Práce se zabývá vizualizací rozdílu mezi dvěma RDF modely. Jsou zde porovnávány existující nástroje a postupy, tyto nástroje jsou rozděleny do dvou kategorií. První kategorie reprezentuje textový přístup k zobrazování ontologií a potažmo jejich rozdílu, druhá zastupuje grafické metody. Na základě jejich zkoumání je navržen nový přístup. Konkrétně se jedná o nástroj, který podporuje paralelní textovou reprezentaci ontologií, která je obohacena o sémantické anotace (delta tags)

Published Article / To enable meaningful and consistent communication between different software systems in a particular domain (such as manufacturing, law or medicine), a standardised vocabulary and communication language is required by all the systems involved. Concepts in the domain about which the systems want to communicate are formalized in an ontology by establishing the meaning of concepts and creating relationships between them. The inputs to this process in found by analysing the physical domain and its processes. The resulting ontology structure is a computer useable representation of the physical domain about which the systems want to communicate. To enable the long term persistence of the actual data contained in these concepts and the enforcement of various business rules, a sufficiently powerful database system is required. This paper presents the design of a manufacturing ontology and its accompanying relational database schema that will be used in a manufacturing test domain.

This thesis contends that the discovery of transcendental intersubjectivity revealed the inadequacy of Husserl‟s Cartesian way to the reduction and precipitated the development of the ontological way. Through an analysis drawing primarily from Ideas I, Cartesian Meditations, and Crisis, this thesis will analyze the Cartesian way, intersubjectivity, and finally the ontological way. It will be argued that the Cartesian way focuses on the transcendental ego and ignores the natural world. With the discovery of transcendental intersubjectivity 1) a being beyond the transcendental ego has a role in constituting the world and 2) the objectivity of the world can no longer be reduced to the (individual) transcendental ego. The transition to the historical approach of Crisis is analyzed and we find that the Cartesian way cannot address the life-world and transcendental intersubjectivity in their new, central role. It is demonstrated how the ontological way fills this gap. / Graduate

In this thesis I propose an improved theory of ontological commitment, one which is neutral on epistemology. Although Quine's quantificational criterion of ontological commitment has many advantages over its competitors, like its univocal treatment of being and existence, its clear account of ontological reduction and its capacity to accommodate implicit commitments, I argue that it has a fatal flaw: the inability to account for ontological commitment to individuals. Quine's choice of a first-order language of regimentation without constants is so entwined with his holist epistemology that imputations of existence cannot be made except to objects-qua-F, qua some wholly third-personal description. Commitments of those who believe that minds reach out directly to objects by means of acquaintance or introspection, encoded in language by constants, are ungrammatical in Quine's language. This breakdown of grammaticality, on my view, is an avoidable result of Quine's behaviourism and holist epistemology filtering into his choice of canonical language. I opt for a broader conception of ontological commitments as incurred by formalised theories with one or more semantic categories of categorematic objectual expressions, whose function is to stand for objects. I expand the language of regimentation at least to first-order logic with constants and identity. This preserves the attractive features of Quine's position. It retains its elegant treatment of reduction and implicit ontological commitments, and its capacity to explain away Meinongian confusions, without being beholden to global holism. My canonical language makes room for acquaintance and first-personal methods as sources of ontological commitment. It has the advantage of allowing theories like Quine's, which confine themselves to objects-qua-F, to be regimented as well as non-holist theories whose criteria of ontological commitment are 'to be is to be the referent of a name' or 'to be is to be the value of a constant or variable'.

Using the World Wide Web of today, searching for a graphic pertaining to a particular subject domain or in response to a specific query is a difficult task. A typical search for a graphic related to a specific subject matter or query may yield hundreds or thousands of Web resources, few of which relate to the intended meaning. The primary goal of the completed dissertation is to develop and assess the feasibility of using a global ontology for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) written in the Semantic Web markup language Web Ontology Language (OWL). SVG is an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) based technology used to describe two-dimensional graphics. SVG has the ability to fully scale images without loss of resolution, provide file sizes that are independent of resolution, represent text as text strings allowing the graphic to be fully searched for content, and support a rich set of geometrical primitives. An SVG OWL ontology provides three benefits. First, the ontology enables powerful semantic search engines to quickly and efficiently pinpoint SVG graphics and relate these graphics to specific knowledge domains. Second, the ontology enables semantic search engines to understand the content of a SVG graphic and infer relationships between the content of the graphic and specific domains. Lastly, enabling SVG graphics to be annotated in varying levels of abstraction allows the graphic to be reused in other contexts. The research methods included developing the framework for the model, identifying the entities to be used in the ontology, representing the conceptual elements using Unified Modeling Language (UML), converting the UML to OWL, evaluating the ontology to ensure that it meets the requirements initially presented, developing a working system based on the ontology and testing this system, and documenting the development process. Regarding experimental results, a total of 69 queries were applied to a set of 500 images representing a range of both primitive and derived spatial properties. Both recall and precision were perfect, indicating the feasibility of effective ontology-based search for annotated vector graphics through this approach. The question of scalability to more complex and realistic settings remains for future research.

The thesis sets out to critique recent accounts dealing with the notion and role of ontology in IR theorising as it can be found, for instance, in Alexander Wendt and more recently in the writings of critical realists. The main aim of these treatises on ontology is to provide a new perspective for IR theory that is in line with a more general critique of epistemological foundationalism and strict empiricism. Thereby these accounts rely upon an interpretation of scientific realism as it can be found in the Philosophy of Science. The thesis shows how these approaches to ontology on the one hand overcome epistemological foundationalism but, on the other hand, reaffirm a form of ontological foundationalism through the apodictic positing of ‘intransitive objects’ that exist outside and independent of the human mind. Such an approach, rather than leading to a new and better conception of ontology, reifies the same biases of Cartesian subjectivity, the designative nature of language, a correspondence theory of truth and the problem-laden concept of freedom as it was conceived in Kant’s third antinomy. In response to these approaches whose general aim at reconceptualising ontology must be welcomed, the thesis develops a new approach that does not recreate the same problems in a different fashion but tries to overcome them through a reconceptualisation of the term ontology itself. The basis for the thesis is to be found in post-Husserlian phenomenology, a body of literature that has so far been widely ignored in IR theorising. By explicating the main tenets in the thought of such eminent philosophers as Heidegger, Gadamer, Merleau-Ponty and Ricoeur the thesis reconstructs the notion of ontology on the basis of an enquiry into the meaning of being in general and human being in particular. From this perspective a new approach to the notions of agency, language, truth and freedom becomes possible without recreating the rifts and foundationalisms that characterises many approaches to social and political relations.

<p>The goal of this thesis is to improve Usability and functionality of a tool for artifact management, which applies taxonomic paths for categorizing artifacts. The main issues of using the taxonomic paths are used for categorization and should improve the precision when retrieving documents. The results show the improvements in functionality and usability of the artifact manager. This thesis explains about Usability, re-engineering, and necessary infrastructure to improve the performance of the artifact manager tool.At the end of the thesis necessary modifications has been done to improve usability and functionality of artifact manager</p>

Social studies of technology and particularly the sociology of technology have long explored the reticulations between technology and social life. More specifically, the sociology of technology has contributed numerous studies addressing the relationship between technological artefacts and the social order. Following this tradition, feminist studies of technology have developed robust analyses of technology and subjectivity, with particular attention given to questions of gender identity. Additionally, recent work in technology studies has engaged with the problem of embodiment, both in terms of technological practice and with regard to the body as a consequential phenomenon in sociological enquiry. This thesis aims to further develop the sociological study of technological artefacts, subjects, and bodies through sociophilosophical analysis. By bringing to bear sociological methodology and theory upon fundamental questions in the philosophy of technology, this research elucidates and resolves problems relevant to both the philosophy and sociology of technology. Specifically, this thesis interrogates the manners and modalities in which technological artefacts, subjects, and bodies are rendered intelligible in social life. In doing so, it develops a symmetrical sociological analysis of these three phenomena and posits a robust solution to the question concerning ontology within the philosophy of technology. Here, I posit a conceptualization of technological artefacts, subjects, and bodies as artificial kinds entities underdetermined by materiality and ontologically dependent upon self referential social practice. I argue that in using Kusch’s concept of artificial kinds, we gain a useful perspective with which to discern the relationships between the ontological constitution of artefacts, the development of subject positions, and the social ‘situatedness’ of bodies and embodied practice. I also develop the concept of entangled ontologies, an analytic lens that highlights the dependence and interrelation that characterize the ontological constitution of artefacts, subjects, and bodies in social life. My analysis re-frames critical questions of technological ontology and illustrates the importance of fundamental philosophical problems to the sociological study of technology. In doing so, I am extending and amending the Performative Theory of Social Institutions - the social theory of the Strong Programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge. My theoretical project is supported by robust empirical work, which focuses on technological experience and motorcycling in Latin America. I carried out 36 in-depth qualitative interviews with a varied sample of motorcyclists in Costa Rica, and supplemented these with ethnographic observation. This empirical work contributed substantially to the development of my theoretical argument, and constitutes a considerable portion of the argument contained within this thesis. The three primary chapters - concerned with artefacts, subjects, and bodies, respectively - make substantial use of my empirical work throughout their analytic arguments, and each chapter contains an empirical component consisting of consolidated case material. The first - on artefacts - addresses heteronormativity in the constitution of artefact ontologies. The second - on subjects - discusses the role of age and ageing in the articulation of motorcycling subject positions. Last, the empirical material on bodies addresses the role of machinic and corporeal practices in the classification and ontological constitution of bodies. All three of these components represent original contributions to technology studies. Notably, sexuality and ageing arguably remain invisible phenomena to sociologists of technology. The empirical and analytic work contained within this thesis contributes substantially to a variety of fields. As I discuss in detail in my concluding chapter, my use of symmetrical sociophilosophical analysis presents feminist technology studies with new avenues for research, as well as new analytic tools with which to address questions of paramount importance. My use of Kusch’s artificial kinds allows for a reconsideration of constructivism in technology studies, and provides a resolution to the Woolgar, Grint, & Kling debate of the early 1990s. Finally, this research presents the philosophy of technology with a new approach to the question of technological ontology, and contributes meaningfully to contemporary efforts to develop a synergetic sociological-philosophical analysis of technology.

Collective phenomena are ubiquitous in our every day lives; each day we are likely to observe or take part in a collective. Examples include a traffic jam on the way to work, a flock of birds in the sky or a queue in the shop. These examples include only three types of collective that are considered in this thesis: those phenomena whose individual members can be assigned a physical location in geographic space. However, this criterion is satisfied by many different types of collective. The movement patterns that are exhibited by collectives are one of their most prominent properties; it is often the property that we wish to reason about most. For example, the movement patterns of crowds, traffic or demonstrations. This thesis hypothesises that, given a dataset that comprises the movement data for a group of individuals, the presence of certain collectives can be achieved through an examination of the exhibited movement patterns. To identify the different types of collective that exist, a general taxonomy of collectives is presented. A class of collectives are found to manifest themselves through spatial coherence. Therefore, a set of spatial coherence criteria have been developed that can be applied to a movement dataset to indicate if any individuals within that dataset may be participating in a spatial collective. To indicate the different types of spatial collective that may be extracted, a taxonomy of spatial collectives is also presented.

According to Eli Hirsch many ontological disputes are verbal because, in these disputes, each side is most charitably interpreted as speaking the truth in its own language. In this thesis I argue that the ontological disputes Hirsch targets can’t be verbal. The problem with Hirsch’s proposal is that these ontological disputes are explicable in terms of ancillary disagreements about the explanatory value of intrinsic properties. If Hirsch believes that the ancillary disagreements are nonverbal, I argue, then he should interpret ontological disputes as being nonverbal as well. Alternatively, in order for Hirsch to interpret the ancillary disagreements as being verbal, he must reject an assumption implicit in ontologists’ existence assertions. In this case, he ought to interpret ontologists’ positive existence assertions as false. Either way, there is no plausible way to interpret the disputes Hirsch targets as being verbal.