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Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous étudions le modèle des protocoles de population, introduit dans\cite{DBLP:conf/podc/BeauquierBCK10}. Ce modèle permet de représenter les grands réseaux de capteurs (ou agents) mobiles anonymes dotés de faibles ressources. Les contraintes de ce modèle sont si sévères que la plupart des problèmes classiques d'algorithmique répartie, tels que la collecte de données, le consensus ou l'élection d'un leader, sont difficiles à analyser, sinon impossibles à résoudre.Nous commençons notre étude par le problème de collecte de données. Celui-ci consiste principalement à transférer des valeurs réparties dans la population d'agents mobiles vers une station de base en un minimum de temps (temps de convergence). En utilisant un hypothèse d'équité, dite hypothèse de temps couvertures et introduite dans \cite{DBLP:conf/podc/BeauquierBCK10}, nous calculons des bornes optimales sur le temps de convergences de différents protocoles concrets. Ensuite, nous étudions le problème du consensus et d'élection de leader. Il a été montré que ces problèmes sont impossibles à résoudre dans le modèle original des protocoles de population. Pour contourner cette impossibilité, il est possible d'adjoindre au modèle certaines hypothèses sous la forme d'oracles. Nous proposons ensuite divers oracles permettant de résoudre le problème du consensus et d'élection de leader dans divers environnements, et nous étudions leurs puissances relatives. Ce faisant, nous développons un cadre formel permettant de représenter toutes les variétés d'oracles introduites, ainsi que leur possibles relations.Dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, nous étudions le problème de la réplication de machine à états finis dans le modèle (classique) de communications asynchrones à passage de message. L'algorithme Paxos, introduit dans \cite{lamportPartTimeParliament,lamport01paxos} est une solution (partielle) bien connue au problème de la réplication capable de tolérer des pannes crash. Notre contribution, dans cette partie,consiste à améliorer Paxos afin qu'il puisse également tolérer des défaillances transitoires. Ce faisant, nous définissons la notions de machine répliquée pratiquement autostable. / In the first part of this thesis, we focus on a recent model, calledpopulation protocols, which describes large networksof tiny wireless mobile anonymous agents with very limited resources.The harsh constraints of the original model makes most of theclassical problems of distributed algorithmics, such as datacollection, consensus and leader election, either difficult to analyzeor impossible to solve.We first study the data collection problem, which mainly consists intransferring some values to a base station. By using a fairnessassumption, known as cover times, we compute tight bounds on theconvergence time of concrete protocols. Next, we focus on theproblems of consensus and leader election. It is shown that theseproblems are impossible in the original model. To circumvent theseissues, we augment the original model with oracles, and study theirrelative power. We develop by the way a formal framework generalenough to encompass various sorts of oracles, as well as theirrelations.In the second part of the thesis, we study the problem ofstate-machine replication in the more classical model of asynchronousmessage-passing communication. The Paxos algorithm is a famous(partial) solution to the state-machine replication problem whichtolerates crash failures. Our contribution is the enhancement of Paxosin order to tolerate transient faults as well. Doing so, we define thenotion of practically self-stabilizing replicated state-machine.

This dissertation seeks to capture Muhammad's emergence as Prophet. It starts from the premise that he located himself as a Prophet within a fraternity of prophethood. More specifically he has seen his work as a continuation of the Biblical prophetic tradition. However he has stressed his election as correcting what has been altered in this Biblical tradition. Muhammad: A prophet of God argues that he has as prophet the same defining elements as Biblical prophets; as result we must not criticise him unnecessarily, that is, for the sake of fitting him into our categories. Muhammad must be seen terms of his experiences. In addition we must capture his contribution to humanity. / Religious Studies & Arabic / M.A. (Religious Studies)

Le héros grec Amphilochos, descendant mythique de la célèbre famille des hérosprophètes Mélampodides, était, comme son père Amphiaraos, un devin reconnu et un soldat aux aptitudes militaires formidables. Après avoir participé à la seconde expédition contre Thèbes et à la guerre de Troie, celui-ci aurait pérégriné dans bon nombre de contrées en fondant plusieurs cités situées entre l’Espagne et la Syrie. Quelque temps après sa mort brutale en combat singulier contre un autre devin nommé Mopsos, Amphilochos fut élevé au rang de divinité oraculaire à Mallos de Cilicie, une cité dont il avait été lui-même le fondateur. À l’époque romaine, Amphilochos avait acquit, en plus d’un statut ontologique supérieur, une très grande réputation dans cette région où il rendait des oracles à des pèlerins qui venaient eux-mêmes le visiter dans son antre. Cette recherche, qui vise d’une part à étudier de façon exhaustive la légende d’Amphilochos, tente surtout de déterminer, malgré un nombre restreint d’indices, les modalités de la révélation oraculaire dans le sanctuaire de Mallos de Cilicie. / The Greek hero Amphilochos, the mythical descendant of the famous family of the Melampodides hero-prophets, was, like his father Amphiaraos, a recognized soothsayer and a soldier with formidable military skills. After taking part in the second expedition against Thebes and the Trojan War, he is said to have wandered in many a land and founded several cities lying between Spain and Syria. Soon after his sudden death in a single combat with another seer named Mopsos, he was elevated to the rank of oracular divinity in Mallos of Cilicia, a city which he himself founded. During the Roman period, Amphilochos, indued with increased ontological status, got into high repute in this region where he gave oracles to the pilgrims who came and visited him by themselves in his abode. This research, which aims first to explore exhaustively the legend of Amphilochos, attempts above all to determine the terms of the oracular revelation in the sanctuary of Mallos of Cilicia, in spite of little compelling evidence.

As atividades de teste automatizado contribuem significativamente para a redução de custos e a produtividade do projeto durante o processo de desenvolvimento de software. O teste automatizado reduz o esforço humano e aumenta a qualidade do produto final. No entanto, a alta complexidade da saída produzida pelos SUT (do inglês, System Under Test) contemporâneos limita, em alguns casos, a aplicação de estratégias de teste automatizadas. Sistemas com saídas gráficas/áudio, imagens tridimensionais, interfaces gráficas com o usuário e alguns aplicativos da Web são exemplos de sistemas com saídas complexas. A falta de oráculos automatizados de teste leva à aplicação de testes executados manualmente pelo próprio testador (oráculo humano), de modo informal, ad-hoc e improdutivo. Uma possível contribuição para aliviar esforços do testador é a implementação de oráculos de teste baseados na extração de características das saídas do SUT. Resultados de trabalhos anteriores mostram que tal abordagem contribui para o aumento da produtividade do teste, mitigando e complementando os esforços manuais. Este trabalho de mestrado propõe e avalia oráculos de teste automatizados para sistemas cujas saídas consistem em imagens médicas tridimensionais. Para tanto, é explorado o framework O-FIm/CO (do inglês, Oracle for Images and Complex Outputs) que utiliza conceitos de Recuperação de Imagens Baseada em Conteúdo (do inglês, Content-Based Image Retrieval CBIR) como uma forma de automatizar oráculos de teste. Além de adaptações e extensões do framework, desenvolveram-se plug-ins que representam extratores de características de imagens médicas tridimensionais de vasos sanguíneos. Para evidenciar a eficácia da abordagem, foram conduzidos dois estudos experimentais objetivando avaliar a eficácia e a precisão dos oráculos de teste baseados em características na avaliação desse tipo de imagem. Além disso, realizou-se um estudo experimental comparando os oráculos de teste baseados em características e oráculos humanos. Os resultados evidenciam a eficácia da abordagem como uma estratégia promissora para automatizar atividades de teste, contribuindo para a redução de tempo e esforços gerados por abordagens manuais durante a avaliação da qualidade de sistemas geradores de imagens médicas tridimensionais. / Automated testing activities significantly contribute to cost reduction and project productivity during the software development process. Automated testing reduces human effort and increases the quality of the final product. However, the high complexity of contemporary SUT outputs limits, in some cases, the application of automated test strategies. Systems with graphical/audio outputs, three-dimensional imaging, graphical user interfaces and some web applications are examples of systems with complex outputs. The lack of automated test oracles leads to the application of manual tests performed by the tester (human oracle) in an informal, ad-hoc and unproductive manner. One possible contribution to alleviate the testers efforts is to implement test oracles based on the extraction of characteristics from the SUT outputs. Results from previous work show that such an approach contributes to increase test productivity, mitigating and complementing manual efforts. This dissertation proposes and evaluates automated test oracles for systems whose outputs consist of three-dimensional medical images. To do so, the framework O-FIm/CO (Oracle for Images and Complex Outputs) that uses CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval) concepts is explored as a strategy to automate test oracles. In addition to adaptations and extensions of the framework, plug-ins were developed which represent extractors of three-dimensional medical image characteristics of blood vessels. To demonstrate the efficacy of the approach, two experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and accuracy of feature-based test oracles in the evaluation of such images. Moreover, an experimental study was conducted to compare feature-based test oracles with human oracles. The results show the efficacy of the approach as a promising strategy to automate testing activities, contributing to the reduction of time and effort generated by manual approaches during the quality assessment of three-dimensional medical imaging systems.

As atividades de teste automatizado contribuem significativamente para a redução de custos e a produtividade do projeto durante o processo de desenvolvimento de software. O teste automatizado reduz o esforço humano e aumenta a qualidade do produto final. No entanto, a alta complexidade da saída produzida pelos SUT (do inglês, System Under Test) contemporâneos limita, em alguns casos, a aplicação de estratégias de teste automatizadas. Sistemas com saídas gráficas/áudio, imagens tridimensionais, interfaces gráficas com o usuário e alguns aplicativos da Web são exemplos de sistemas com saídas complexas. A falta de oráculos automatizados de teste leva à aplicação de testes executados manualmente pelo próprio testador (oráculo humano), de modo informal, ad-hoc e improdutivo. Uma possível contribuição para aliviar esforços do testador é a implementação de oráculos de teste baseados na extração de características das saídas do SUT. Resultados de trabalhos anteriores mostram que tal abordagem contribui para o aumento da produtividade do teste, mitigando e complementando os esforços manuais. Este trabalho de mestrado propõe e avalia oráculos de teste automatizados para sistemas cujas saídas consistem em imagens médicas tridimensionais. Para tanto, é explorado o framework O-FIm/CO (do inglês, Oracle for Images and Complex Outputs) que utiliza conceitos de Recuperação de Imagens Baseada em Conteúdo (do inglês, Content-Based Image Retrieval CBIR) como uma forma de automatizar oráculos de teste. Além de adaptações e extensões do framework, desenvolveram-se plug-ins que representam extratores de características de imagens médicas tridimensionais de vasos sanguíneos. Para evidenciar a eficácia da abordagem, foram conduzidos dois estudos experimentais objetivando avaliar a eficácia e a precisão dos oráculos de teste baseados em características na avaliação desse tipo de imagem. Além disso, realizou-se um estudo experimental comparando os oráculos de teste baseados em características e oráculos humanos. Os resultados evidenciam a eficácia da abordagem como uma estratégia promissora para automatizar atividades de teste, contribuindo para a redução de tempo e esforços gerados por abordagens manuais durante a avaliação da qualidade de sistemas geradores de imagens médicas tridimensionais. / Automated testing activities significantly contribute to cost reduction and project productivity during the software development process. Automated testing reduces human effort and increases the quality of the final product. However, the high complexity of contemporary SUT outputs limits, in some cases, the application of automated test strategies. Systems with graphical/audio outputs, three-dimensional imaging, graphical user interfaces and some web applications are examples of systems with complex outputs. The lack of automated test oracles leads to the application of manual tests performed by the tester (human oracle) in an informal, ad-hoc and unproductive manner. One possible contribution to alleviate the testers efforts is to implement test oracles based on the extraction of characteristics from the SUT outputs. Results from previous work show that such an approach contributes to increase test productivity, mitigating and complementing manual efforts. This dissertation proposes and evaluates automated test oracles for systems whose outputs consist of three-dimensional medical images. To do so, the framework O-FIm/CO (Oracle for Images and Complex Outputs) that uses CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval) concepts is explored as a strategy to automate test oracles. In addition to adaptations and extensions of the framework, plug-ins were developed which represent extractors of three-dimensional medical image characteristics of blood vessels. To demonstrate the efficacy of the approach, two experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and accuracy of feature-based test oracles in the evaluation of such images. Moreover, an experimental study was conducted to compare feature-based test oracles with human oracles. The results show the efficacy of the approach as a promising strategy to automate testing activities, contributing to the reduction of time and effort generated by manual approaches during the quality assessment of three-dimensional medical imaging systems.

This thesis presents an extensive survey of 100,000 websites as the basis for understanding the deployment of cookies across the Internet. The survey indicates cookie deployment on the Internet is approaching universal levels. The survey identifies the presence of P3P policies and dynamic web technologies as major predictors of cookie usage, and a number of significant relationships are established between the origin of the web application and cookie deployment. Large associations are identified between third-party persistent cookie usage and a countrys e-business environment. Cookie collection testing (CCT), a strategy for testing web applications, is presented. Cookies maintained in a browser are explored in light of anti random testing techniques, culminating in the definition of seeding vectors as the basis for a scalable test suite. Essentially CCT seeks to verify web application robustness against the modificationintentional or otherwiseof an application's internal state variables. Automation of CCT is outlined through the definition of test oracles and evaluation criterion. Evolutionary adaptive random (eAR) testing is proposed for application to the cookie collection testing strategy. A simulation study is undertaken to evaluate eAR against the current state-of-the-art in adaptive random testingfixed size candidate set, restricted random testing, quasi-random testing, and random testing. eAR is demonstrated to be superior to the other techniques for block pattern simulations. For fault patterns of increased complexity, eAR is shown to be comparable to the other methods. An empirical investigation of CCT is undertaken. CCT is demonstrated to reveal defects within web applications, and is found to have a substantial fault-triggering rate. Furthermore, CCT is demonstrated to interact with the underlying application, not just the technological platform upon which an application is implemented. Both seeding and generated vectors are found to be useful in triggering defects. A synergetic relationship is found to exist between the seeding and generated vectors with respect to distinct fault detection. Finally, a large significant relationship is established between structural and content similarity measures of web application responses, with a composite of the two similarity measures observed to be superior in the detection of faults. / Software Engineering and Intelligent Systems

Le héros grec Amphilochos, descendant mythique de la célèbre famille des hérosprophètes Mélampodides, était, comme son père Amphiaraos, un devin reconnu et un soldat aux aptitudes militaires formidables. Après avoir participé à la seconde expédition contre Thèbes et à la guerre de Troie, celui-ci aurait pérégriné dans bon nombre de contrées en fondant plusieurs cités situées entre l’Espagne et la Syrie. Quelque temps après sa mort brutale en combat singulier contre un autre devin nommé Mopsos, Amphilochos fut élevé au rang de divinité oraculaire à Mallos de Cilicie, une cité dont il avait été lui-même le fondateur. À l’époque romaine, Amphilochos avait acquit, en plus d’un statut ontologique supérieur, une très grande réputation dans cette région où il rendait des oracles à des pèlerins qui venaient eux-mêmes le visiter dans son antre. Cette recherche, qui vise d’une part à étudier de façon exhaustive la légende d’Amphilochos, tente surtout de déterminer, malgré un nombre restreint d’indices, les modalités de la révélation oraculaire dans le sanctuaire de Mallos de Cilicie. / The Greek hero Amphilochos, the mythical descendant of the famous family of the Melampodides hero-prophets, was, like his father Amphiaraos, a recognized soothsayer and a soldier with formidable military skills. After taking part in the second expedition against Thebes and the Trojan War, he is said to have wandered in many a land and founded several cities lying between Spain and Syria. Soon after his sudden death in a single combat with another seer named Mopsos, he was elevated to the rank of oracular divinity in Mallos of Cilicia, a city which he himself founded. During the Roman period, Amphilochos, indued with increased ontological status, got into high repute in this region where he gave oracles to the pilgrims who came and visited him by themselves in his abode. This research, which aims first to explore exhaustively the legend of Amphilochos, attempts above all to determine the terms of the oracular revelation in the sanctuary of Mallos of Cilicia, in spite of little compelling evidence.

No description available.

No description available.