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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Ontogenesis of central opioid systems in rats perinatally exposed to lead

McDowell, Julia January 1988 (has links)
The literature relating to the ontogeny of the opioid system and to the toxic effects of lead in both man and animals with particular reference to neurochemical and behavioural toxicity of lead is reviewed. The effects of perinatal lead exposure on the development of several aspects of opioid function has been studied using a dosing model of lead (as the acetate) in the maternal drinking water from conception until postnatal day 14 or 21. This model of low level perinatal lead exposure in rats had no toxic effects on growth and produced blood lead levels close to the safety limits set for human exposure and similar to those that have been recorded in some children. The ontogeny of morphine antinociception using the tail immersion test and ketocyclazocine in the paw pressure test was studied in 10,21 and 30 day old rats. Perinatal lead exposure decreased the antinociceptive activity of both morphine and ketocyclazocine in 10 day old rats. Recovery of morphine antinociception occured by 21 days and ketocyclazocine antinociception by 30 days. Radioligand binding studies with [3H]DAGO were used to study the ontogeny of u-opioid receptors in 10,21 and 30 day old rats. Perinatal lead exposure was without effect on equilibrium dissociation constant or maximal binding capacity. Radioligand binding studies with [[3]H] DPDPE were used to study the ontogeny of 6 -opioid receptors in rats between 15 and 50 days. The affinity of the 6-opioid binding site for [[3]H] DPDPE was reduced by perinatal lead exposure but without accompanying changes in binding capacity. This effect of lead on s-opioid receptors was persistant and was observed in rats aged 15-50 days. Basal plasma corticosterone levels (measured fluorimetrically) were elevated by perinatal lead exposure in 45 and 60 day old rats but not in 30 day old rats. In addition the modulatory effect of morphine on stress induced elevations of corticosterone levels was also affected by lead exposure. A reduced effect of morphine was seen in 30 day old animals whilst an increased effect was seen in 60 day old animals. Locomotor activity (measured by photocell detection) of 10,21 and 30 day old rats was recorded over 1 hour during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. Exploratory locomotor activity was reduced in lead exposed animals at postnatal day 10 and the hypolocomotor effect of morphine was also increased in 10 day old lead exposed animals. The opioid system is particularly sensitive to perinatal low level lead exposure and this is manifested in several aspects of physiological function. Possible mechanisms by which lead affects the development of the opioid system are discussed.
2

Behavioral studies on the role of opioid system in palatability and acquisition of reinforcement for dietary fat / 油脂の嗜好性および油脂へ執着する過程におけるオピオイド系の役割に関する研究

Sakamoto, Kazuhiro 23 March 2015 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19024号 / 農博第2102号 / 新制||農||1030(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4906(農学部図書室) / 31975 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 伏木 亨, 教授 保川 清, 教授 金本 龍平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
3

Molecular Adaptations in the Endogenous Opioid System in Human and Rodent Brain

Hussain, Muhammad Zubair January 2013 (has links)
The aims of the thesis were to examine i) whether the endogenous opioid system (EOS) is lateralized in human brain areas involved in processing of emotions and pain; ii) whether EOS responses to unilateral brain injury depend on side of lesion, and iii) whether in human alcoholics, this system is involved in molecular adaptations in brain areas relevant for cognitive control of addictive behavior and habit formation. The main findings were that (1) opioid peptides but not opioid receptors and classic neurotransmitters are markedly lateralized in the anterior cingulate cortex involved in processing of  positive and negative emotions and affective component of pain. The region-specific lateralization of neuronal networks expressing opioid peptides may underlie in part lateralization of higher functions in the human brain including emotions and pain. (2) Analysis of the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrated predominant alteration of dynorphin levels in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injury, while injury to the right hemisphere affected dynorphin levels in the striatum and frontal cortex to a greater extent than that to the left hemisphere. Thus, trauma reveals a lateralization in the mechanisms mediating the response of dynorphin expressing neuronal networks in the brain. These networks may differentially mediate effects of left or right brain injury on lateralized brain functions. (3) In human alcoholics, the enkephalin and dynorphin systems were found to be downregulated in the caudate nucleus and / or putamen that may underlie in part changes in goal directed behavior and formation of a compulsive habit in alcoholics. In contrast to downregulation in these areas, PDYN mRNA and dynorphins in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, k-opioid receptor mRNA in orbitofrontal cortex, and dynorphins in hippocampus were upregulated in alcoholics. Activation of the k-opioid receptor by upregulated dynorphins may underlie in part neurocognitive dysfunctions relevant for addiction and disrupted inhibitory control. We conclude that the EOS exhibits region-specific lateralization in human brain and brain-area specific lateralized response after unilateral TBI in mice; and that the EOS is involved in adaptive processes associated with specific aspects of alcohol dependence.
4

Antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição no peixe Leporinus macrocephalus / Restraint stress-induced antinociception in the fish Leporinus macrocephalus

Wolkers, Carla Patricia Bejo 26 March 2014 (has links)
A atribuição da percepção da dor pelos peixes é um assunto controverso no meio científico. Alguns autores associam a percepção da dor a estruturas neocorticais que estão ausentes em peixes. Entretanto, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que os peixes são capazes de perceber e responder a estímulos nocivos de maneira semelhante ao que é observado em mamíferos, sendo estas respostas sensíveis à administração de morfina. Além disso, estudos pioneiros de nosso laboratório demonstraram a existência de um sistema analgésico endógeno em peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se este sistema analgésico endógeno pode ser ativado pelo estresse. A natureza neuroquímica deste sistema e a participação de uma região telencefálica, o telencéfalo dorsomedial (Dm), na modulação da antinocicepção também foram investigados. Nossos dados demonstram que o estresse de restrição de 3 e 5 minutos de duração inibe a resposta comportamental à injeção subcutânea de formalina a 3% na região da nadadeira adiposa no peixe Leporinus macrocephalus, sugerindo que este procedimento é capaz de ativar um sistema antinociceptivo endógeno. Além disso, a antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição de 3 e 5 min é de curta duração, sendo observada apenas por 5 min após o término da restrição. A análise da natureza neuroquímica da antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição revelou participação do sistema opióde e canabinoide na modulação desta resposta. O tratamento prévio com injeção intraperitoneal de naloxona (30 mg.kg-1), um antagonista opioide não seletivo, bloqueou a antinocicepção induzida pela restrição de 3 min de duração, mas não foi capaz de inibir a antinocicepção induzida pela restrição de 5 min de duração. Já o tratamento prévio com injeção intraperitoneal de AM251 (3 mg.kg-1), um antagonista de receptores canabinoides tipo 1, bloqueou a antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição de 3 e 5 min de duração, sugerindo que o sistema canabinoide desempenha um papel fundamental na antinocicepção induzida por esta modalidade de estresse na espécie estudada. Nosso estudo também demonstrou que a região do telencéfalo dorsomedial está envolvida na modulação da antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição no peixe L. macrocephalus. A microinjeção de midazolan (40 e 80 nmol), um agonista de receptores benzodiazepínicos, no telencéfalo Dm bloqueou a antinocicepção induzida pela restrição de 3 e 5 min de duração. Além disso, o tratamento prévio com flumazenil (80 e 160 nmol), um antagonista específico de receptores benzodiazepínicos, inibiu os efeitos do tratamento com midazolan, demonstrando que o bloqueio da antinocicepção promovido pelo midazolan ocorre pela ativação específica dos receptores benzodiazepínicos. Juntos estes resultados trazem novas perspectivas acerca do entendimento sobre a percepção nociceptiva em peixes. Este é o primeiro trabalho que traz evidências acerca da existência de um sistema de modulação da dor ativado pelo estresse e demonstra a participação de uma região encefálica específica na modulação desta antinocicepção. Estes resultados indicam que as vias analgésicas endógenas em peixes são ativadas de maneira semelhante aos mamíferos, sugerindo que estes animais possuem um processamento complexo da informação nociceptiva. / The assignment of pain perception by fish is controversial among scientists. Some authors associate the pain perception to neocortical structures that are absent in fish. However, recent studies have shown that fish are able to perceive and respond to noxious stimuli, similar to observed in mammals, and this responses are sensitive to morphine administration. Furthermore, pioneering studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the existence of an endogenous analgesic system in fish. This study aimed to evaluate if this endogenous analgesic system can be activated by stress, the neurochemical nature of this system and involvement of a telencephalic region, the dorsomedial (Dm) telencephalon, in the antinociception modulation. Our data demonstrate that 3 and 5 min of restraint stress inhibits the behavioral response to subcutaneous injection of formalin 3 % in the adipose fin in the fish Leporinus macrocephalus, suggesting that this procedure can activate an endogenous antinociceptive system. Furthermore, stress-induced antinociception induced by 3 and 5 min of restraint is short, with the antinociceptive effects being observed only for 5 min after the restriction. The analysis of the neurocheamical nature of antinociception induced by restraint stress revealed the involvement of opioid and cannabinoid systems in the modulation of this response. The pre-treatment with intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (30 mg.kg-1), a non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, blocked the antinociception induced by 3 min of restraint, but was not able to inhibit the antinociception induced by 5 min of restraint. The pre-treatment with intraperitoneal injection of AM251 ( 3 mg.kg-1), a type 1 cannabinoid receptors antagonist, blocked the stress-induced antinociception promoted by 3 and 5 min of restraint, suggesting that the cannabinoid system plays a critical role in this type of stress-induced antinociception in the studied species. Our study also showed that the dorsomedial telencephalon is involved in the modulation of stress-induced antinociception in fish L. macrocephalus. The microinjection of midazolan (40 and 80 nmol), a benzodiazepine receptors agonist, in the Dm blocked the stress-induced antinociception promoted by 3 and 5 min of restraint. Furthermore, pre-treatment with flumazenil (80 and 160 nmol), a benzodiazepine receptors selective antagonist, inhibited the effects of the midazolan treatment, demonstrating that the antinociception blockade by midazolan is promoted by specific activation of benzodiazepine receptors. Together these results provide new insights on the understanding of nociceptive perception in fish. This is the first study that demonstrates evidence for the existence of a pain modulation system activated by stress in fish and demonstrates the involvement of a specific brain region in the modulation of this antinociception. These results indicate that the endogenous analgesic pathways in fish are activated in a similar manner to mammals, suggesting that these animals have a complex processing of nociceptive information.
5

Avalia??o farmacol?gica das atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamat?ria do composto (?)-4-cloro-6-(naftaleno-1-il)-tetrahidro-2h-pirano-2-il-metanol / Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory profile of (?)-4-chloro-6-(naphthalen-1-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl-methanol

Gon?alves, Gabriela Mastrangelo 23 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-14T12:00:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Gabriela Mastrangelo Gon?alves.pdf: 1218648 bytes, checksum: d31754b24278f68ec75382b5ff3932c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T12:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Gabriela Mastrangelo Gon?alves.pdf: 1218648 bytes, checksum: d31754b24278f68ec75382b5ff3932c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / Several drugs in current use were discovered during experimental tests and by observing animals. When a new compound looks promising, it usually undergoes changes in its chemical structure in order to perfect its selectivity, potency and therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a new synthetic hybrid compound (?)-4-chloro-6-(naphthalen-1-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl-methanol (CTHP) prepared from a previous prototype acid, (?) - cis- (6-ethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl) Formic. The compound CTHP was evaluated in acute pain induction assays. Oral administration of the compound was able to induce antinociceptive activity in models of writhing induced by acetic acid, formalin (both stages) and tail flick. To elucidate the mechanism of action of the compound, the tail flick model was used. This model was perform by prior administration of naloxone (opioid antagonist non-selective), where we observed the inhibition of the effect produced by the compound. The selective involvement of opioid receptors (?, ? and ?) was then evaluated by prior administration of methylnaltrexone, naltrindol, and nor-binaltorphimine, respectively, where only nor-binaltorphimine was able to reduce the analgesic effect of the compound. To evaluate the possible role of the NO/cGMP/KATP, animals were pretreated with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H- [1,2,4 ] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (inhibitor of guanylate cyclase sensitive to nitric oxide), and glibenclamide (blocker of the ATP-regulated potassium channels), where reduction was observed with the administration of analgesic effect prior to all of these. In the tolerance induction test, both morphine and compound developed tolerance, however the compound perform at a slower rate and developed cross-tolerance with morphine. To assess the involvement of serotonin pathway in the activity of the compound, daily administration for 3 days of 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (inhibitor of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase) was performed. No changes in the analgesic effect of the compound was noted, with regard to the involvement of serotonin pathway. The open field model was used to assess the possibility of interference from motor performance on the analgesic effect, which demonstrated absence of this interference. As for anti-inflammatory activity results in paw edema test indicate anti-oedematogenic effect of compound. There was a decrease in the number of total leukocytes, indicating that the compound was able to reduce existing inflammation in leukocyte migration in the air pouch model. The compound also demonstrated an inhibitory activity on TNF-? production and selective inhibition of COX-2 enzyme. These results indicate significant antinociceptive activity of the compound without evidence of motor impairment. The compound CTHP showed central analgesic effect, which has contribution of opioid systems (selective for the ?-like receptors) and nitrergic in its mechanism of action. It has also showed an anti-inflammatory activity, with inhibition of leukocyte migration, TNF-? production and selective inhibitory activity on COX-2. / Diversos f?rmacos de uso corrente foram descobertos durante ensaios experimentais e mediante a observa??o em animais. Quando um novo composto parece promissor, geralmente este sofre altera??es em sua estrutura qu?mica a fim de aperfei?oar a sua seletividade, pot?ncia e efic?cia terap?utica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamat?ria de um novo composto sint?tico (?)-4-cloro-6-(naftaleno-1-il)-tetrahidro-2h-pirano-2-il-metanol (CTHP) preparado a partir de um prot?tipo anterior, ?cido (?)-cis-(6-etil-tetrahidropirano-2-il) f?rmico. O composto CTHP foi avaliado em ensaios de indu??o de dor aguda. A administra??o oral do composto foi capaz de induzir atividade antinociceptiva nos modelos de contor??es abdominais induzidas por ?cido ac?tico, formalina (em ambas as fases) e retirada da cauda. Para elucida??o do mecanismo de a??o do composto, o modelo de retirada de cauda foi utilizado. Neste modelo foi realizada a administra??o pr?via de naloxona (antagonista opioide n?o-seletivo), em que foi observada a inibi??o do efeito produzido pelo composto. Assim, foi ent?o avaliada a participa??o seletiva de receptores opioides (?, ? e ?), atrav?s de administra??o pr?via de metilnaltrexona, naltrindol e nor-binaltorfimina, respectivamente, onde somente a nor-binaltorfimina foi capaz de reduzir o efeito antinociceptivo do composto. Para avaliar a poss?vel participa??o da via NO/GMPc/KATP, os animais foram pr?-tratados com N-nitro-arginina-L-metil ?ster (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalina-1-ona (ODQ) (inibidor da guanilato ciclase sens?vel ao ?xido n?trico) e glibenclamida (bloqueador de canais de pot?ssio regulados por ATP), foi observado redu??o do efeito antinociceptivo com a administra??o pr?via de todos estes. No teste de indu??o de toler?ncia, tanto a morfina quanto o composto desenvolveram toler?ncia, por?m o composto de forma mais lenta e houve desenvolvimento de toler?ncia cruzada com a morfina. Para avaliar o envolvimento da via serotonin?rgica na atividade do composto, foi realizada a administra??o di?ria por 3 dias de 4-cloro-DL-fenilalanina (inibidor da enzima triptofano hidroxilase). Nenhuma altera??o no efeito antinociceptivo do composto foi observado, no que diz respeito ao envolvimento da via serotonin?rgica. J? o modelo de campo aberto foi utilizado para avaliar a possibilidade de interfer?ncia da performance motora sobre o efeito antinociceptivo, foi demonstrada aus?ncia desta interfer?ncia. Quanto ? atividade anti-inflamat?ria, o resultado no teste de edema de pata indica efeito antiedematog?nico do composto. Houve uma diminui??o na quantidade de leuc?citos totais, indicando que o composto foi capaz de reduzir a migra??o leucocit?ria na inflama??o existente na bolsa de ar subcut?neo. O composto tamb?m demonstrou atividade inibit?ria sobre a produ??o de TNF-? e inibi??o seletiva da enzima COX-2. Esses resultados indicam atividade antinociceptiva significativa do composto, sem evid?ncias de comprometimento motor. O composto CTHP demonstrou efeito antinociceptivo central, tendo este ?ltimo contribui??o dos sistemas opioide (seletivo para receptores do tipo ?) e nitr?rgico em seu mecanismo de a??o. E ainda, atividade anti-inflamat?ria, com inibi??o da migra??o leucocit?ria, de TNF-? e atividade inibit?ria seletiva sobre COX-2.
6

Atividade Antinociceptiva da Mangiferina, uma Glicosilxantona Isolada de Mangifera indica L., em Camundongos / Antinociceptive activity of Mangiferin a Glicosilxantona Isolated from Mangifera indica L. in mice

Synara Cavalcante Lopes 13 November 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A mangiferina à o principal constituinte das folhas e casca do caule da Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), e possui vÃrias atividades como antioxidante, imunomodulatÃria e antiinflamatÃria. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da mangiferina, isolada de Mangifera indica, em modelos de nocicepÃÃo quÃmica (teste de contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico, teste da formalina e teste da capsaicina) e tÃrmica (teste da placa quente e teste de imersÃo da cauda) em camundongos Swiss machos. Foi investigada a participaÃÃo do sistema opiÃide, canais TRP e TRPV1, Ãxido nÃtrico e adenosina no mecanismo de aÃÃo da mangiferina. A administraÃÃo de mangiferina (30 e 100 mg/kg, v.o.) e morfina (5 mg/kg, s.c.) reduziu significativamente (p<0,05) o nÃmero de contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas pelo Ãcido acÃtico em 65, 83 e 100%, respectivamente. A naloxona antagonizou o efeito antinociceptivo da morfina e da mangiferina (30mg/kg). Assim como a morfina (5 mg/kg, s.c.), a mangiferina (100 mg/kg, v.o.) demonstrou atividade antinociceptiva nas duas fases do teste da formalina, enquanto a dose de 30 mg/kg v.o., demonstrou efeito apenas na segunda fase do teste. A naloxona antagonizou o efeito antinociceptivo da morfina e da mangiferina (100mg/kg), nas duas fases do teste. A mangiferina (10, 30 e 100 mg/kg, v.o.) e a morfina (5 mg/kg, s.c.) mostraram atividade antinociceptiva significativa no teste da caspaicina, reduzindo a nocicepÃÃo em 44, 50, 61 e 100% respectivamente. A naloxona antagonizou o efeito antinociceptivo da morfina e da mangiferina (30mg/kg) no teste da capsaicina. No modelo da capsaicina, o prÃ-tratamento com naloxonazina (30 mg/kg), vermelho de rutÃnio (3 mg/kg, s.c.), capsazepina (5 mg/kg, i.p.) e L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.p.) demonstrou que nÃo hà envolvimento do receptor Â-opiÃide, canais TRP, canais TRPV1 e Ãxido nÃtrico, respectivamente na aÃÃo da mangiferina. O prÃ-tratamento com glibenclamida (5 mg/kg, i.p.) e 8-fenilteofilina (8 mg/kg, i.p.) apontou para a participaÃÃo de canais de potÃssio e de receptores de adenosina no mecanismo de aÃÃo da mangiferina. Nos testes da placa quente e imersÃo da cauda, a mangiferina (10, 30 e 100 mg/kg) nÃo apresentou efeito antinociceptivo. Os resultados sugerem que a mangiferina exerce atividade antinociceptiva aguda atravÃs de um mecanismo de aÃÃo perifÃrico com envolvimento do sistema opiÃide, canais de potÃssio e receptores de adenosina. Mecanismos complementares incluindo supressÃo de mediadores inflamatÃrios podem estar envolvidos. / The mangiferin is the major constituent of the leaves and bark of the Mangifera indica L. and has various activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory properties. This study evaluated the effect of mangiferin, isolated from M. indica, in models of chemical nociception (writhing test induced by acetic acid, formalin test and capsaicin test) and thermal (hot plate test and tail immersion test) in Swiss mice males. We investigated the involvement of the opioid system, TRPV1 and TRP channels, nitric oxide and adenosine receptors in the mechanism of action of mangiferin. Administration of mangiferin (30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly reduced (p<0.05) the number of writhing induced by acetic acid in 65, 83 and 100%, respectively. Naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine and mangiferin (30mg/kg). Like morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.), mangiferin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) showed antinociceptive activity in both phases of the formalin test, while the dose of 30 mg/kg p.o. showed effect only on the second test phase. Naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine and mangiferin (100mg/kg) in both phases of the test. The mangiferin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) showed significant antinociceptive activity in the caspaicin test, reducing nociception at 44, 50, 61 and 100% respectively. Naloxone antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine and mangiferin (30mg/kg) in capsaicin test. In capsaicin test pretreatment with naloxonazine (30 mg/kg), ruthenium red (3 mg/kg, s.c.), capsazepine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.p.) showed no involvement of &#956;-opioid receptor, TRP channels, TRPV1 channels and nitric oxide, respectively in the action of mangiferin. Pretreatment with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and 8-fenilteofilina (8 mg/kg, i.p.) pointed towards the involvement of potassium channels and adenosine receptors in the mechanism of action of mangiferin. In the hot plate test and tail immersion, the mangiferin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) showed no antinociceptive effect. The results suggest that mangiferin exerts acute antinociceptive activity through a peripheral mechanism of action involving opioid system, potassium channels and adenosine receptors. Complementary mechanisms including suppression of inflammatory mediators may be involved.
7

Antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição no peixe Leporinus macrocephalus / Restraint stress-induced antinociception in the fish Leporinus macrocephalus

Carla Patricia Bejo Wolkers 26 March 2014 (has links)
A atribuição da percepção da dor pelos peixes é um assunto controverso no meio científico. Alguns autores associam a percepção da dor a estruturas neocorticais que estão ausentes em peixes. Entretanto, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que os peixes são capazes de perceber e responder a estímulos nocivos de maneira semelhante ao que é observado em mamíferos, sendo estas respostas sensíveis à administração de morfina. Além disso, estudos pioneiros de nosso laboratório demonstraram a existência de um sistema analgésico endógeno em peixes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se este sistema analgésico endógeno pode ser ativado pelo estresse. A natureza neuroquímica deste sistema e a participação de uma região telencefálica, o telencéfalo dorsomedial (Dm), na modulação da antinocicepção também foram investigados. Nossos dados demonstram que o estresse de restrição de 3 e 5 minutos de duração inibe a resposta comportamental à injeção subcutânea de formalina a 3% na região da nadadeira adiposa no peixe Leporinus macrocephalus, sugerindo que este procedimento é capaz de ativar um sistema antinociceptivo endógeno. Além disso, a antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição de 3 e 5 min é de curta duração, sendo observada apenas por 5 min após o término da restrição. A análise da natureza neuroquímica da antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição revelou participação do sistema opióde e canabinoide na modulação desta resposta. O tratamento prévio com injeção intraperitoneal de naloxona (30 mg.kg-1), um antagonista opioide não seletivo, bloqueou a antinocicepção induzida pela restrição de 3 min de duração, mas não foi capaz de inibir a antinocicepção induzida pela restrição de 5 min de duração. Já o tratamento prévio com injeção intraperitoneal de AM251 (3 mg.kg-1), um antagonista de receptores canabinoides tipo 1, bloqueou a antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição de 3 e 5 min de duração, sugerindo que o sistema canabinoide desempenha um papel fundamental na antinocicepção induzida por esta modalidade de estresse na espécie estudada. Nosso estudo também demonstrou que a região do telencéfalo dorsomedial está envolvida na modulação da antinocicepção induzida pelo estresse de restrição no peixe L. macrocephalus. A microinjeção de midazolan (40 e 80 nmol), um agonista de receptores benzodiazepínicos, no telencéfalo Dm bloqueou a antinocicepção induzida pela restrição de 3 e 5 min de duração. Além disso, o tratamento prévio com flumazenil (80 e 160 nmol), um antagonista específico de receptores benzodiazepínicos, inibiu os efeitos do tratamento com midazolan, demonstrando que o bloqueio da antinocicepção promovido pelo midazolan ocorre pela ativação específica dos receptores benzodiazepínicos. Juntos estes resultados trazem novas perspectivas acerca do entendimento sobre a percepção nociceptiva em peixes. Este é o primeiro trabalho que traz evidências acerca da existência de um sistema de modulação da dor ativado pelo estresse e demonstra a participação de uma região encefálica específica na modulação desta antinocicepção. Estes resultados indicam que as vias analgésicas endógenas em peixes são ativadas de maneira semelhante aos mamíferos, sugerindo que estes animais possuem um processamento complexo da informação nociceptiva. / The assignment of pain perception by fish is controversial among scientists. Some authors associate the pain perception to neocortical structures that are absent in fish. However, recent studies have shown that fish are able to perceive and respond to noxious stimuli, similar to observed in mammals, and this responses are sensitive to morphine administration. Furthermore, pioneering studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the existence of an endogenous analgesic system in fish. This study aimed to evaluate if this endogenous analgesic system can be activated by stress, the neurochemical nature of this system and involvement of a telencephalic region, the dorsomedial (Dm) telencephalon, in the antinociception modulation. Our data demonstrate that 3 and 5 min of restraint stress inhibits the behavioral response to subcutaneous injection of formalin 3 % in the adipose fin in the fish Leporinus macrocephalus, suggesting that this procedure can activate an endogenous antinociceptive system. Furthermore, stress-induced antinociception induced by 3 and 5 min of restraint is short, with the antinociceptive effects being observed only for 5 min after the restriction. The analysis of the neurocheamical nature of antinociception induced by restraint stress revealed the involvement of opioid and cannabinoid systems in the modulation of this response. The pre-treatment with intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (30 mg.kg-1), a non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, blocked the antinociception induced by 3 min of restraint, but was not able to inhibit the antinociception induced by 5 min of restraint. The pre-treatment with intraperitoneal injection of AM251 ( 3 mg.kg-1), a type 1 cannabinoid receptors antagonist, blocked the stress-induced antinociception promoted by 3 and 5 min of restraint, suggesting that the cannabinoid system plays a critical role in this type of stress-induced antinociception in the studied species. Our study also showed that the dorsomedial telencephalon is involved in the modulation of stress-induced antinociception in fish L. macrocephalus. The microinjection of midazolan (40 and 80 nmol), a benzodiazepine receptors agonist, in the Dm blocked the stress-induced antinociception promoted by 3 and 5 min of restraint. Furthermore, pre-treatment with flumazenil (80 and 160 nmol), a benzodiazepine receptors selective antagonist, inhibited the effects of the midazolan treatment, demonstrating that the antinociception blockade by midazolan is promoted by specific activation of benzodiazepine receptors. Together these results provide new insights on the understanding of nociceptive perception in fish. This is the first study that demonstrates evidence for the existence of a pain modulation system activated by stress in fish and demonstrates the involvement of a specific brain region in the modulation of this antinociception. These results indicate that the endogenous analgesic pathways in fish are activated in a similar manner to mammals, suggesting that these animals have a complex processing of nociceptive information.
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OPPOSING ROLES OF THE μ-OPIOID AND NOCICEPTIN/ORPHANIN FQ RECEPTORS IN OLIGODENDROCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND MYELINATION

Vestal-Laborde, Allison 01 January 2012 (has links)
While the classical function of myelin is to facilitate saltatory conduction, this membrane and the myelin-making oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are now recognized as regulators of plasticity and remodeling in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, OLG maturation and myelination are highly vulnerable processes along CNS development. We previously showed that rat brain myelination is altered by perinatal exposure to buprenorphine, an opioid analogue in clinical trials for the treatment of pregnant opioid addicts. We now found that the in vivo effects on myelination could result from direct alteration in the balance between μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOPR) activities in the OLGs. Furthermore, we found that myelination could also be affected by the FDA-approved methadone. A delicate balance between MOR and NOPR signaling may play a crucial role timing OLG maturation and myelin formation and exogenous opioids may disrupt this interplay, altering the developmental pattern of brain myelination.
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ENVOLVIMENTO DO SISTEMA OPIÓIDE NA DEPENDÊNCIA DE ESTADO INDUZIDA PELA ARCAÍNA EM RATOS / Arcaine-induced state-dependent memory involves opioid mechanisms in rats

Mariani, Raquele Kipper 02 March 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Arcaine is a competitive antagonist of the polyamine binding site at the NMDA receptor which induces state-dependent recall. However, no study has addressed the involvement of other neurotransmitter/neuromodulators in arcaine-induced state dependency. The current study investigates whether the opioid system is involved in arcaine-induced state-dependent memory retrieval of the inhibitory avoidance task (IA) in rats. The systemic administration of arcaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) zero, 3, 6 or 9 hours posttraining, reduced step-down latencies at testing. Arcaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) injection 30 min before testing reversed the performance deficit induced by administration of arcaine or morphine zero, 3 or 6, but not 9 hours post-training. The reversal of arcaine-induced impairment of IA performance was completely transferred to morphine, and vice-versa. The association of low and ineffective doses of morphine and arcaine (10 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively) were additive and caused state-dependency. Naloxone (2 mg/kg, 3 min post-training, or 1 mg/kg, 1 hour pre-test, i.p.), reversed the amnesia and the state dependency induced by morphine and arcaine. These results suggest that state dependency induced by arcaine involves the opioid system. / A arcaína é um antagonista do sítio de ligação das poliaminas no receptor NMDA, a qual induz dependência de estado. No entanto, nenhum estudo abordou o envolvimento de outros neurotransmissores/neuromoduladores na dependência de estado induzida pela arcaína. No presente estudo, investigamos se o sistema opióide está envolvido na dependência de estado induzida pela arcaína na tarefa de esquiva inibitória (IA) em ratos. A administração sistêmica de arcaína (30 mg/kg, i.p) ou morfina (5 mg/kg, i.p) zero, 3, 6 ou 9 horas pós-treino, reduziu a latência de descida da plataforma no dia do teste. A injeção de arcaína (30 mg/kg, i.p) ou morfina (5 mg/kg, i.p) 30 minutos antes do teste, reverteu o déficit de desempenho induzido pela administração de arcaína ou morfina zero, 3 ou 6, mas não 9 horas pós-treino. A reversão da piora da memória induzida pela arcaína foi totalmente transferida para a morfina, e vice-versa. A associação de baixas doses de arcaína e morfina (10 e 1,5 mg/kg, respectivamente), que individualmente não pioraram a memória, induziram dependência de estado. A naloxona (2 mg/kg, 3 min pós-treino, ou 1 mg/kg uma hora pré-teste, i.p), reverteu a amnésia e a dependência de estado induzida pela arcaína e morfina. Esses resultados sugerem que a dependência de estado induzida pela arcaína envolve o sistema opióide.
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Efeito antinociceptivo do acetato de hecogenina em camundongos participação do sistema opióide / Antinociceptive effect of hecogenin acetate in mice - participation of the opioid system

Quintans, Jullyana de Souza Siqueira 21 June 2013 (has links)
Hecogenin acetate (HA) is a steroidal sapogenin-acetylated, one of the most important precursor used by the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of steroid hormones. However, no studies were found on the possible analgesic profile of HA. Thus, we aimed to evaluate antinociceptive profile of HA in chronic and acute animal models. Acute pretreatment with HA (5 40 mg/kg) produced a dose dependent increase in the tail flick latency time when compared to vehicle-treated group (p<0.01) demonstrating central analgesic effect. The antinociceptive effect of HA (40 mg/kg) was prevented by naloxone (a non selective opioid receptor antagonist; 5 mg/kg), CTOP (μ opioid receptor antagonist; 1 mg/kg), nor- BNI (k opioid receptor antagonist; 0.5 mg/kg), naltrindole (δ opioid receptor antagonist; 3 mg/kg), or glibenclamide (ATP sensitive K+ channel blocker; 2 mg/kg). This effect no seems to be related to a possible myorelaxing profile of HA, since mice treated with HA (5 - 40 mg/kg) did not show motor performance alterations. Systemic administration of HA (5 - 40 mg/kg), increased the number of Fos positive cells in the periaqueductal gray and the acute pretreatment with HA, at all doses tested, significantly inhibited the Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Additionally, intraperitoneal administration of HA (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg; i.p.) inhibited the development of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, TNF-α, dopamine and PGE2 in mice. When we investigated effects of HA (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) on chronic neuropathic hypersensitivity (partial sciatic nerve ligation - PSNL), the acute treatment with HA was effective in producing a significanty (p<0.01) anti-hyperalgesic effect in PSNL model on mice. So, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, that HA produced consistent antinociception mediated by opioid receptors and endogenous analgesic mechanisms and that this compound may be useful in the study of new therapeutic approaches to pain treatment. / Acetato de Hecogenina (HA) é uma sapogenina esteroidal acetilada, utilizada como um importante precursor pela indústria farmacêutica para a síntese de hormônios esteróides, tais como progesterona e prednisona. No entanto, existem poucos estudos farmacológicos sobre o HA e não foram encontrados estudos especificamente sobre o seu possível efeito analgésico. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil antinociceptivo do HA em camundongos, em modelos de nocicepção crônica e aguda. O pré-tratamento agudo por via intraperitoneal (i.p.) com HA (5 - 40 mg/kg) produziu um aumento dose dependente no tempo de latência (p<0,01) da retirada da cauda no teste do tail-flick em relação ao grupo tratado com o veículo, sugerindo um efeito analgésico central. Quando avaliada juntamente com antagonistas farmacológicos, o HA (40 mg/kg) teve seu efeito revertido pela naloxona (um antagonista não seletivo do receptor opióide, 5 mg/kg), CTOP (antagonista do receptor μ opióide, 1 mg/kg), nor-BNI (antagonista do receptor K opióide, 0,5 mg/kg), naltrindole (antagonista do receptor δ opióide, 3 mg/kg), ou glibenclamida (bloqueador do canal para K sensível ao ATP, 2 mg/kg), sugerindo um efeito sobre o sistema opióide. O efeito antinociceptivo do HA não parece estar relacionado a um possível perfil miorrelaxante, uma vez que camundongos tratados com HA (5 - 40 mg/kg) não apresentaram alterações na função motora quando avaliados no teste da coordenação motora. A administração sistêmica de HA (5 - 40 mg/kg) aumentou o número de células positivas para proteína Fos na substância cinzenta periaquedutal e, por outro lado, o pré-tratamento agudo com HA, em todas as doses testadas, inibiu significativamente a expressão de Fos no corno dorsal da medula, sugerindo um possível efeito sobre a via descendente de controle da dor. Adicionalmente, a administração i.p. de HA. (5, 10, ou 20 mg/kg), inibiu de maneira significativa (p<0,05 ou p<0,001) a hiperalgesia mecânica induzida pela carragenina, TNF-α, dopamina e PGE2 em camundongos. Ao investigar os possíveis efeitos de HA (20 ou 40 mg/kg, i.p.) sobre a hipersensibilidade neuropática crônica (modelo de ligação parcial do nervo isquiático - PSNL), o tratamento agudo com HA foi eficaz em reduzir significativamente (p<0,01) o comportamento hiperalgésico, sem alterar os parâmetros motores dos animais. Diante desses resultados, o presente estudo sugere, pela primeira vez, que o HA possui perfil antinociceptivo consistente com mecanismos mediados pelo sistema opióide, e que este composto pode ser útil no estudo de novas abordagens terapêuticas para o tratamento farmacológico da dor.

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