This dissertation seeks to capture Muhammad's emergence as Prophet. It starts from the premise that he located himself as a Prophet within a fraternity of prophethood. More specifically he has seen his work as a continuation of the Biblical prophetic tradition. However he has stressed his election as correcting what has been altered in this Biblical tradition. Muhammad: A prophet of God argues that he has as prophet the same defining elements as Biblical prophets; as result we must not criticise him unnecessarily, that is, for the sake of fitting him into our categories. Muhammad must be seen terms of his experiences. In addition we must capture his contribution to humanity. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Religious Studies)

This essay explores the divinatory practice of incubation in ancient Egypt during the Graeco-Roman period with a particular focus on the magical and religious significance of the practice. Two main sanctuaries, Abydos and Deir el-Bahari have been investigated with a focus on the gods Bes and Osiris in the former and Amenhotep and Imhotep in the latter. The study has mainly examined surviving epigraphy and the ritual and cultic elements of the sites in relation to physical space as a prerequisite for ritual incubation. In addition, this study has related Greek influences on the practice of incubation in Egypt as a potential source of origin but has also investigated indigenous Egyptian traditions both for questioning the origin of and placing the practice into context. / Denna uppsats undersöker den spådomspraktik så kallad inkubation i Antika Egypten under dess Grekisk-romerska period med ett särskilt fokus på den magiska och religiösa meningen med praktiken. Två primära helgedomar, nämligen Abydos och Deir el-Bahari, har undersökts med ett fokus på gudarna Bes och Osiris i den förra och Amenhotep samt Imhotep i den senare. Studien har främst undersökt kvarlevande epigrafik och den rituella och det kultiska elementet av platserna i relation till fysiskt utrymme som en föregångare för rituell inkubation. Dessutom har denna studie relaterat grekiska influenser på inkubation i Egypten som ett potentiellt ursprung men har även undersökt inhemsk egyptisk tradition både i frågan om dess härkomst och för att ställa praktiken i sin kontext.

Depuis une dizaine d'années, la théorie statistique de l'apprentissage a connu une forte expansion. L'avènement d'algorithmes hautement performants pour la classification de données en grande dimension, tels que le boosting ou les machines à noyaux (SVM) a engendré de nombreuses questions statistiques que la théorie de Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) ne permettait pas de résoudre. En effet, le principe de Minimisation du Risque Empirique ne rend pas compte des méthodes d'apprentissage concrètes et le concept de complexité combinatoire de VC dimension ne permet pas d'expliquer les capacités de généralisation d'algorithmes<br />sélectionnant un estimateur au sein d'une classe massive telle que l'enveloppe convexe d'une classe de VC. Dans le premier volet du mémoire, on rappelle les interprétations des algorithmes de boosting comme des implémentations de principes de minimisation<br />de risques convexes et on étudie leurs propriétés sous cet angle. En particulier, on montre l'importance de la<br />régularisation pour obtenir des stratégies consistantes. On développe également une nouvelle classe d'algorithmes de type gradient stochastique appelés algorithmes de descente miroir avec moyennisation et on évalue leur comportement à travers des simulations informatiques. Après avoir présenté les principes fondamentaux du boosting, on s'attache dans le<br />deuxième volet à des questions plus avancées telles que<br />l'élaboration d'inégalités d'oracle. Ainsi, on étudie la<br />calibration précise des pénalités en fonction des critères<br />de coût utilisés. On présente des résultats<br />non-asymptotiques sur la performance des estimateurs du boosting pénalisés, notamment les vitesses rapides sous les conditions de marge de type Mammen-Tsybakov et on décrit les capacités d'approximation du boosting utilisant les "rampes" (stumps) de décision. Le troisième volet du mémoire explore le problème du ranking. Un enjeu important dans des applications<br />telles que la fouille de documents ou le "credit scoring" est d'ordonner les instances plutôt que de les catégoriser. On propose une formulation simple de ce problème qui permet d'interpréter le ranking comme une classification sur des paires d'observations. La différence dans ce cas vient du fait que les<br />critères empiriques sont des U-statistiques et on développe donc la théorie de la classification adaptée à ce contexte. On explore également la question de la généralisation de l'erreur de ranking afin de pouvoir inclure des a priori sur l'ordre des instances, comme dans le cas où on ne s'intéresse qu'aux "meilleures" instances.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-13T16:01:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LÍVIA MARIA RODRIGUES SAMPAIO - TESE PPGEE 2007..pdf: 1072009 bytes, checksum: e7063f85c3338c2ae04e2213ea3d7ab9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LÍVIA MARIA RODRIGUES SAMPAIO - TESE PPGEE 2007..pdf: 1072009 bytes, checksum: e7063f85c3338c2ae04e2213ea3d7ab9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-17 / Protocolos distribuídos simétricos pelo texto podem ser configurados quanto aos papéis assumidos pelos seus participantes durante a execução dos mesmos. Além disso, a configuração do protocolo influencia no seu desempenho quando este executa em ambientes sujeitos à carga heterogênea e dinâmica, nesse caso. podem existir configurações eficientes ou ineficientes. Observa-se que não é possível garantir uma configuração eficiente a priori em ambientes dessa natureza. Dessa forma, protocolos simétricos pelo texto podem ter seu desempenho degradado em ambientes sujeitos à carga heterogênea e dinâmica. Nesta tese investigou-se o uso de adaptação baseada em oráculos de latência, para fins de desempenho, em protocolos distribuídos simétricos pelo texto que executam em ambientes sujeitos à carga heterogênea e dinâmica. Tal investigação foi realizada através de estudas analítico e experimental sobre o desempenho de protocolos de consenso equipadoscom soluções adaptativas para o problema da ordenação de processos. O estudo analítico consistiu na elaboração de um modelo de desempenho para um protocolo de consenso adaptativo, dado em termos da definição formal de oráculos de latência proposta neste trabalho. A partir deste modelo de desempenho foi possível demonstrar a eficiência de uma solução adaptativa baseada em oráculos de latência e, por conseguinte, os ganhos de desempenho para o protocolo que a utiliza. Com esta mesma finalidade, porém usando um método diferente, o estudo experimental consistiu na realização de simulações e medições em um ambiente real. Para tal, foi projetado e implementado um subsistema de consenso adaptativo, inserido em uma aplicação para tolerância a intrusões na Internet. Realizou-se uma avaliação de desempenho comparativa, onde os resultados indicaram a superioridade do subsistema adaptativo sobre seu correspondente não-adaptativo. Ocorreram ganhos de desempenho nas simulações e nas medições, alcançando índices de até 76,1% e 45,4%, respectivamente. Tanto no estudo analítico quanto no experimental utilizou-se adaptação para resolver o problema da ordenação de processos, que caracteriza muitos protocolos simétricos pelo texto. Portanto, esta tese apresenta contribuições teóricas e práticas no contexto de protocolos simétricos pelo texto adaptativos para ambientes sujeitos à carga heterogénea e dinâmica. É importante enfatizar que o uso de oráculos de latência promove a separação de conceitos e a modularização na construção de soluções adaptativas baseadas nos mesmos, como também, favorece o estudo analítico sobre o desempenho de tais soluções. / Distributed protocoLs with textual simmetry can be configured by the roles played by diíferent participauts during the executiou of the protocols. Moreover, such a configuration raay impact the performance of the protocol in a positive or negative way, depending on the configuration chosen. Ou the other hand, it is not, possible to ensure an efficient configuration a priori when considering an execution environment with heterogeneous and dynamic workload. Consequently, distributed protocols with textual simmetry may suffer performance degradation on these. environments. In this thesis we investigated the use of adaptation by means of latency oracles to improve the performance of distributed protocols with textual simmetry that execute in environments subject to heterogeneous and dynamic workload. Such an investigation was conducted through both analytical and experimental studies on the performance of consensus protocols equiped with an adaptive solution to the process ordering problem. During the analytical study it was constructed a performance model for the consensus protocol using the formal definition of latency oracles. introduced in this work. From this performance model it was possible to demonstrate the efficiency of the adaptive solution and, consequently, the performance gaias to the protocol that used it. Following the same objective, but considering a different method, the experimental study consisted of simulations and measurements in a real environment. In this case, we designed and implemented an adaptive consensus system encapsulated in an application for intrusion tolerance in the Internet. The performance of the adaptive consensus system was analyzed by means of comparison using its non-adaptive counterpart. The adaptive system outperformed the non-adaptive one in both simulations and measurements with performance gains of as much as 76,1% and 45.4%, respectively. Note that. in the analytical and experimental studies, adaptation was used to solve the process ordering problem that characterizes a number of distributed protocols with textual simmetry. Therefore, this thesis gives theoretical and practical contributions in the context of adaptive distributed protocols with textual simmetry that execute on environments subject to heterogeneous and dynamic workload. It is important to emphasize that the strategy of using latency oracles to construct adaptive solutions respects one of the most important principies of software engineermg, whieh is the separation of concerns. Futhermore, it favors the analytical study on the performance of such adaptive solutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Moura da Silva.pdf: 1386687 bytes, checksum: 903cc5b48b557187abd5e6bea84190b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-19 / In the history of humanity, the reality of conflicts and wars between neighboring nations has been common. The most shocking fact is that, religious speech, instead of discouraging such realities can encourage and justify projects of power of these nations. The study of the Hebrew Bible can cast light to understand the realities of conflict between nations and the role of religious speech on such situations. For that, this research proposed to study narratives that deal with the origin and the development of international rivalry and conflicts. The research especially studied the familiar narratives and the prophetic oracles that dealt with rivalry, conflicts and the hatred between Israel and Edom to propose a review capable of encouraging projects of peace. The exegetical exercises in familiar narratives (Gn 35-36) and in the prophetic oracles against Edom (in the oracle collections against the nations, in the book of Obadiah, and in pericopes of Is 63,1-6 and of Ml 1,2-5) approach the literary material of the Hebrew Bible to investigate the origin and the development of the conflicts between Israel and Edom. Special attention was given to the study of the historical construction of the hatred and the role of religious literature in the growing development of the rivalries, animosities and conflicts. The first chapter studied the saga of Isaac as a historical and theological document that dealt with the familiar origin of rivalry between the twin brothers, with significant differences on the construction of their lives and identities. The second chapter studied, in the prophetic literature, the Oracles against the Nations and, more specifically, the oracles against Edom. In this phase, the research studied the importance of this literary genre on the construction of a more universal theology that attributes the control of history to God, aiming to better care for Israel. The third chapter also evaluated the other prophetic material that dealt with conflict and even divine hatred against the Edomites (Is 63,1-6 and Ml 1,2-5). In these chapters, the stimulation of the conflicts and the construction of religious speech with great animosity against Edom were noticed. The studies on the narratives of rivalry and of conflicts between Israel and Edom in the Hebrew Bible try to highlight, in the historical dynamics of conflicts, the hope of peace for international relations. Above all, the research proposed a review of these texts for a construction of religious-theological speech that stimulates tolerance and ethics of peace. / Na história da humanidade, a realidade de conflitos e de guerras entre povos vizinhos têm sido comum. O que mais assusta é o fato que, o discurso religioso, ao invés de desencorajar tais realidades pode incentivar e justificar os projetos de poder dessas nações. O estudo da Bíblia Hebraica pode lançar luzes para o entendimento das realidades de conflito entre nações e para o papel do discurso religioso nestes. Para isto, essa pesquisa propôs-se a estudar narrativas que abordam a origem e o desenvolvimento de rivalidades e de conflitos internacionais. Especialmente, estudou as narrativas familiares e os oráculos proféticos que abordaram a rivalidade, os conflitos e o ódio entre Israel/Judá e Edom para propor uma releitura capaz de encorajar projetos de paz. Os exercícios exegéticos nas narrativas familiares (Gn 35-36) e nos oráculos proféticos contra Edom (nas coleções de oráculos contra as nações, no livro de Obadias, e em perícopes de Is 63,1-6 e de Ml 1,2-5) abordaram o material literário da Bíblia Hebraica para investigar sobre a origem e o desenvolvimento dos conflitos entre Israel/Judá e Edom. Especial atenção foi dada ao estudo da construção histórica do ódio e o papel da literatura religiosa no crescente desenvolvimento das rivalidades, animosidades e conflitos. O primeiro capítulo estudou a saga de Isaque como documento histórico e teológico que abordou a origem familiar da rivalidade entre os irmãos gêmeos, com diferenças significativas na construção de suas vidas e identidades. O segundo capítulo estudou, na literatura profética, os Oráculos contra as Nações e, mais especificamente, os oráculos contra Edom. Nesta fase estudou a importância desse gênero literário na construção de uma teologia mais universal que atribuía a Deus o controle da história, visando maior cuidado com Israel. O terceiro capítulo também avaliou outro material profético que abordou o conflito e, até mesmo, o ódio divino contra os edomitas (Is 63,1-6 e Ml 1,2-5). Nestes, percebeu-se o acirramento dos conflitos e a construção de um discurso religioso mais animoso contra Edom. Os estudos nas narrativas de rivalidade e de conflitos entre Israel/Judá e Edom na Bíblia Hebraica procuraram destacar, na dinâmica história de conflitos, as esperanças de paz para as relações internacionais. Sobretudo, propôs reler esses textos para a construção de um discurso religioso-teológico que estimule a tolerância e a ética da paz.

Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous cherchons à estimer l'intensité d'un processus de comptage par des techniques d'apprentissage statistique en grande dimension. Nous introduisons une procédure d'estimation basée sur la pénalisation par variation totale avec poids. Un premier ensemble de résultats vise à étudier l'intensité sous une hypothèse a priori de segmentation sparse. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions la technique de binarisation de variables explicatives continues, pour laquelle nous construisons une régularisation spécifique à ce problème. Cette régularisation est intitulée ``binarsity'', elle pénalise les valeurs différentes d'un vecteur de paramètres. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous intéressons à la régression dynamique pour les modèles d'Aalen et de Cox avec coefficients et covariables en grande dimension, et pouvant dépendre du temps. Pour chacune des procédures d'estimation proposées, nous démontrons des inégalités oracles non-asymptotiques en prédiction. Nous utilisons enfin des algorithmes proximaux pour résoudre les problèmes convexes sous-jacents, et nous illustrons nos méthodes sur des données simulées et réelles. / In the first part of this thesis, we deal with the problem of learning the inhomogeneous intensity of a counting process, under a sparse segmentation assumption. We introduce a weighted total-variation penalization, using data-driven weights that correctly scale the penalization along the observation interval. In the second part, we study the binarization technique of continuous features, for which we construct a specific regularization. This regularization is called “binarsity”, it computes the different values of a parameter. In the third part, we are interested in the dynamic regression models of Aalen and Cox with time-varying covariates and coefficients in high-dimensional settings. For each proposed estimation procedure, we give theoretical guaranties by proving non-asymptotic oracle inequalities in prediction. We finally present proximal algorithms to solve the underlying studied convex problems, and we illustrate our methods with simulated and real datasets.

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Malgré leurs divisions politiques, les Grecs reconnaissaient l’existence de sanctuaires qui leur étaient communs. Or, à côté de leurs fonctions religieuses, ces grands sanctuaires jouèrent aussi un rôle indéniable dans la politique internationale aux Ve et IVe siècles avant notre ère. En effet, les quatre plus grands, les sanctuaires de Delphes, de l’Isthme, de Némée et d’Olympie, organisaient des concours panhelléniques et recevaient des offrandes venues de tout le monde grec. Certes, les sanctuaires communs pouvaient aussi rassembler tout ou partie des Hellènes, dans le cadre de koina ou d’alliances militaires, mais ils étaient avant tout des lieux de mise en scène des rivalités entre les États grecs. C’est pourquoi ceux-ci cherchèrent à exercer un contrôle plus ou moins direct sur eux. Ainsi, lorsque le caractère commun du lieu sacré s’était traduit par la mise en place d’institutions, celles-ci pouvaient voir s’exprimer des rapports de force entre les différents membres. Surtout, en particulier dans le cas des sanctuaires se situant sur des confins, la volonté de maîtriser des sanctuaires communs pouvait donner lieu à des conflits mêlant politique et religion, le contrôle d’un sanctuaire étant alors la clé de l’hégémonie sur la région dont il était le centre cultuel. Néanmoins, les grands sanctuaires ne furent pas que des enjeux entre puissances  : les oracles et les familles sacerdotales qui y étaient responsables du culte pouvaient incontestablement prendre position dans les luttes pour l’hégémonie en Grèce. De plus, ces sanctuaires pouvaient parfois servir d’interfaces entre la civilisation hellénique et les cultures voisines (Perses, Étrusques, Libyens…). / Despite their political divisions, Greeks knew the existence of sanctuaries who were common to them. However, in addition to their religious functions, these great sanctuaries played too an undeniable in international policy in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The four greatest sanctuaries (Delphi, Isthmia, Nemea and Olympia) organized panhellenic games and received consecrations from all the Greek world. Moreover, common sanctuaries could gather all the Hellenes or a part of them in koina or military alliances, but they were above all places for rivalries between Greek states. That is why these tried to control them more or less directly. Thus, when the common characteristics of the sacred place had resulted in specific institutions, these could be the scene of conflicts between different protagonists. Above all, particularly with sanctuaries on the borders, the will of control of great sanctuaries coul result in both political and religious wars. The control of a sanctuary was then the key of the hegemony on the country of which it was the religious center. Nevertheless, great sanctuaries were not only stakes between powers: oracles and priestly families who were in charge of the temple could unquestionably intervene in struggles for hegemony in Greece. Moreover, these sanctuaries could sometimes be places of contact between Hellenic civilization and neighbouring cultures (Persians, Etruscans, Libyans, etc.).