Cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento da fase de pré-implantação. A aquisição da competência para o desenvolvimento do oócito depende de alterações morfológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares. Essas alterações ocorrem tanto nos oócitos como nas células do cumulus. O presente trabalho estudou a interação cumulus e oócito no processo de morte celular programada nos complexos de cumulus oophoros (COCs) de diferentes classes morfológicas em bovinos. Os COCs foram puncionados de ovários de abatedouro, selecionados e classificados em 3 qualidades morfológicas: A: cumulus completo; B: cumulus parcial; C: cumulus expandido (todos com ooplasma homogêneo). Os COCs foram utilizados para avaliação da maturação nuclear em 0 e em 24h de cultivo do grau de fragmentação do DNA das células do cumulus (CC) antes e após a maturação in vitro, avaliação da competência do desenvolvimento embrionário partenogenético até o 9º dia pós-ativação, avaliação da qualidade dos blastocistos e estimativa dos transcritos e proteínas BCL-2 e BAX em CC maturados por 24h. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a maioria dos oócitos imaturos do grupo COC-A estavam em estádio de VGi e apresentavam dano mínimo ou inexistente no DNA. Ao contrário, os COCs B e C após a retirada do folículo apresentavam-se em estádio mais avançado de VG e fragmentação do DNA. Após a maturação dos COCs houve um aumento significativo dos núcleos fragmentados nos grupos COC-C e principalmente no COC-B. A morfologia dos COCs alterou a quantidade de oócitos que conseguiram ultrapassar o bloqueio embrionário e desenvolver à blastocisto e não a qualidade dos blastocistos. A expressão da proteína BCL-2 nos COCs não diferiu entre as diferentes morfologias de COCs. No entanto, a razão entre as proteínas BCL-2/BAX foi maior nos grupos com o cumulus completo e no grupo com o cumulus expandido. O grupo de COC-B foi o que apresentou maior quantidade da proteína BAX e menor relação entre as proteínas BCL-2/BAX. Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que em COCs de diferentes morfologias existe uma correlação negativa entre fragmentação nuclear e potencial de desenvolvimento embrionário, e ainda que a baixa razão das proteínas BCL-2/BAX está relacionada com o aumento de fragmentação nuclear nas CC. No entanto, essa relação não ocorre com transcritos dos genes BCL-2 e BAX / About 40% of fertilized bovine oocytes do not complete development during the preimplantation period. It is known that the in vitro embryo production system is influenced by several factors, among them, the morphological quality of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). The present work aimed to study the cumulus-oocyte interaction on the process of programmed cell death in bovine COCs of different morphological classes. The COCs were obtained from bovine ovaries and classified according to the morphology of their cumulus cell layers, as follows: class A, compact and with many layers; class B, compact with few layers; class C, expanded (all classes with homogeneous ooplasm). Before in vitro maturation (IVM), the nuclear maturation in COCs and DNA fragmentation in cumulus cells (CC) were evaluated. After IVM, oocytes and CC were analyzed for nuclear maturation, DNA fragmentation and BCL-2 and BAX transcripts and proteins. The developmental competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos at the 9th day post-activation were also analyzed. The results showed that the majority of class A immature oocytes were at iGV stage, with minimal or inexistent DNA fragmantation, contrasting with the other classes of oocytes. In immature class B and C oocytes, the fGV stage of nuclear maturation was the most frequent, with increased DNA fragmentation. After IVM, an increase in DNA fragmentation was observed in B and C COCs, mainly in B group. The morphological type of COCs was not related with blastocyst quality, but affected the proportion of embryos capable of overcoming developmental block and reaching the blastocyst stage. BCL-2 protein in CC had the same expression level in all the COCs groups. However, the BCL-2/BAX proteins ratio was higher in A and C groups. COC-B had the highest BAX expression and lower ratio. These data demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between DNA fragmentation in CC and embryo developmental potential in different morphological types of COCs, and that the lower the BCL2/BAX protein ratio the greates the DNA fragmentation in CC, but this relation does not occur with transcripts

Orientador: Eunice Oba / Coorientador: Álan Maia Borges / Banca: Fernanda da Cruz Landim / Banca: Fabiana Ferreira de Souza / Banca: Luiz Sérgio de Almeida Camargo / Banca: Moysés dos Santos Miranda / Resumo: Esta pesquisa pretendeu estabelecer estratégias para aumentar a eficiência da produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) bubalinos. Neste contexto, avaliou a eficiência de protocolos de sincronização de doadoras de oócitos bubalinas visando aumentar a disponibilidade e qualidade dos oócitos obtidos pela aspiração folicular guiada por ultrassom (OPU) e o efeito da fonte de obtenção dos oócitos sobre a quantidade e qualidade dos mesmos. Além disso, analisou-se o efeito do fotoperíodo sobre a quantidade e qualidade do oócitos disponíveis, além da competência destes expressos pelas taxas de PIVE. Por fim, avaliou-se o efeito da adição do óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides (OELO) nas concentrações de 2,5; 5,0 e 10μg/mL, no meio de maturação in vitro (MIV) sobre as taxas de maturação oocitária, qualidade embrionária e PIVE em bovinos e bubalinos. Ovários e oócitos de animais não protocolados, protocolados por aspiração prévia dos folículos e protocolados com uso de hormônios esteróides e gonadotróficos, foram avaliados ultrassonograficamente e de acordo com a qualidade dos oócitos recolhidos por OPU. Demonstrou-se não haver variação na população folicular, no número e na qualidade dos oócitos recuperados por sessão, exceto uma redução dos folículos e oócitos Grau A foi notada quando o ciclo estral foi sincronizado por aspiração prévia dos folículos(p<0,05). Em relação a fonte de obtenção, para todos parâmetros avaliados, foi notada superioridade quando oócitos são recuperados de ovários de frigorífico(p<0,05). A qualidade dos oócitos recolhidos por OPU e a PIVE bubalinos foi influenciada pelo fotoperíodo na região estudada, elevando-se durante os meses de baixa luminosidade(p<0,05), fato não observado em bovinos. Por fim, a partir de avaliações da cromatina com DAPI, encontrou-se uma elevação da taxa de maturação nuclear em bovinos quando utilizou-se concentrações de... / Abstract: This study aimed to develop strategies to increase the efficiency of buffalo in vitro embryo production (IVEP). In this context, we evaluated the efficiency of synchronization protocols on buffalo oocyte donor aimed at increasing the availability and quality of oocytes obtained by ovum pick-up (OPU) and the effect of the source of obtaining oocytes on the quantity and quality. In addition, we analyzed the effect of photoperiod on the quantity and quality of oocytes available on ovary, beyond the competence of those expressed by the blastocyst rate. Finally, we evaluate the effect of essential oil of Lippia origanoides (EOLO) added at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0 and 10μg/ml, on in vitro maturation (IVM) media over oocyte maturation rate, embryo quality and IVEP on cattle and buffalo. Ovaries and oocytes of animals without protocol, protocol by prior aspiration of follicles and protocol with use of steroids and gonadotropic hormones were evaluated by ultrasonography and according to the of oocyte quality. It was demonstrated not vary the follicular population, number and quality of oocytes retrieved per session between the protocols but a reduction of follicles and Grade A oocytes was noted when the follicles were aspirated previously OPU. Regarding the oocyte source (live animals and abattoir ovaries), all evaluated parameters showed superiority when oocytes were derived from abattoir ovaries. The quality of oocytes collected by OPU and IVEP buffaloes was influenced by photoperiod in the region studied, increased when daylight decreases, which was not observed in cattle. Finally, from evaluations of chromatin stained with DAPI, it was found that bovine nuclear maturation rate increased when used concentrations of 2,5μg/ml EOLO. The quality of oocytes, expressed by cell number, increased when used concentrations of 2.5 and 5μg/ml of EOLO in buffaloes. Although it has not changed the blastocyst rate of PIVE in both species, the EOLO has ... / Doutor

Les biotechnologies de la reproduction sont aujourd’hui largement utilisées dans le contrôle de la fertilité animale et humaine. Ces techniques présentent cependant des rendements faibles et font actuellement l’objet de nombreuses recherches. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte et se focalise sur la recherche de nouvelles molécules pro-fertilité dans l’espèce bovine, et s’articule autour de deux axes : le premier consiste à tester les propriétés pro-fertilité d’une enzyme du métabolisme lipidique sur la maturation ovocytaire, la fécondation et le développement embryonnaire préimplantatoire in vitro, et le deuxième à découvrir des molécules permettant d’améliorer la fécondance des spermatozoïdes. Nous démontrons ici que l’application de l’enzyme améliore de manière significative le nombre et la qualité des embryons au stade blastocyste. Un savoir-faire quant à l’utilisation de cette enzyme (fenêtre de traitement, concentration,…) a été développé. Cette thèse a également permit de caractériser différents composés avec des propriétés différentes dont une molécule originale permettant d’augmenter la vitesse des spermatozoïdes. Ce composé est prometteur car il est aussi actif sur des spermatozoïdes issus du testicule, de l’épididyme ou de l’éjaculat, avant ou après congélation. / The reproductive biotechnologies are now widely used in control of animal and human fertility. However, these technics have low yields and are currently the subject of much research. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the search for new pro-fertility molecules in cattle, organized around two axis : the first one is to test the pro-fertility properties of an enzyme from lipid metabolism on maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development in vitro, and the second one is to discover molecules to improve sperm fertilizing ability. Here, we show that application of the enzyme significantly improve the number and quality of embryos at the blastocyst stage. Expertise in the use of this enzyme (time of treatment, concentration, etc.) was developed. This thesis also allowed the characterization of different compounds with different properties. Among them, one original molecule increase sperm velocity. This compound is promising because it works on sperm from the testis, epididymis or ejaculate before or after freezing.

The follicle and its enclosed oocyte share intimate and critical communication that regulates folliculogenesis and produces a mature oocyte. Protein and RNA accumulated in the oocyte during oogenesis control fertilization and direct embryonic development until the embryonic genome activates. Most knowledge of mammalian oocyte biology has been derived from eutherian species. Marsupials deserve more detailed studies because they have a distinct reproductive biology that offers a unique perspective from which to consider mammalian reproduction. The oocyte biology of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, is the focus of research in this thesis. Cold storage, a simple method for transporting ovarian tissue, was evaluated using histological techniques and follicle culture to assess the structure and function of tammar ovarian tissue. In vitro techniques were used to examine and compare: -folliculogenesis in prepubertal and adult animals, - fertilization of in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes, - and embryo development in follicular and tubal oocytes. / Tammar ovaries were placed in cold storage (PBS at 4?C) for 24 or 48 hours. Necrotic changes were minimal in ovarian follicles after cold storage and preantral follicles isolated from ovarian tissue after cold storage grew by similar amounts as non-stored follicles when cultured for 4 days in vitro. Although the general morphology and growth of follicles are unaffected after cold storage for up to 48 hours, the viability of the oocyte is of prime importance. The next important stages of this study were to develop in vitro techniques for follicle culture and for oocyte maturation and fertilization for future assessment of oocytes after cold storage. / A defined (serum-free) culture system was developed to grow isolated preantral follicles from prepubertal and adult tammars. FSH promoted follicle growth and antrum formation in follicles from prepubertal tammars. Although FSH promoted growth in follicles from adult tammars, other factors present in serum were required for antrum formation. Therefore, once the hypothalmo-pituitary-gonadal axis is mature, hormones and growth factors modify the mechanism of antrum formation. Only follicles that developed an antrum in the presence of serum had granulosa and theca layers that had appropriately differentiated. While FSH stimulates follicle growth in vitro, more complex conditions are required to promote granulosa and theca differentiation. / Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was successfully used to compare fertilization of in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes as well as the development of mature oocytes collected from the ovary (surrounded by zona pellucida) or from the oviduct (surrounded by zona pellucida and mucoid coat). In vitro matured oocytes proceeded though the early stages of fertilization (e.g. sperm nuclear decondensation, pronuclear formation), but not syngamy. After sperm injection, in vivo matured oocytes cleaved as far as the 8-cell stage. Oocytes do not lose their ability to fertilize after acquisition of the mucoid coat, since tubal oocytes cleaved as far as the 8-cell stage after sperm injection. Follicular oocytes develop as far as the 5-cell stage after sperm injection, but embryos had a large cleavage cavity that hindered cell-cell contact. While the mucoid coat is not required for cleavage, it is important for appropriate cell-cell interaction and normal early development of the embryo. / This, the most detailed in vitro study of marsupial oocyte biology, has shown that there are many similarities in the biology of marsupial and eutherian oocytes but that the unique biology of marsupials offers a significant perspective on mammalian reproduction. This work also lays the foundation for the effective use of assisted reproductive techniques for conservation of Australia’s unique mammalian fauna.

<p>The main aims were to investigate emotional reactions during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment among women and men, attitudes of IVF couples towards cryopreserved embryos and public attitudes towards various aspects of oocyte donation in Sweden. Assessments of emotional, physical and social reactions were made on a daily reaction scale and attitudes on the basis of study-specific questionnaires. Both women and men experienced the stages of oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer, as well as the luteal phase, as being particularly stressful and there was a similarity in the type of reaction pattern. Presence of supernumerary embryos for cryopreservation increased the women’s optimism, but did not seem to reduce their level of distress on the day of embryo transfer. One-third of IVF couples chose not to use their cryopreserved embryos. The main reasons among the respondents concerned family planning and too short a legally allowed time of embryo storage. There was strong support for oocyte donation among a subset of the Swedish population. Women were more positive than men towards oocyte donation and to disclosure of the origin to offspring. Factors that might increase the likelihood of women becoming oocyte donors were talking to women with experience of donating oocytes, proximity to the clinic, accessibility of counselling and having children of their own. These results indicate that different approaches to psychological care for women and men may not be warranted during IVF treatment. Contact should be maintained during the cryopreservation period in order to adress the couple’s questions and concerns about the embryos. To increase the donor pool, IVF clinics could provide information about donation to potential donors through the Internet and through experienced donors. The information to donors and recipient couples about different consequences of donation seems to be of great importance.</p>

The main aims were to investigate emotional reactions during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment among women and men, attitudes of IVF couples towards cryopreserved embryos and public attitudes towards various aspects of oocyte donation in Sweden. Assessments of emotional, physical and social reactions were made on a daily reaction scale and attitudes on the basis of study-specific questionnaires. Both women and men experienced the stages of oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer, as well as the luteal phase, as being particularly stressful and there was a similarity in the type of reaction pattern. Presence of supernumerary embryos for cryopreservation increased the women’s optimism, but did not seem to reduce their level of distress on the day of embryo transfer. One-third of IVF couples chose not to use their cryopreserved embryos. The main reasons among the respondents concerned family planning and too short a legally allowed time of embryo storage. There was strong support for oocyte donation among a subset of the Swedish population. Women were more positive than men towards oocyte donation and to disclosure of the origin to offspring. Factors that might increase the likelihood of women becoming oocyte donors were talking to women with experience of donating oocytes, proximity to the clinic, accessibility of counselling and having children of their own. These results indicate that different approaches to psychological care for women and men may not be warranted during IVF treatment. Contact should be maintained during the cryopreservation period in order to adress the couple’s questions and concerns about the embryos. To increase the donor pool, IVF clinics could provide information about donation to potential donors through the Internet and through experienced donors. The information to donors and recipient couples about different consequences of donation seems to be of great importance.

Nlrp5, a maternal-effect gene, is required for embryonic progression and female fertility in mice. Previous work indicated an age-related decline in Nlrp5 transcripts in murine oocytes. As maternal age is associated with increased spindle organization defects, studies in this thesis focused on the analysis of meiotic spindle defects in oocytes of Nlrp5-deficient mice. NALP5 protein showed a novel kinetochore-localization pattern, which was disturbed by spindle poisons. Nlrp5-deficient oocytes displayed a higher frequency of spindle abnormalities and chromosomal misalignment. Upon fertilization, these defects translated into increased incidences of multinucleation. As these phenotypes are associated with deficiencies in genome stability, we examined spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) components. We found that numerous SAC proteins were dysregulated, implying that NALP5 may be critical in sensing oocyte-related SAC defects. We found that Nlrp5-deficient oocytes may have increased DNA damage. Thus, Nlrp5 may be an integral component responsible for preservation of genome integrity in female gametes.

Nlrp5, a maternal-effect gene, is required for embryonic progression and female fertility in mice. Previous work indicated an age-related decline in Nlrp5 transcripts in murine oocytes. As maternal age is associated with increased spindle organization defects, studies in this thesis focused on the analysis of meiotic spindle defects in oocytes of Nlrp5-deficient mice. NALP5 protein showed a novel kinetochore-localization pattern, which was disturbed by spindle poisons. Nlrp5-deficient oocytes displayed a higher frequency of spindle abnormalities and chromosomal misalignment. Upon fertilization, these defects translated into increased incidences of multinucleation. As these phenotypes are associated with deficiencies in genome stability, we examined spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) components. We found that numerous SAC proteins were dysregulated, implying that NALP5 may be critical in sensing oocyte-related SAC defects. We found that Nlrp5-deficient oocytes may have increased DNA damage. Thus, Nlrp5 may be an integral component responsible for preservation of genome integrity in female gametes.

We have developed a novel, sensitive and less time-consuming method to detect activity of the SecA-dependent protein-conducting channels. Nanogram levels of E. coli inverted membrane vesicles were injected into Xenopus oocytes, and ionic currents were recorded using the two-electrode voltage clamp. Currents were observed only in the presence of E. coli SecA in conjunction with E. coli membranes. The observed currents showed outward rectification in the presence of KCl as permeable ions and were significantly enhanced by coinjection with the precursor protein, proOmpA, or active LamB signal peptide. Channel activity was blockable with sodium azide or adenylyl 5’-(β, γ-methylene)-diphosphonate, a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, both of which are known to inhibit SecA protein activity. Channel activity was also stimulated by oocyte endogenous precursor proteins, which could be inhibited by puromycin. In the presence of puromycin, exogenous proOmpA or LamB signal peptides, but not defective signal peptides, stimulated the ionic currents. We also measured SecA-dependent currents with membranes depleted of SecYEG. Wild-type LamB signal peptides, or precursor proteins stimulated ionic currents following a co-injection of SecYEG¯ membranes with puromycin. Excess exogenous SecA stimulated ionic currents through SecYEG¯ membranes. Similar activities of added SecA were observed with reconstituted membranes depleted of SecYEG. Currents through such SecYEG-depleted membranes were also stimulated by addition of defective LamB signal peptides and unfolded mature PhoA protein. In contrast, currents produced by the membranes containing wild-type SecYEG were not so stimulated, but ionic currents were stimulated through mutant strains, similar to PrlA (SecY) suppressors, e.g. PrlA4, or PrlA665 membranes, suggesting that the proofreading function of SecY was bypassed in these membranes. We have observed that azide can inhibit ionic currents when E. coli wild-type MC4100 membranes were injected with proOmpA or LamB signal peptides into Xenopus oocytes. However, such inhibition was lost when observed with oocyte-endogenous signal peptides in the absence of bacterial signal peptides. Moreover, azide did not show complete inhibition upon using SecYEG¯ membranes or SecYEG¯ reconstituted membranes plus excess SecA in the presence or absence of LamB signal peptides. Such conformational alterations reflect different sensitivity in response to azide during the opening of protein-conducting channels.

The wave-like developmental pattern of follicles ≥1 mm in temporal relationship with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the existence of 2- and 3-waves of follicular development during an interovulatory interval (IOI) have been clearly defined in cattle. However, information about the developmental pattern of antral follicles <1 mm and the repeatability of the wave pattern (2- or 3-wave IOI) is lacking. Using approaches such as immunization against GnRH (to suppress circulating concentrations of FSH) and histomorphometric study of ovarian tissues collected from cyclic heifers on different days after ovulation, the developmental pattern of antral follicles <1 mm and the role of FSH in their development were studied in heifers. Ultrasonographically acquired follicular data were used to determine the repeatability of 2- and 3-wave patterns and the effect of season on the wave patterns. The ovulatory follicle in 3-wave IOI is exposed to a shorter term high-progesterone environment than that of 2-wave IOI, and it has been argued that the less-aged ovulatory follicle of 3-wave IOI yields a more fertile oocyte than the 2-wave IOI. The developmental competence of oocytes in preovulatory follicles of 2- versus 3-wave IOI was compared using in vivo environments created to mimic short-term low- and high-progesterone environments similar to 2- and 3-wave IOI, respectively. The developmental competence of oocytes in persistent dominant-type follicles was also determined.<p>The vaccination against GnRH attenuated FSH surges but did not suppress the basal circulating concentrations of FSH. The attenuation of FSH surges suppressed the wave-like emergence of follicles ≥4 mm but not of the antral follicles <4 mm. The study revealed an inverse relationship between the mean and peak circulating concentrations of FSH and the number of follicles recruited into ≥1 mm size category. Histomorphometric study revealed that antral follicles <1 mm developed in a wave-like fashion in response to a rise in the circulating concentrations of FSH. After treatment with exogenous FSH, the growth rate of follicles in GnRH-immunized heifers was similar to controls. <p>The duration of IOI was predictive of the wave pattern (i.e., 2- or 3-wave IOI), and the pattern was repeatable within individuals throughout the year. The dominant follicle of Wave 1 in 2-wave IOI had a longer duration of dominance than in 3-wave IOI. Hence, the dominant follicle of Wave 1 may have a primary role in the regulation of 2- and 3-wave patterns. Greater attrition of follicles in 3-wave IOI, due to the emergence of an extra wave compared to 2-wave IOI, may contribute to earlier follicular depletion and onset of reproductive senescence in heifers with primarily a 3-wave pattern. The fertilization capacity of oocytes that were exposed to the short-term low-progesterone environment (i.e., similar to the early growing phase of the ovulatory follicle of 3-wave IOI) was increased, but the developmental competence post-fertilization was not different from oocytes that were exposed to a short-term high-progesterone environment (i.e., similar to the early growing phase of preovulatory follicle of 2-wave IOI). Multiple follicles developed under the prolonged-low progesterone environment, but failed to ovulate.