This thesis brings together for the first time, in an organised account, Saskatchewans search for a pulp industry. This thesis will show that, in a fundamental tension between goals of fiscal prudence and of economic growth, fiscal prudence won out again and again, to the point that the CCF governments could be characterised as risk-averse where pulp production was concerned. The cautious approach is in contradiction both to the activist reputation of the CCF governments and to their aggressive development of other resources, notably mining. Pulp offers an example of the contradictions that plagued the CCF governments and their policies for the north, contradictions that included disagreements between moderates and radicals over the roles of public and multinational enterprise, colonial attitudes towards the north, and risk aversion despite bold rhetoric and announcements.<p>The methodology used in this thesis has generally maintained an economic policy and political discourse, and incorporates mostly a top-down governmental approach. The personal papers of Tommy Douglas and Woodrow Lloyd provided CCF government correspondence and departmental memos that included premiers, ministers, deputy ministers, and departmental directors involved with the Department of Natural Resources, the Timber Board, the Industrial Development Office, and the Economic Advisory and Planning Board, and with pulp company officials. Furthermore, pulp reports, surveys, and studies helped contextualise all of the interrelated correspondences. To supplement government discourse I utilised the Prince Albert Daily Herald to gain an understanding of what issues the public was debating and found to be most important.

Differences in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) microbial compatibility and/ or their associated farming practices may influence root fungi of the following crop and affect the yield. The main objective of this research was to explain the difference in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield the year after pea and chickpea crops through changes in the functional diversity of wheat root fungi. The effect of fungicides used on chickpea on the root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied using plate culture and pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing detected more Fusarium spp. in the roots of durum wheat after fungicide-treated chickpea than in non-fungicide treated chickpea. Plate culture revealed that the functional groups of fungi responded differently to fungicide use in the field but the effect on total community was non-significant. Highly virulent pathogens were not affected, but antagonists were suppressed. More fungal antagonists were detected after the chickpea CDC Luna than CDC Vanguard. Fungal species responded differently to the use of fungicides in vitro, but the aggregate inhibition effect on antagonists and highly virulent pathogens was similar. The effect of chickpea vs. pea previous crop and different chickpea termination times on root fungi of a following durum wheat crop was studied. The abundance of Fusarium spp. increased after cultivation of both cultivars of chickpea as compared to pea according to pyrosequencing and was negatively correlated with durum yield. Plate culture analysis revealed that fungal antagonists were more prevalent after pea than both cultivars of chickpea and chickpea CDC Vanguard increased the abundance of highly virulent pathogens. The abundance of highly virulent pathogens in durum wheat roots was negatively correlated to durum yield. Early termination of chickpea did not change the community of culturable fungi in the roots of a following durum crop. It is noteworthy that Fusarium redolens was identified for the first time in Saskatchewan and its pathogenicity was confirmed on durum wheat, pea and chickpea. The classical method of root disease diagnostics in cereals is based on the examination of the subcrown internode. I evaluated the method by comparing the fungal communities associated with different subterranean organs of durum wheat. The fungal community of the subcrown internode was different from that of roots and crown, suggesting cautious use of this method.

This thesis brings together for the first time, in an organised account, Saskatchewans search for a pulp industry. This thesis will show that, in a fundamental tension between goals of fiscal prudence and of economic growth, fiscal prudence won out again and again, to the point that the CCF governments could be characterised as risk-averse where pulp production was concerned. The cautious approach is in contradiction both to the activist reputation of the CCF governments and to their aggressive development of other resources, notably mining. Pulp offers an example of the contradictions that plagued the CCF governments and their policies for the north, contradictions that included disagreements between moderates and radicals over the roles of public and multinational enterprise, colonial attitudes towards the north, and risk aversion despite bold rhetoric and announcements.<p>The methodology used in this thesis has generally maintained an economic policy and political discourse, and incorporates mostly a top-down governmental approach. The personal papers of Tommy Douglas and Woodrow Lloyd provided CCF government correspondence and departmental memos that included premiers, ministers, deputy ministers, and departmental directors involved with the Department of Natural Resources, the Timber Board, the Industrial Development Office, and the Economic Advisory and Planning Board, and with pulp company officials. Furthermore, pulp reports, surveys, and studies helped contextualise all of the interrelated correspondences. To supplement government discourse I utilised the Prince Albert Daily Herald to gain an understanding of what issues the public was debating and found to be most important.

Trifft herabfallender Regen auf Waldflächen, so wird dieser Niederschlag umverteilt zu Interzeption, Stammabfluss, durchfallenden und abtropfenden Niederschlag. Besonders hohe Stammablaufmengen im Kronenzentrum und markante Abtropfstellen am Kronenrand einzelner Baumarten lassen sich zudem nur erklären, wenn am jeweiligen Messplatz unter Baumkronen eine weitere Niederschlagskomponente zugelassen wird, mit der laterale Wasserbewegungen innerhalb der expliziten Einzelbaumkrone beschrieben und bilanziert werden (lateraler [Zu- oder Ab-]Fluss). Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, der niederschlagsabhängigen und kleinräumigen Dynamik dieser Umverteilung im Wald am Beispiel der Baumarten Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) und Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) durch Aufnahmen und Auswertungen in zwei Mischbeständen beider Baumarten nachzugehen. Wiederholende Niederschlagsaufzeichnungen einzelner Regenereignisse wurden hierzu in Relation zur jeweiligen Freilandniederschlagsmenge, zur Art der Messplatzüberschirmung im Kronendach und zur Distanz des Messplatzes zum ihn dominierenden Baum varianz- und regressionsanalytisch untersucht und um Ergebnisse aus Stammablaufanalysen und Streumodellen ergänzt. Auf dieser Basis konnten Kausalmodelle zur Schätzung des Unterkronenniederschlages mit hoher Güte hergeleitet werden, die im Detail ein baumartspezifisches räumliches Verhalten der einzelnen Niederschlagskomponenten beim Passieren der Baumkrone belegen. Neben den Besonderheiten, die sich bei Messungen in Bestandeslücken einstellen, ergeben sich so z.B. in der Vegetationsperiode je nach Messplatzposition und Freilandniederschlagsmenge Unterschiede im Niederschlag unter beiden Baumartenkronen von bis zu 35 % des Freilandniederschlages je Einzelereignis und zwar stets zugunsten der Buchenüberschirmung. Am Stammfuss von Buchen kann darüber hinaus zusätzliches Wasser durch den Stammabfluss eingetragen werden. Hierfür notwenige Wassermengen können plausibel aus dem nachgewiesenen lateralen Wasserabfluss im inneren Kronendrittel von Buchen gedeckt werden. Über ein räumlich konkretes Interzeptionsmodell, kombiniert mit Blattflächenschätzungen für Einzelbäume konkreter Dimension, konnte ein räumliches LAI-Modell für Buchen abgeleitet werden, dass höchste LAI-Werte im Kronenzentrum annimmt. Da der Bestandesniederschlag hinsichtlich Niederschlagsmenge, Bestockung, Belaubungszustand und zum räumlich konkreten Messplatz unter der einzelnen Baumkrone veränderlich ist, wird die gewissenhaftere Berücksichtigung dieser Einflussvariablen angeregt und der bisher häufig praktizierten pauschalen Aufteilung des Niederschlages in einzelne Niederschlagskomponenten auf Basis von Flächen- und Messphasendurchschnittswerten widersprochen. / Forests redistribute the precipitation falling on their canopy into interception, stemflow, drip or direct throughfall. Extremely high amounts of stemflow in the centre of the crown and distinct drip points along the crown edge of certain tree species can only be explained by admitting an additional precipitation component at these measurement locations that describes and captures the lateral movement of water within the individual tree crown (lateral in- or outflow). The aim of this study was therefore to analyse these precipitation-dependent, small-scale dynamics of precipitation redistribution in forests using field-measurements from two mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Periodic measurements of individual precipitation events were examined in relation to the respective gross precipitation, the type of canopy above a plot and the distance of a plot to its dominant sheltering canopy tree using variance and regression analysis, and complemented with stemflow analyses and litterfall models. Using this dataset, causal models for the high-precision estimation of throughfall were derived, showing tree species-specific pathways of the individual precipitation components through the tree crown. Apart from the particularities of measurements in canopy gaps, differences in throughfall between spruce and beech during the vegetation period amount to up to 35 % of gross precipitation per event, in favour of the beech canopy and depending on plot location. At the stem base of beech trees additional water can reach the forest floor via stemflow. The amount of water required to generate this stemflow can plausibly be explained by means of the verified lateral water flow in the inner third of beech crowns. Using a spatially explicit interception model combined with LAI estimates for specific individual trees, a spatial LAI model was developed for beech, showing maximal LAI values in the crown centre. As the net forest precipitation is sensitive with respect to precipitation amount, stand type, foliage status and the spatially explicit plot location below an individual tree crown, this study recommends the consideration of these influential factors and contradicts the commonly practiced blanket partitioning of precipitation into individual components based on spatial and temporal averages.

In this thesis I offer a brief overview of the current legislative, regulatory and treaty frameworks impacting emergency management in British Columbia, with a particular emphasis on Crown-identified First Nation roles. I show that the regime overwhelmingly positions non-First Nation governments, contractors and other organizations to manage emergencies on behalf of First Nations. I explore emergency management as a manifold process that includes protracted planning, mitigation and recovery phases, which, unlike emergency response, are carried out with lower levels of urgency. I consider Canadian Constitution Act, 1982 (s. 35) Aboriginal rights in light of the lack of statutorily prescribed inclusion of First Nations in off-reserve emergency management, particularly at the planning, mitigation and recovery phases concluding that the jurisprudence to date (including the duty to consult and Aboriginal title) does not appear to have revolutionized the regime. While the constitutional status of Aboriginal rights should operate to insure adequate First Nation direction in each stage of emergency management, the regime continues to restrictively prioritize other constitutional priorities, such as division of powers and civil liberties. To better understand the omission, I theorize the lack of Crown implementation of s. 35 Aboriginal rights generally as an ‘obligation gap’, highlighting how an analysis of s. 35 Aboriginal rights as ‘negative rights’ fails to compel implementation of the full scope of Crown obligations implicit within the jurisprudence to date. I then offer a new framework for s. 35 as justiciable ‘recognition rights’ and juxtapose ‘recognition rights’ with the idea of justiciability of government inaction through a brief comparative analysis of socioeconomic rights in South Africa’s constitution and Canada’s constitutional Aboriginal rights. With a decided emphasis on the obligations of the Crown, this thesis attempts to offer fodder to First Nations and legal practitioners seeking to challenge the emergency management landscape where First Nations seek an enhanced role in protecting and restoring their respective territories in anticipation of, and in the wake of, disaster. For convenience and clarity, contemporary geographical and jurisdictional references to the areas now known as Canada and British Columbia are used throughout the thesis without intention to detract from the integrity of First Nation claims to their traditional and ancestral territories.

No description available.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:13308026 研究代表者:山本 一良 研究期間:2001-2003年度

La disponibilité de nouveaux moyens d’acquisition en télédétection, satellitaire (PLEIADES, HYPXIM), aéroportée ou par drone (UAV) à très haute résolution spatiale ouvre la voie à leur utilisation pour l’étude de milieux complexes telles que les villes. En particulier, la connaissance de la ville pour l’étude des îlots de chaleur, la planification urbaine, l’estimation de la biodiversité de la végétation et son état de santé nécessite au préalable une étape de classification des matériaux qui repose sur l’utilisation de l’information spectrale accessible en télédétection hyperspectrale 0,4-2,5μm. Une des principales limitations des méthodes de classification réside dans le non traitement des zones à l’ombre. Des premiers travaux ont montré qu’il était possible d’exploiter l’information radiative dans les ombres des bâtiments. En revanche, les méthodes actuelles ne fonctionnent pas dans les ombres des arbres du fait de la porosité de leur couronne. L’objectif de cette thèse vise à caractériser les propriétés optiques de surface à l’ombre de la végétation arborée urbaine au moyen d’outils de transfert radiatif et de correction atmosphérique. L’originalité de ce travail est d’étudier la porosité d’un arbre via la grandeur de transmittance de la couronne. La problématique a donc été abordée en deux temps. Premièrement, la caractérisation de la transmittance d’un arbre isolé a été menée avec l’utilisation de l’outil DART à travers la mise en œuvre d’un plan d’expériences et d’études de sensibilité qui ont permis de la relier à des paramètres biophysiques et externes. Une campagne de mesures terrain a ensuite été réalisée afin d’évaluer son estimation à partir de différents niveaux de modélisation de l’arbre, dont un modèle réel acquis par mesures lidar terrestre. Deuxièmement, une nouvelle méthode de correction atmosphérique 3D adaptée à la végétation urbaine, ICARE-VEG, a été développée à partir des résultats précédents. Une campagne aéroportée et de mesures terrain UMBRA a été dédiée à sa validation. Ses performances comparées à d’autres outils existants ouvrent de larges perspectives pour l’interprétation globale d’une image par télédétection et pour souligner la complexité de modéliser des processus physiques naturels à une échelle spatiale très fine. / The new advances in remote sensing acquisitions at very high spatial resolution, either spaceborne (PLEIADES, HYPXIM), airborne or unmanned aerial vehicles borne, open the way for the study of complex environments such as urban areas. In particular, the better understanding of urban heat islands, urban planning, vegetation biodiversity, requires the knowledge of detailed material classification mapsbased on the use of spectral information brought by hyperspectral imagery 0.4-2.5μm. However, one of the main limitations of classification methods relies on the absence of shadow processing. Past studies have demonstrated that spectral information was possible to be extracted from shadows cast by buildings. But existing methods fail in shadows cast by trees because of their crown porosity. The objective of this thesis aims to characterize surface optical properties in urban tree shadows by means of radiative transfer and atmospheric correction tools. The originality of this work is to study the tree crown porosity through the analysis of the tree crown transmittance. Therefore, the issue has been divided into two parts. Firstly, an experimental design with the use of DART tool has been carried out in order to examine the relationships between the transmittance of an isolated tree and different biophysical and external variables. Then, the estimation of the tree crown transmittance has been assessed with several tree 3D modelling strategies derived from reference terrestrial lidar acquisitions. Secondly, a new atmospheric correction method appropriate to the processing of tree shadows, ICARE-VEG, was implemented fromthese previous results. An airborne and field campaign UMBRA was dedicated to its validation. Moreover, its performances was compared to other existing tools. Finally, the conclusions open large outlooks to the overall interpretation of remote sensing images and highlight the complexity to model physical natural processes with finer spatial resolutions.

Le témoignage oral, depuis toujours, occupe, en tant qu'élément de preuve, une place au sein de la procédure pénale française. Pourtant, il n'a cessé de faire l'objet de critiques, ravivées par l'émergence de la preuve scientifique dans le procès pénal contemporain, car considéré comme faillible en raison de sa nature humaine. Cette affirmation repose, notamment, sur un postulat anachronique consistant à considérer le témoignage oral comme unitaire, au travers du seul prisme de sa source, l'homme, cantonné au seul témoin, tel que défini par les règles de procédure, alors qu'il présente en réalité un caractère dual. Or, c'est de cette méconnaissance, conduisant à une appréhension attentatoire à la valeur probatoire du témoignage oral, qu'émergent les objections à son encontre et qui soulèvent la question de sa nécessité dans le procès pénal, quand cette dernière ne devrait souffrir aucune hésitation, non seulement parce que le témoignage oral s'avère un élément de preuve utile à la recherche et à l'établissement de la vérité judiciaire mais également parce qu'il illustre et renforce les principes directeurs du procès pénal, tels qu'édictés par le législateur français et la Convention européenne des Droits de l'Homme. / Oral testimony has always been taken up as an element of evidence in the French criminal proceedings. However considered as unreliable because human, it hasn't ceased to be the subject of critics, lately revived with the emergence of scientific proof within contemporary penal trial. This statement is based on the anachronistic postulate that oral testimony, considered through the only view of the witness as defined by the procedural rules, is unity, whereas indeed it does present a dual character. The probationary value of oral testimony is suffering from this lack or recognition and its necessity within criminal procedure is also being questioned when there should be no hesitation whatsoever with regard to its use. In fact, oral testimony is not just a useful element of proof when trying to establish the truth, it does also illustrate and strengthen the governing principles of penal trial such as promulgated by the French legislator and the European convention of Human Rights.

The aim of this thesis is to describe in detail three military campaigns of Emperor Charles IV. (1316 - 1378) within the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. It uses diplomatic and narrative historical sources to map the political circumstances, proces, and military aspects of the three given campaigns. The first campaign is Charles IV's struggle for power over the Holy Roman Empire in the years 1347 - 1349. The second is the military expedition against counts of Württemberg in 1360. The third conflict is Emperor's conquest of Mark Brandenburg, connected with the pursuit of a second electoral vote for the house of Luxembourgs, which took place in the years 1371 - 1373. The thesis tries to be beneficial to the question of the role, that the use of military power might have had in the politics of Charles IV. By comparing the process and circumstances of the three given conflicts, the thesis aims to confirm or deny the existence any kind of specific military-strategic doctrine of Charles IV. One of the discussed problems is also the structure of the armyies that Charles IV had at his disposal during the studied campaigns. It seeks to answer, whether the core of Emperor's forces was made rather by noblemen of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, or for example mercenaries hired in various locations of the...