Este trabalho é resultado da pesquisa desenvolvida sobre a concepção do certum em Giambattista Vico. O nosso interesse foi encontrar nos diversos escritos filosóficos de G. Vico (1668-1744) um novo modo de apreensão da concepção original do pensador acerca do Conhecimento e de que modo ele apreendeu e trabalhou essa visão de mundo, ao contrário da visão tradicional, que atribuiu valor lógico ao modo de conhecer mediante o verdadeiro e o falso. Vico concebeu o conhecimento tanto como ordem do certum quanto como ordem do verum, realçando o papel originário do certum. Esse novo modo de perceber a ordem do certum confere ao saber viquiano uma lógica própria: a lógica do verossímil. A verossimilhança é trabalhada enquanto elemento que nos leva à certeza mediante a exclusão de toda exatidão matemática conferida ao conhecimento, nos propiciando a possibilidade de alcançá-lo na sua incerta abrangência e/ou nos seus incertos limites. / This work is the result of the research developed about the conception of the certum in Giambattista Vico. Our interest was to found, in the various philosophical writings of G. Vico (1668-1744), a new way of understanding the original conception of the thinker about knowledge and how he worked and seized this vision of the world, unlike the traditional view which gave a logical value to the way of knowing before the true and false. Vico conceived the knowledge both as certum and verum, highlighting the original role of certum. This new way of perceiving the order of certum gives to the Vico´s knowing its own logic: the logic of credible. The credibility is treated like the element which leads us to the certainty before the exclusion of all mathematical accuracy given to knowledge in providing the possibility of reaching it in its uncertain scope and / or its uncertain boundaries.

Trata-se de mostrar alguns argumentos, desenvolvidos por Ludwig Wittgenstein nos seus últimos escritos, contra uma espécie de investida cética que pretende colocar em suspensão a certeza que temos a respeito da existência do mundo. Para tanto, procuramos, primeiramente, a partir da exegese do parágrafo 308 de Da Certeza, explorar a relação estabelecida entre os conceitos de dúvida, saber e certeza a fim de esclarecer a concepção de que a dúvida apenas pode ser aplicada sobre proposições empíricas e jamais sobre proposições gramaticais. Em segundo lugar, mostramos que, ao entender que a dúvida ( o ato de duvidar) sobre qualquer coisa faz sentido apenas quando aceitamos um sistema de proposições, Wittgenstein a (o) coloca como dependente da estabilidade da gramática de nossa linguagem. Nesse sentido, buscamos elucidar a maneira como o filósofo caracteriza a lógica demonstrando-a, de um lado, como algo constante um quadro de referência que possibilita o curso das proposições relacionadas à experiência e, de outro, como algo inconstante que comporta fissuras, quebras e até desmoronamento. Por fim, desenvolvemos a ideia de que essa precária condição de nossa gramática não impede que confiemos nela e que, unicamente por conta disso, possamos dizer que algumas proposições fundamentam nossos jogos de linguagem. É nesse sentido que o cético, ao tentar colocar uma proposição fundante em nossos jogos tal qual o mundo existe em dúvida, suspende sem perceber a fluência do jogo assertivo que pretende estabelecer e, por que não dizer, sua lógica. / This work aims to show some arguments, developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his later writings, against a kind of skeptical assault that wants to put in suspension our assurance about the existence of the world. First, we should clarify the conception that a doubt can only be applied on empirical propositions and never on grammatical ones, from the relationship established between the concepts of doubt, know and certainty. Secondly, we aim to show that by identifying that raising a question makes sense only when we accept a system of propositions, Wittgenstein puts it as dependent on the stability of our grammar. Accordingly, we seek to elucidate how the philosopher characterizes grammar as something stable, on one hand as a reference framework which enables the course of the propositions that refer to the experience and, on the other, as something unstable that can crack, break and even collapse. Finally, we developed the idea that this precarious condition of our grammar does not prevent us to trust her and solely because of that we can say that some propositions underlie our language games. In this sense, the skeptic, when trying to put a founding proposition for our language games like \"the world exists\" in doubt, suspend without notice the fluency of the assertive game he intended to stablish, its consistency and, for that matter, its logic.

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Issues relating to individual legal certainty and security in Sweden, tensions between governmental actions to secure the collectives needs and violations of the individual’s privacy are explored. Due to the tensions between privacy and securitization, this will be achieved through the securitization framework of the Copenhagen school in international relations. A qualitative content analysis using archived files from the Swedish Data Inspection Board for the period of 2001 to 2014 is presented. Changes in discourses, diversions between the individual’s legal certainty and governmental action are noted. Needs for revision of old legal texts and rhetoric are highlighted.

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<p>  </p> <p>Among the factors influencing consumer innovation acceptance in the context of health, interpersonal communication is highly understudied. This project focuses on one dimension of interpersonal communication by exploring how attitudinal differences between communicators influence information sharing. Two studies are reported using a diffusion chain framework to explore the effects of attitude strength on the amount and type of information shared about an innovation. Study 1 identified a tendency for those with greater certainty to share more than those without certain attitudes. There was also a tendency for those with unfavorable attitudes and those with extreme attitudes to share a greater proportion of attitudinally consistent information. These findings were not found to be significant. Study 2 failed to support the hypotheses that the first chain member’s attitude or message influences the amount or type of information shared by the second chain member. Results suggest that the relationship between attitudes and information sharing may be more complex than suggested by previous research. </p>

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In the development of a BMJ Rapid recommendation – an international practice guideline initiative led by the MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation, and aiming to produce trustworthy, accessible and timely guidance – of plasma exchange and dosage of corticosteroids for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) (Chapter 2) two methodological issues arose. The first issue is related to the rating of the certainty of evidence supporting the recommendations. Reviewers experienced challenges in making an explicit statement about what it was in which they were rating their certainty (i.e., the target of the rating of certainty of evidence). Through iterative discussions and presentations at GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) Working Group meetings, the research team developed new GRADE guidance (Chapter 3 and 4) to help systematic reviewers be aware of the importance of determining the target of their rating of certainty of evidence and provided practical principles to help systematic reviewers specify this target. The second issue arose from the process of moving from evidence to decisions. To help the BMJ Rapid recommendation panel interpret the magnitude of benefit and harm associated with plasma exchange, which required understanding patient values and preferences, the research team created a panel survey for eliciting the panelists’ view regarding patient values and preferences. The research team then applied the panel survey approach in some other guidelines. Based on the experience of developing panel surveys, and through iterative discussions and consensus, the research team developed a framework for using surveys to guide guideline panels in making inferences regarding patient values and preferences (Chapter 5). Using interpretive description, the team conducted a qualitative evaluation regarding the influence of the panel surveys on the panels’ understanding of patient values and preferences, interpretation of magnitude of benefits and harms, and on panels’ decision on guideline recommendations (Chapter 6). The panel surveys proved to help guideline panels explicitly consider and incorporate patient values and preferences in making recommendations. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

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