La lutte est une mise en jeu de la force entre deux antagonistes qui tentent de se maîtriser dans un corps-à corps. Cette activité physique au principe simple est présente dans une majorité de cultures sous des formes élaborées. Elle constitue un motif imaginaire, représentant les oppositions fondamentales des mythes ou est organisée sous forme rituelle, pour que son résultat augure de la prospérité collective. Les « styles » de lutte, formes durables et localisées, correspondent à définition de la force dans les cultures et les civilisations, prenant en compte un idéal imaginaire et une construction fine desavoirs pratiques dans un système règlementaire cohérent et stimulant.En complément d’une présence universelle et de pratiques locales et originales, il est possible de rapprocher certains styles disposant de caractéristiques similaires, ce qui montre une diffusion de la lutte sur la longue durée. Les formes élaborées ont une distribution géographique régulière, correspondant aux routes de circulation de culture. Sur les routes de la soie, les styles se sont diffusés tout en se distinguant progressivement. Le long de la « Route celtique », ils ont connu une histoire complexe d’identification et de réunion, influençant même la synthèse de styles internationaux.La lutte, sur la base d’une formule d’opposition simple et modifiable, a été finement élaborée, développée en desstructures sociales plus complexes, et véhiculée le long des routes de culture. Ce cheminement sur la longue durée illustre la constitution du sport comme objet de culture, et montre comment l’ancrage du jeu et sa diffusion contribuent à créer et à enrichir la construction du sport / Wrestling is a play of strength between two antagonists who aim to master each other in a hand-to-hand opposition. The principle of this activity is fairly simple and well known in a majority of cultures and civilizations. It can be found in different elaborated forms. Wrestling symbolizes an imaginary representation of the fundamental opposition in mythology or acts as a ritual challenge in which the outcome foreshadows the collective wealth. Each wrestling style corresponds to one culture’s definition of the Strength concept, which takes into account an ideal imaginary, and a subtle construction of practical knowledge in a consistent and stimulating rules system.In addition to a universal presence and local original practices, we can easily notice similarities between styles and a wide set of common characteristics. It illustrates and implies a long-term diffusion. Elaborated forms have a steady geographical distribution, which corresponds to the roads of cultural circulation. Along the Silk Road styles spread out while they gradually evolved and grew apart. On the “Celtic Road” they experienced a complex History of identification and meeting that influenced the synthesis of international styles.Wrestling is an elementary and flexible system that has been deeply developed in more complex forms and spread out along the culture roads. This long-term progression illustrates the cultural character of sport and shows how its rooting and diffusion contribute into enriching the sport construction

Les historiens portent traditionnellement un regard sur le combat féodal très tranchés... et très opposés. Pour les uns, on ne pourra jamais savoir comment on se battait à l'époque féodale (Anglo, Bonfa...) ; pour les autres, la réalité ne devait pas être si éloignée de la littérature (Flori...). Ces avis antagonistes révèlent, selon nous, le fait que le combat féodal n'a pas été analysé précisément et que les bonnes questions n'ont pas été posées, tant sur le plan de l'Histoire que de celle du sport et des arts martiaux. Ainsi, plutôt que de se demander si la littérature donne un juste reflet ou non du combat des XIIe-XIIIe siècle, il appartient plutôt de se poser la question en terme de "principes de combat", et de voir à partir de là, ce qui est juste et ce qui est exagéré. En découle une vision beaucoup plus nuancé, beaucoup plus précise et pouvant servir à une analyse sociétale plus étendue. En effet, en posant la question selon ces "principes", cela amène à comprendre comment les auteurs du temps, ainsi que les artistes pour l'image, ont réussi à transcrire le mouvement dans leurs œuvres respectives : quels outils ont-ils créé, lesquels ont été copiés, améliorés, repris... En somme, au-delà de l'aspect gestuel, c'est une histoire de la pensée qui se dessine. Cette dernière étape fondamentale permet de faire le lien avec l'époque suivante, qui voit l'apparition des traités d'armes et livres de combat, littérature sur le combat non plus fictive, mais technique. Ce domaine de la recherche a intéressé récemment quatre travaux de doctorat, dont le dernier vient tout juste d'être soutenu (septembre 2016). En somme, notre travail - en se plaçant en amont de la période des traités d'armes - indique quels outils la littérature courtoise et l'imagerie essentiellement religieuse de la période des XIIe-XIIIe siècles ont permis d'apporter à la création des premiers livres d'armes. Naturellement, ce ne sont pas les seuls apports. D'autres outils de savoir, comme la diffusion dans le milieu lettré de la scolastique ou de la pensée aristotélicienne, influe sur ces ouvrages techniques. De plus, ceux-ci apparaissent aussi suite à un contexte favorable voyant le développement des salles d'armes, la diffusion de l'escrime dans la société (en particulier dans le milieu bourgeois) et la professionnalisation de la fonction de maître d'armes/d'escrime. Mais nos travaux montrent l'influence significative de la littérature courtoise, laquelle a dû, bien avant les livres d'armes, "montrer" le geste guerrier à un public et l'a fait évoluer sur les trois siècles précédant l'apparition du genre technique. Ce dernier en garde des traces dans ces premiers exemplaires, traces qui expliquent certaines maladresses et dont il ne s'affranchit que progressivement... / Historians traditionally wear a look at the very feudal fight ... and sliced ​​very opposite. For some, we will never know how they fought in feudal times (Anglo, Bonfa ...) for others, the reality was not to be so far from the literature (Flori ...). These conflicting opinions reveal, we believe that the feudal struggle was not analyzed precisely and that the right questions were not asked, both on the history of the plan that sport and martial arts . So rather than wondering if literature gives a fair reflection or not the battle of the twelfth-thirteenth century, it belongs rather to the question in terms of "fighting principles", and see from there it is right and what is exaggerated. The result is a much more nuanced view, much more accurate and can be used for a wider societal analysis. Indeed, by asking for these "principles", that leads to understand how the authors of the time, as well as artists for the image, managed to transcribe movement in their respective works: what tools did they create, which have been copied, improved resumed ... in sum, beyond the gestural aspect, it is a history of thought that is emerging. The last crucial step allows to link with the following period, which saw the emergence of the treaties of weapons and combat books, literature on either fictitious fight, but technical. This research was interested recently four doctoral work, the latter has just been born (September 2016). In sum, our work - by standing in front of the treaty period weapons - shows which tools courtly literature and essentially religious imagery from the period of XII-XIII centuries have helped to bring to the creation of the first pounds of weapons. Naturally, these are not the only contributions. Other tools to know, like diffusion in the literate environment of scholastic or Aristotelian thought, influences these technical books. Moreover, these also appear following a favorable context seeing the development of armories, dissemination of fencing in society (especially in the bourgeois middle) and the professionalization of the weapons master function / fencing. But our work shows the significant influence of courtly literature, which had long before the books of weapons, "showing" the warrior gesture to public and has evolved over the three centuries preceding the emergence of the genre technical. This warning signs in these first examples, traces that explain some blunders and which he never freed gradually ...

This project investigated the relations between recalled job-satisfaction, ability, and task demands in Vietnam era helicopter aviators. It attempted to detect and describe factors present in a dangerous combat environment which may influence some individuals to enjoy and take satisfaction at being exposed to, creating, and participating in the dangerous and life threatening violence involved in helicopter combat. Participants were 30 pilots and crew members retired from the 335th Assault Helicopter Company who were all actively involved in combat in Vietnam from 1968 to 1970. This study found that developing a love of war is correlated with anger during combat. The love of war is not correlated with PTSD processes nor is it correlated with specific personality dimensions. The love of war research is a new area. The questions were used to operationalize the love of war represent a significant limitation. This method of operationalizing the love of war concept does not make fine discriminations has questionable content validity. To facilitate accuracy in discriminating between participants when conducting future research in the area, researchers could benefit from constructing a measure with greater content validity.

Since 2002, the number of veterans enrolled in universities has nearly doubled, although 30-40% of veterans fail to complete their degree. While research efforts to understand the challenges veterans face transitioning from military life to college has increased in recent years, few studies have looked beyond the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insomnia is the most frequently reported symptom of combat veterans and can have serious implications for college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of insomnia and student veteran adaptation to college relative to civilian students. College students (N = 588) were administered a Background Information Questionnaire, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory, and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. Results revealed that students with insomnia reported significantly lower adaptation to college than students without insomnia. Student veterans reported better academic and personal-emotional adaptation to college than civilian students, while civilians reported better social adjustment than veterans. Although combat veterans without insomnia scored consistently higher academic adjustment than non-combat veterans and civilian students, when present insomnia seemed to have a greater negative effect on combat veterans’ academic adjustment relative to civilian students. Furthermore, insomnia mediated the relationship between combat exposure and veteran’s personal-emotional adjustment to college. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.

Over recent years, military research has focused on ways of being able to predict operational success and readiness through the development of simulated operational tasks measuring the physical limits of the soldier. Therefore, to properly prepare the tactical athlete for the demands and rigor of combat, accurate assessment of baseline physical abilities and limitations are necessary. Currently, western armies use a basic physical fitness test, which has been heavily argued to have no bearing on operational readiness, thus they are in the process of transitioning to a more specific combat readiness test. However, specific assessments to predict operational success/readiness are inefficient or lacking. A single test that requires minimal time, but provides simultaneous assessment of the necessary physical characteristics (i.e. aerobic and anaerobic capacities) may provide a unique opportunity to enhance soldier performance assessment. The 3-min all-out run, is a relatively new test that has been recently validated. It provides two performance estimates, critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic distance capacity (ADC). CV provides a measure of the individual's aerobic capacity, while the ADC is an indicator of anaerobic capacity. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine the relationship between CV and ADC from the 3-min all-out run and combat specific tasks (2.5-km run, 50-m casualty carry, and repeated sprints with rush shooting) in an elite special force unit. Eighteen male soldiers (age: 19.9 ± 0.8 years; height: 177.6 ± 6.6 cm; body mass: 74.1 ± 5.8 kg; BMI: 23.52 ± 1.63) from an elite combat special force unit of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) volunteered to complete a 3-min all-out run, while wearing a global positioning system (GPS) unit, and a battery of operational CST (2.5-km run, 50-m casualty carry and 30-m repeated sprints with "rush" shooting (RPTDS)). Estimates of CV and ADC from the 3-min all-out run were determined from the downloaded GPS data with CV calculated as the average velocity of the final 30 s of the run and ADC as the velocity-time integral above CV. CV exhibited significant negative correlations with the 2.5-km run time (r = - 0.62, p < 0.01), and RPTDS time (r = - 0.71p < 0.01). However, CV (r = - 0.31) or ADC (r = 0.16) did not show any correlation with the 50-m casualty carry run. In addition, CV was positively correlated with the average velocity during the 2.5- km run (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). Stepwise regression identified CV as the most significant performance measure associated with the 2.5-km run time, and BMI and CV measures as significant predictors of RPTDS time (R2= 0.67, p < 0.05). Our main findings indicate that CV was highly related to performance during CST, including the 2.5-km run and RPTDS, but not the 50-m casualty carry. Using the 3-min all-out run as a testing measurement offers a more efficient and simpler way in assessing both aerobic and anaerobic capabilities (CV and ADC) with-in a relatively large sample. In this regard, this method of testing may be conducive to a military type environment whether for selection purposes, to predict combat readiness, to prescribe a training program or just a need analysis for the company commander.

This paper examines the theory and design considerations of effective learning applications built with Augmented Reality (AR) to better prepare Basic Combat training candidates for the tasks and stressors associated with training. The research questions focused on the evaluation of learning outcomes, emotional experiences, and transfer results compared between traditional multimedia material and a multimodal AR application designed and developed for this study. A primary interest is to discover if informal learning can prime basic training candidates for the rigors of basic training and increase their successful completion. A mixed-methods, between-subject research design was executed as a pilot study (n = 10). Two groups were compared. The control group (n = 5) represented the standard educational practices that use-multimedia slides and the experimental group (n = 5) introduced a novel-AR App. A variety of instruments were used to measure declarative knowledge, conceptual knowledge, procedural task knowledge, and emotional states, followed by a time delayed transfer test on the same outcomes. Results that were evaluated using non-parametric statistics show there are no statistical differences in actual learning or transfer between the two groups but that there are strong trends in perceived learning, perceived stress, homesickness, rankings regarding the utility of AR, and subjective evaluation (immersion, engagement, and perceived learning). Interesting correlations were found to be different between the AR and the control conditions that may inform the use of technology in training applications and design. Qualitative data was gathered using interviews, think-aloud protocols, and field notes. This quantitative data combined iv with qualitative evidence supports further study with an increased sample size to better evaluate immersive learning application design.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Educational Leadership / Sarah Jane Fishback / A new group of learners is emerging in the adult learning environment as a result of the United States being at war for more than 10 years. More than two million warriors served in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Educational institutions across the United States are experiencing growing numbers of students who are military combat veterans of the GWOT. These numbers will continue to grow as more of them transition back into life after combat. These students are arriving in class with varying levels of combat trauma experience and possibly Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), major depression, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or a combination of these and other difficulties. The purpose of this research was to learn from military veteran students how their combat experience affects them in the classroom. Specifically it looked at the types of combat experiences they have and the types of physical and mental effects they report experiencing while attending and participating in educational learning activities. This research h sought to gain insight into how combat experience influences the learning experience for GWOT military combat veterans who participate in an educational learning environment. It explored the types of experiences these students bring into that learning environment and how their participation in learning activities is affected.

Title: Axial system straining during martial arts and after care compensation of injuries Objective: The main goal of this diploma thesis is to bring complex view on injuries of axial system, which happend during martial arts. This thesis is going to define the ijuries and offer an alternative compensation of these injuries. Furthermore, the focus is on summarizing current knowledge about this issue Methods: The thesis is based on literary research and has an analytical-descriptive character. The studies used meet predetermined criteria. The work is divided into several parts. The first part, called the theoretical background, focuses on the description of combat, further analyzes the axial system of man and also the biomechanics of the components of the axial system. The next part discusses the load of the axial system in the fights. After that, the work deals with injuries in combat. Results: Based on the findings of individual studies, it can be said that the vast majority of all injuries incurred during judo and Brazilian jiu jitsu are orthopedic. Large joints were most affected by the injury. Injuries within the axial system occurred rather sporadically and were mostly head and cervical spine injuries. Keywords: axial system, axial system injuries, fights, judo, Brazilian jiu jitsu, combat in...

En armé marscherar på sin mage skall Napoleon Bonaparte ha yttrat, men hur är det med fötterna och ännu mer specifikt, skorna som soldaterna marscherar i.I en tid av snabba anskaffningar av materiel för olika insatsområden och specifika uppgifter inom ramen för internationella uppdrag för den svenska Försvarsmakten bär i många fall huvuddelen av arméns förband en känga som endast passar 6 av 10 i sin läst. Detta samtidigt som Försvarsmakten försöker tillhandahålla uniformer anpassade till både längd och vikt. I närtid kommer ett nytt uniformssystem att förbandssättas. Inga skodon ingår i detta nya system. I det nuvarande systemet var just marschkängorna en ytterst viktig del.Denna explorativa studie fördjupar sig i systemet runt soldaternas personliga utrustning och mer specifikt de marschkängor som tillhandahålls av Försvarsmakten åt soldater och befäl vid Norrland Dragonregemente K 4 i Arvidsjaur.Utvecklade under 1980-talet och med första introduktion 1987 har marschkänga M90 varit den svenska Försvarsmaktens skodon för värnpliktiga och befäl under barmarksdelen av året. Kängan är framtagen enligt en ny metodik, en omfattande forskning i fotens naturliga rörelsemönster samt konceptuella studier i framtagningsprocessen. Ett paradigmskifte i kängors utformning.Efter en uppdatering under inledningen av 1990-talet har kängan, vars mönster och design ägs av Försvarsmakten, inte genomgått någon produktutveckling. Kängan finns i storlekar enligt Mondopoint-systemet men endast i en fotbredd. Den “Nordiska”-lästen. Denna normativa läst är baserad på hur foten hos den svenska befolkningen såg ut under kängans utveckling. Sedan introduktionen har kängan burits av så gott som samtliga värnpliktiga inom armén och det är denna känga som huvuddelen av Försvarsmaktens förband kommer att utrustas med vid en eventuell mobilisering.Redan kort efter introduktionen av kängan började förband med tyngre buren packning att anmärka på skadebekymmer hos värnpliktiga och personal. Med ökningen av antalet kvinnliga värnpliktiga och befäl tillsammans med ökad vikt på den burna utrustningen för samtliga soldater har problemen ökat.Det förbandsslag som främst bedriver tjänst till fots och bär sin packning är kavalleriet där arméns jägarförband är organiserade.Norrlands Dragonregemente K 4 har under flertalet år påtalat brister med marschkänga M90 och även den ersättningskänga som introducerades 2012 marschkänga M08. Med marschkänga M08 anser sig Försvarsmaktens systemföreträdare sig ha löst det behov som föreligger vid de förband som bär tungt och går långt. Trots dessa påtalanden har ingen förändring skett. Förbandet har nu valt att utrusta samtliga inryckande soldater med marschkänga M90 trots att begränsningen i antalet användare är känd. Skaderisken med marschkänga M08 bedöms som högre och har därför valts bort. Samtliga soldater som uppvisar problem med marschkänga M90 genomgår därför medicinsk5 rehabiliteringsutredning och med stöd i den köps sedan civila vandringskängor in via försvarshälsans försorg.De övriga kängor som tillförts Försvarsmakten sedan introduktionen av marschkänga 90 har alla varit specifika för de klimatzoner som Sverige varit involverade i internationella operationer eller väldigt speciella nyttjandeområden i Sverige. Djungelkängor för Liberia, ökenkängor för Afghanistan och paradkängor för kronprinsessans bröllop.Först efter Chefen K 4 ́s återlämnande av arbetsmiljöansvaret till högre chef i november 2022 startas en forcerad upphandling av alternativa kängor för arméns jägarförband.Varför har utvecklingen tagit så lång tid och vilka åtgärder krävs det för att inleda processen?De huvudsakliga slutsatserna är att varje år Försvarsmakten fortsätter att utrusta tjänstgörande personal med marschkänga M90 skadas ett stort antal brukare och vissa erhåller men för livet, speciellt vid kavalleriförbanden. Att oavsett utformning av kommande system för marschkängor måste varje modell erbjudas i minst 3 fotbredder i syfte att passa huvuddelen av brukarna. Att Försvarsmaktens nuvarande rapporteringssystem för avvikelser saknar en funktion som på ett tydligt sätt kan gå in och påverka vid brister i personlig utrustning. En tydlig avsaknad av funktionsskola med utvecklingsansvar för de svenska jägarförbanden har också identifierats.Rekommendationen är därför att Försvarsmakten snarast genomför en upphandling av kängor i ett antal olika modeller för att passa olika individers fötter som tillfällig lösning.Att Försvarsmakten uppdrar åt FMV att tillsammans med K 4 utveckla en ny barmarkskänga för förbandstypen “Norrlandsjägare” med krav på minst 3 lästbredder.Att Försvarsmakten låter kavalleriförbandens behov gällande PFU-materiel vara styrande och ledande för utveckling av densamma då deras behov ligger som mest krävande enligt RVT krav på uthållighet.Att Försvarsmakten ser över hur avvikelsesystemet kan utvecklas för att få högre tillförlitlighet att den som behöver nås av informationen verkligen gör det.Att Försvarsmakten genom myndighetssamverkan får till stånd en lösning där Plikt och Prövningsverket blir ansvariga för insamling av data från mönstrande ungdomar avseende kroppsmått och även genomförande av scanning av fötterna.Att Försvarsinspektören för hälsa och miljö (FIHM) erhåller en funktion i uppföljningen av avvikelser i stödsystem PRIO vid anmälningar av personskador som möjliggör extern granskning av förekommande utrustning som orsakar skador.Att Försvarsmakten tillsammans med FMV ser över rutiner för hur avvikelser från vidmakthållandemöten hanteras och kommuniceras. / An army marches on its stomach, Napoleon Bonaparte is to have said, but what about the feet and even more specifically, the boots that the soldiers march in.In a time of fast acquisitions of materiel for different scenes of deployment and tasks within the framework of international operations for the Swedish Armed Forces many of the Army units use a boot that in its model only fits 6 out of 10 users. At the same time, we try to equip our soldiers with uniforms fitting both length and width. In the close future a new combat uniform system will be introduced to the Swedish Armed Forces. This does not include new boots.In the present system the combat boots were an essential part.Developed during the 1980s and first introduced in 1987, the “marching boot” M90 has been the Swedish Armed Forces' footwear for conscripts and officers during the main part of the year except for the winter months. The boot is developed according to new methodology, extensive research in the natural biomechanics of the foot and conceptual studies of the development process. A paradigm shift in the development of military boots.After an update in the early 1990s, the boot, which pattern and design is owned by the Swedish Armed Forces, has not undergone any product development. The boot is available in sizes according to the Mondopoint system but only in one foot width. The "Nordic" last of the foot. This normative last of the foot was the most common foot of the Swedish population during the development of the boot. Since its introduction, the boots have been worn by almost all army conscripts and these are the boots that is going to be issued to most units in the case of a mobilisation.Already shortly after the introduction of the boot, the army began to notice injuries among conscripts and personnel from units with heavier carried packs. With the increase of the number of female conscripts and officers along with increased weight of the equipment carried by all soldiers, the problems have increased.The type of unit that primarily performs marching by foot and carries its packs is the cavalry, where the army's jaeger or ranger unit are organized.Norrland's Dragoon Regiment K 4 has for several years complained about shortcomings with the M90 marching boot and also the replacement boot that was introduced in 2012, the marching boot M08. With this boot the Armed Forces system-manager regards the demand from the units that carries heavy loads and marches long distances. Despite these complaints, no measures have been taken. The unit has despite this continued to distribute the marching boot M90 to all new soldiers despite the known limitations in number of users. The risk of injury with the marching boot M08 have been regarded as higher and there for been ruled out. All soldiers showing problems with the marching boot M90 are treated with a medical rehabilitation program that includes the purchase of civilian hiking-boots through the military HealthCare service.The new boots that have been supplied to the Armed Forces since the introduction of the 7 marching boot 90 have all been specific for other climate zones outside Sweden cohering with countries where Sweden have been involved in international operations or very special areas of use in Sweden. Jungle boots for Liberia, desert boots for Afghanistan and parade boots ceremonial tasks as the wedding of the crown princess. There, development and system measures have been carried out.Only after a return of work environment responsibility in November of 2022 a forced procurement of alternative boots for the army's cavalry unit is to be started.Why has the development taken so long and what measures are required to start the process?The main conclusion is that every year that the Swedish Armed Forces continue to distribute the marching-boot M90 a large number of users are injured and some get lifelong medical issues, especially at the cavalry units. No matter what the next system of combat boots are there is a need to offer the boots in at least 3 withs to fit the highest number of users. The Swedish Armed Forces present system for reporting faults and risks with systems is missing a key component of control when faults are reported in systems of personal equipment. A clear lack of a centre for the branch of the cavalry and development of specific systems for these has been identified.The Swedish Armed Forces are recommended to conduct a purquirement of a large number of civilian boots of a number of models as a temporary solution as soon as possible to accommodate the highest number of matches with the users.That the Armed Forces give the FMV the task of developing a marching-boot for the “Norrlandsjägare” in close coordination with the K4-Regiment with a minimum of 3 withs. That the Armed Forces let the demands and specifications of the cavalry set the norm of future soldiers' personal equipment as their demands are at the highest level according to the standards of ranking system.That the Armed Forces overlook how the system of deviations can be developed for a higher level of reliability that the end user of the information receives it.That the Armed Forces, true authority cooperation finds a solution where the Swedish Defence Conscription and Assessment Agency becomes responsible for the collection of data from tested youth, as their measurements including a scanning of the feet.That the Armed Forces Inspector for Health and Environment receives a function in the system PRIO regarding deviations with results of injury that comes from use of issued equipment. That the Armed Forces, true authority cooperation, with FMV overlook the routines of how reports from maintenance-meetings are handled and communicated.

Face aux données conflictuelles de la littérature sur le VO2 requis d’exercices de boxe (sparring, palettes de frappe et sac de frappe), surtout pour le “vrai” sparring avec coups de poings au visage, une nouvelle méthode basée sur une mesure de VO2 “post-exercice” fut développée, validée (Annexe 1) et utilisée pour ré-évaluer le coût énergétique de ces exercices de boxe. Neufs boxeurs mâles expérimentés, de 22.0±3.5 ans et 71.4±10.9 kg avec un VO2pic de 62.2±4.1 ml·kg-1·min-1 (moyenne ± écart type) furent mesurés lors 1) d’un test progressif maximal sur tapis roulant en laboratoire 2) d’un entrainement standardisé de boxe en gymnase et 3) d’exercices de boxe standardisés en laboratoire. Des VO2 requis de 43.4±5.9, 41.1±5.1, 24.7±6.1, 30.4±5.8 et 38.3±6.5 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectivement obtenues pour le sparring, les palettes de frappe et le sac de frappe à 60, 120 et 180 coup·min-1, situe l’intensité de ces exercices autour de ~70 %VO2pic. / In view of contradictory data in the literature on VO2 requirements of boxing exercises (sparring, pad work, punching bag), particularly for “true” sparring with punches to the face, a new method based on “post-exercise” VO2 measurements was developed, validated (Annex 1) and used to reassess the energy cost of these boxing exercises. Nine experienced male boxers of 22.0±3.5 years old and 71.4±10.9 kg with a VO2peak of 62.2±4.1 ml·kg-1·min-1 (mean ± standard deviation) were measured during 1) a maximal multistage treadmill test in the laboratory 2) a standardized boxing training in the gymnasium and 3) standardized boxing exercises in the laboratory. VO2 requirements of 43.4±5.9, 41.1±5.1, 24.7±6.1, 30.4±5.8 and 38.3±6.5 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively obtained for sparring, pad work and punching bag at 60, 120 and 180 b·min-1, situate the intensity of those exercises around ~70 %VO2peak.