinados. Com os dados obtidos das análises químicas, elaborou-se um rótulo nutricional para cada formulação. Dentre os ácidos graxos quantificados, o palmítico, o oléico e o linoléico foram os maiores representantes nas 4 amostras de pães o que contribuiu para a frágil estabilidade dos produtos e para a formação de compostos indesejáveis, porém a presença de antioxidantes naturais nas sementes de linhaça controlou a oxidação lípidica. Nenhuma das amostras pode ser considerada fonte de fibra alimentar pelo fato de não conter 3g/100g de alimento pronto para consumo. O teor de fitatos presente nas amostras aumentou de acordo com a adição de sementes de linhaça. Nas 4 formulações de pães o teor de fitato diminuiu significativamente quando comparado ao da semente de linhaça. As amostras controle e com 6% de linhaça foram classificadas como volume específico Muito bom e as amostras com 3% e 9% de linhaça foram classificadas como volume específico Bom. Entre as amostras que receberam adição de linhaça, a amostra com 9% foi a melhor aceita pelos provadores e na ADQ, essa amostra apresentou médias superiores às demais em relação a maioria dos atributos levantados pelo provadores. Não foram identificados atributos indesejáveis para nenhuma das amostras através da ADQ. / Food industries offer to consumer several types of breads options which vary from whole wheat to enrich with multigrain such with flax seed. Flax seed is considered a functional food that has important content of omega 3 fat acids, soluble fiber and protein, however it intakes is very low in our diet. The aim of the research was to prepare a wheat bread enrich with flax seed at 3% or 6% or 9% concentration and to compare with a wheat bread control with no flax seed added. Analysis of fat acids composition, mineral composition, antinutritionals content (phytic acid, tannin, total phenolic compounds) and in vitro protein digestibility were carried out in the bread samples. Bread quality was evaluated analyzing the weight of the raw dough, the baked bread, and the lost during baking process and its conversion index. Physical properties of breads were evaluated for texture, volume and color. The sensory characteristics were evaluated using acceptability test with 116 panelists and by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) with 13 trained panelists. A nutritional label was formulated to each one of the bread preparations. The quantified fat acids profile showed that palmitic, oleic and linolenic acids were the most representative fat acids in the 4 bread sample analyzed. The presence of those fat acids possibly contributes to poor stability of product and for the development of undesirable compound. However, the presence of natural antioxidants in flax seed may help to control fat acid oxidation. None of the samples were considered source of dietary fiber because they have less then 3g/100 g of bread. The phytate content present in the samples increased according to the increase of flax seed concentration in the bread. Compared to raw flax seed, the phytate content in the bread samples were lower. The control and the sample with 6% of flax seed had the ranking for specific volume described as Very good and the samples with 3% and 9% of flax seed as Good. Between the bread samples, the best score in the acceptability test was obtained in the sample with 9% of flax seed. The same was observed for QDA which showed that the panel had high attributes for this sample compared to other ones. No undesirable attributes were identified in any other sample analyzed in QDA.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate: Ivana Turňová Supervisor of Diploma Thesis: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D. Consultant: prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Zadák, CSc. Title of Diploma Thesis: Determination of fatty acids in human tissues The fatty acids are non-negligible component of lipids as one of the basic nutrients. This thesis in its theoretical part presents above all the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are important structural units of the cell membranes, they are also the precursors to several significant biologically active substances. In the human organism PUFA participate in many physiological and pathological processes this way, where they cause the large spectrum of actions. Onwards the thesis describes the gas chromatography method that is used in chemical analysis of lipids for the fatty acid determination as the gold standard. Experimentally, the fatty acid representation was determined in the blood, muscle, heart, liver and kidney among 26 cadavers divided into two groups according to the presence/absence of inflammatory process at the time of death. The data obtained were statistically analysed. The results were descriptively evaluated and there were indicated possible explanations of differences...

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Author of Diploma Thesis: Bc. Barbora Kuříková Supervisor of Diploma Thesis: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D. Consultant: prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Zadák, CSc. Title of Diploma Thesis: Determination of the fatty acids spectrum in patients undergoing treatment with taxanes The diploma thesis deals with the determination of fatty acids spectrum in erythrocytes in patients treated with taxanes. The theoretical part describes general features of fatty acids, their synthesis and degradation. Then it is focused on the topic of breast cancer, taxane treatment and negative side effects associated with taxane treatment, especially polyneuropathy. The gas chromatography, which is commonly used in practice, is also described in this part. The experimental part is divided into three parts. The first part describes working process, chromatographic analysis and evaluation of this analysis. In the second part there is comparing of spectrum of fatty acids of patients without and with polyneroupathy. And in the last part there is a comparing of spectrum of fatty acids of patients before taxane treatment, closely after treatment and about month after the treatment. Results of the experimental part are evaluated at the end...

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate: Alena Čunátová Supervisor of Diploma Thesis: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D. Title of Diploma Thesis: The fluctuation of fatty acids levels in the tissues of suddenly deceased persons and comparison with values in pathological states Fatty acids and their metabolites are significantly involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This thesis monitors the levels of selected fatty acids in human tissues and the effect of long-term disease on their stores. In addition to the general characteristics, the theoretical part focuses on the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their importance in the human body. It also deals with the effects of eicosanoids and other fatty acid metabolites. Methods used in fatty acid bioanalysis are also described. In the experimental part, the proportion of fatty acids in seven tissue types was compared between two groups of donors. One of them included 8 relatively young, healthy, suddenly deceased individuals. The second group included 12 elderly polymorbid patients. The obtained tissue samples were adjusted using extraction and derivatization techniques. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used for analysis. The measured...