This thesis presents the investigation of magnetism in a selection of low-dimensional systems and its relation to other physical properties, such as superconductivity. The techniques employed are muon spin rotation and pulsed magnetic field magnetisation. The ability of muons to directly probe the local field is used to study SrFeAsF, which is a parent compound of the high-temperature superconducting pnictides. This revealed that the magnetic and structural transitions are separated in this system. I then demon- strate the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity in NaFeAs for the first time. This discovery is of great interest since the interplay between magnetism and supercon- ductivity is thought to play an important role for high-temperature superconductivity. I further investigate the effect of partially replacing Fe with Co in NaFeAs. I study the ordering and spin reorientation in the Mott insulator Sr₂IrO₄, which has been suggested as a possible high-temperature superconductor. The complex magnetism observed in this system is contrasted to that in related iridates Ca₄IrO₆, Ca₅Ir₃O₁₂ and Sr₃Ir₂O₇. By combining pulsed-field magnetization and low magnetic field experiments with μSR on a series of coordination polymers. I am able to determine the size and direction of the magnetic exchange interaction. I demonstrate how it is possible to adjust the in- teractions by altering the molecular architecture of these Cu-based spin- 1 2 compounds. This is a significant contribution since it will lead to the targeted design of magnetic systems that can be utilized to experimentally test fundamental theories of magnetism.

This Thesis explores the role of structural defects and disorder and their relationship to experimental data, with a particular emphasis on molecular framework materials. The question of how we can build atomistic models of amorphous materials from experimental data without needing to make system-specific assumptions is addressed. The role of 'structural invariance', <i>i.e.</i> the limited range of distinct local atomic environments within a material, as a restraint within reverse Monte Carlo refinement (RMC) is investigated. The operation of these invariance restraints operate is shown to be system-dependent and the challenges associated with effective refinement, <i>e.g.</i> configurational 'jamming', are also investigated. A generalisation to the 'structural simplicity', <i>i.e.</i> the simplest model, holding all else constant, is most likely to be correct. Three new metrics of structural simplicity are proposed: two intrinsically three-dimensional measures of local geometric invariance and one measure of local symmetry. These metrics are shown to robustly quantify the configurational quality. The ability of these metrics to act as effective restraints for the RMC refinement of amorphous materials is demonstrated by the construction of the first data-driven tetrahedral models of amorphous silicon. The role of defects and disorder within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is investigated through the canonical MOF UiO-66(Hf). Through a combination of techniques, including X-ray diffuse scattering, anomalous diffraction, total scattering and electron diffraction measurements, the existence of correlated metal-cluster absences in UiO-66(Hf) is demonstrated. Furthermore the ability to synthetically tune both the interactions and concentration of defects is shown. The thermomechanical properties of defective UiO-66(Hf) are also examined. UiO-66(Hf) is shown to rapidly densify by up to 5% (ΔV/V ) on ligand elimination. The resultant densified phase exhibits colossal (≥100MK^-1) volumetric negative thermal expansion (NTE); the largest reported value for any MOF. Finally, the capability to tune the physical properties of MOFs through defect incorporation is demonstrated through the defect-dependence of both the densification and the NTE.

Für die Untersuchung der Kontextualität der Theologinnenarbeit wurden Theologinnen aus drei Kirchen mit gemeinsamer lutherischer Konfessionalität ausgewählt, die im Untersuchungszeitraum in differenten sozioökonomischen Kontexten existierten: die Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche in Bayern, die Evangelisch--Lutherische Landeskirche Mecklenburgs sowie die Evangelische Kirche lutherischen Bekenntnisses in Brasilien (IECLB). Ziel war die Reflexion der Kontextuaität der theologischen Urteilsbildung und des kirchlichen Handelns. Anstöße aus der feministischen Theoriebildung und der emprischen Sozialforschung wurden einbezogen, z.B für die Interviews mitr je 20 Theologinnen aus jeder der drei Kirchen, die mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens nach ihrer Arbeitssituation, der Relevanz des Geschlechterverhältnisses, konfessioneller und ökumenischer Aspekte sowie ihrer Berufskonzeption gefragt wurden. Die Darstellung der Auseinandersetzung mit der Theologinnenarbeit in der theologischen Literatur zeigte, daß erste Überlegungen in Deutschland und in der Ökumene seit der ahrhundertwende angestellt wurden. Nach einer Phase einer geschlechtsspezifschen Konzeption eines Amtes sui generis erfolgte das Plädoyer für die kirchenrechtliche Gleichstellung und schließlich in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten Überlegungen hinsichtlich des Innovationspotentials der Theologinnenarbeit. Die drei Hauptteile zur Entwicklung der Theologinnenarbeit jeweils in einem der drei Kontexte beginnen mit einer Einführung in den jeweiligen sozioökonmischen Kontext von Frauen sowie in die jeweilige kirchengeschichtliche Entwicklung. Einzelne Phasen der Diskussion und Gestaltung der Theologinnenarbeit werden mit Hilfe von Archivmaterialien sowie weiteren schriftlichen und mündlichen Quellen dargestellt. In Bayern und Meckleburg fingen jeweils einzelne Theologinnen vor 1945 in individuell organisierten Arbeitsfeldern an. Nach 1945 wurden geschlechtsspezifische Berufskonzepte entwickelt, die sich jedoch als diskriminierend und einschränkend erwiesen, so daß es schließlich zur weitgehenden rechtlichen Gleichstellung kam. Insbesondere jedoch durch den gesellschaftlichen Aufbruch der Frauen kam es in den 80er Jahren zu einer erneuten Reflexion geschlechtsspezifischer Chancen im Pfarrberuf. Im brasilianischen Kontext suchten die lutherischen Theologinnen nach ihrem Einstieg ins Gemeindepfarramt nach alternativen Formen des pastoralen Amtes und reflektierten ebenfalls ab Ende der achtziger Jahre ihre Arbeit unter feministisch-befreiungstheologischen Aspekten. Das Resümee zeigt hinischtlich der sozioökomonischen Kontextualität der Theologinnenarbeit zunächst die Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem jeweiligen sozioökonomischen Kontext und der Entwicklung der Theologinnenarbeit auf und reflektiert dann die sich daraus ergebenden sozialethischen, biblisch-hermeneutischen und anthropologischen Fragen sowie Konsequenzen für eine inklusive Pastoralethik. Die Reflexion der kirchlich-instiutionellen Kontextualität der Theologinnenarbeit vergleicht die realen Einwirkungen der kirchlich-institutionellen Aspekte und reflekiert die sich daraus ergebenden ekklesiologischen Fragestellungen z.B hinsichtlich der Konzilität kirchlicher Entscheidungsfindung. Die Berücksichtigung der realen Einwirkungen der ökumenischen und konfessionellen Zusammenschlüsse auf die Entwicklung der Theologinnenarbeit in den drei genannten lutherischen Kirchen sowie die Darstellung der Positionen der orthodoxen Kirchen und des römisch-katholischen Lehramtes zur Frauenordination bzw. Priesterinnenweihe zeigt die weitergehenden Differenzen hinsichtlich der Konzeptionen kirchlicher Einheit, Anthropologie, Hermeneutik und Ekklesiologie auf. Am Ende werden ökumenisch-theologischePerspektiven für eine weitere gemeinsame Urteilsbildung hinsichtlich der Theologinnenarbeit entwickelt. / The research of the history of female theologians shows the development of women pastors in three lutheran churches living in three different socioeconomic contects of RFA, GDR and Brazil. Based on literal souce mateial and interviews with 20 women pastors of every church surge the historical steps of female participation in the ordainend ministry. At the beginning some women studied theology, looked for individal possibilities to work in the church. The next step has been a special limited form of women ministry until their ful participation of men and women in the ordained ministry happened. In the last years the chances oft the gender is discussed in a feminist view. The summary reflects the importance oft the socioeconomic contect, of the different forms of ecclesiastical instiutions and of the influence of the different convictions in the orthodox churches,. in the roman catholic teaching und in the protestant theology. The result is that the development of female participation in lutheran churches challenges all christians and all churches to inquire their biblical hermeneutic, anthropology and ecclesiology. The history of the female theologians in the lutheran churches provokes a vision of christian unity which includes the ful participation of men and women in the ordained ministry.

In 2011, the United Kingdom (U.K.) physical activity (PA) guidelines were updated. The adult moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) recommendation changed to reflect that different frequency and intensity permutations lead to equivalent health benefits. New recommendations were added for muscle strengthening activities (MSA) and the reduction of sedentary time (ST). Those over 65 years were also recommended to undertake balance and co-ordination activities (BCA). Despite these new additions, Scottish PA policy still concentrated on MVPA, with considerable resources allocated to sport and some exercise activities. Since 2012, the Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) has collected data relating to these new recommendations annually, but few analyses have been undertaken. This thesis contains the most comprehensive analyses of the 2012-15 SHeS PA and ST data to date, and a review into whether the method produces valid and reliable estimates. The aim of this thesis was to inform Scottish PA and sedentary behaviour policy by producing research to support the incorporation of these new recommendations and the promotion of non-sport-related MVPA policies. It also aimed to inform any future developments to PA and ST surveillance in Scotland. The first three studies of this thesis are cross-sectional analyses of the updated recommendations for adults in Scotland. They present prevalence and participation data in specific domains, activities, and behaviours by age and sex. The main findings were that (1) sport was a minority contributor to the total MVPA of adults in Scotland, regardless of sex, age, or activity status (never more than 20%), (2) compliance with the MSA recommendation was approximately half that of the MVPA recommendation (31% of men and 24% of women), and compliance with the BCA recommendation amongst those over 65 years was very low (19% of older men and 12% of older women), and (3) middle-aged adults in work reported a comparable amount of weekday ST to adults over 75 years (7-8 hours per day). The fourth study was a review of the available evidence into whether the PA and ST estimates produced by the 2012-15 SHeS were valid and reliable. The SHeS was found to be fit for purpose, but recommendations were made regarding the analysis and interpretation of the data to minimise areas of concern. These were (1) analyse MVPA data with and without the domain of occupational MVPA, (2) make it clear that only sport and exercise activities can contribute to achieving the MSA and BCA recommendations under the SHeS method, and (3) focus on the comparisons between groups in relation to ST, rather than on the absolute values. The fifth study used the findings from the previous four to inform the design of a prospective cohort study that will investigate the joint effects of MVPA and total ST on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. This thesis contains the results of the preliminary analyses. This study is designed to inform policy by providing novel information on how the combination of these behaviours affects health outcomes in a representative sample of Scottish adults. There is clear evidence that this work has already informed policy and surveillance. The work on the relative contribution of the domains of MVPA is regularly cited in evidence briefings for the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament. This has increased the awareness amongst key policy-makers that sport is not a major contributor to the total MVPA of adults in Scotland. The work on MSA, BCA, and ST was a catalyst for a proposal to include indicators relating to these recommendations on the national PA monitoring framework. The work on MSA and BCA has also been a key reference text in preparation for the next update to the U.K. PA guidelines, stressing the need to consider surveillance at an early stage. In summary, the novel analyses of SHeS data undertaken for this thesis have demonstrably informed PA and sedentary behaviour policy and surveillance in Scotland.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-04T21:00:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joventino Fernandes Moreira.pdf: 3401468 bytes, checksum: 9e89bb418c26be61f0e61413f30a9f7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T21:00:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Joventino Fernandes Moreira.pdf: 3401468 bytes, checksum: 9e89bb418c26be61f0e61413f30a9f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / CAPES / Bio-indicators are frequently used for environmental quality studies, monitoring of degraded areas and recovery processes, because they are intimately associated to specific landscape characteristics and respond to environmental changes by alterations in vital functions. In this sense, the study of the behaviour of edaphic organisms can contribute significantly to the evaluation of the environmental quality and to strategies and processes aiming the recovery and rehabilitation of areas affected by some type of degradation. This study aimed monitoring the colonisation by the soil fauna community of areas degraded by bauxite mining activities and revegetated with a mixture of native and leguminous species in the municipality of Porto Trombetas-PA, Brazil. Material was sampled in the years 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2008, in a chronosequence of regenerated areas of bauxite waste covered or not with topsoil, and in plantings in former bauxite tailing ponds. The individuals were captured in pitfall traps and separated in the Laboratory of Soil Fauna of the Embrapa Agrobiologia Research Centre. The evaluated parameters were abundance, richness, Shannon index, Pielou?s equitability index and the colonization patterns of fauna groups. The soil fauna profiles were obtained by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination, and the response of soil fauna community was evaluated using principal response curves (PRC). The results showed that the time from planting and the nutrient availability were determining factors during the environmental recovery of the system, especially in the bauxite waste areas revegetated in 1984, 1992 and 1994, and in the tailing pond areas that received higher amounts of fertilizers. In these areas, the vegetation development caused a better colonization and structuring of the soil fauna community, increasing its diversity and reestablishing the ecological processes. / Bioindicadores s?o frequentemente utilizados para estudos de avalia??o da qualidade ambiental, como no monitoramento de ?reas degradadas e de processos de recupera??o, uma vez que est?o intimamente associados a caracter?sticas espec?ficas da paisagem e respondem ?s mudan?as ambientais por meio de altera??es na composi??o e estrutura das comunidades. Neste sentido, o estudo do comportamento de organismos ed?ficos pode contribuir significativamente para a avalia??o da qualidade ambiental assim como de estrat?gias e processos destinados ? recupera??o e reabilita??o de ?reas que sofreram algum tipo de degrada??o. Este trabalho teve por objetivo acompanhar a coloniza??o da comunidade da fauna ed?fica em ?reas degradadas pela minera??o de bauxita e revegetadas com a mistura de esp?cies nativas e leguminosas arb?reas e arbustivas em Porto Trombetas-PA. As amostragens foram feitas nos anos 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 e 2008 em reflorestamentos de diferentes idades plantados sobre material est?ril com e sem cobertura de solo superficial e em plantios em tanque de rejeito da lavagem da bauxita. Os indiv?duos foram capturados em armadilhas do tipo ?pitfall? e triados no Laborat?rio de Fauna de Solo da Embrapa Agrobiologia. Os par?metros usados para avalia??o foram: a abund?ncia, a riqueza, o ?ndice de diversidade Shannon, o ?ndice de Equabilidade de Pielou e o padr?o de coloniza??o dos indiv?duos da fauna do solo. Os perfis da fauna do solo foram obtidos pelo ordenamento multivariado atrav?s da t?cnica de escalonamento multidimensional n?o m?trico (NMS) e a resposta da comunidade de fauna ed?fica ?s varia??es ambientais foram avaliadas por meio de curvas de respostas principais (PRC). Os resultados mostraram que a idade do plantio e a disponibilidade de nutrientes foram fatores determinantes na recomposi??o da comunidade de fauna de solo, a qual foi maior nos reflorestamentos de 1984, 1992 e 1994 no est?ril e nas ?reas do tanque de rejeito que receberam maiores quantidades de fertilizantes. Nessas ?reas, o desenvolvimento da vegeta??o levou ? maior coloniza??o e a melhor estrutura??o da comunidade de fauna ed?fica, aumentando a sua diversidade e o restabelecimento de processos ecol?gicos.

A tese versa sobre a detecção e avaliação de padrões de coexistência de espécies arbóreas, buscando esclarecer as relações entre a diversidade fito-estrutural e os fatores condicionantes em escalas local e regional em uma zona de contato entre duas regiões fitoecológicas (Florestas Ombrófilas Mista e Densa). O trabalho está dividido em duas abordagens; a primeira trata de um inventário fitossociológico de comunidades definidas como “sítios”, onde o grau de singularidade local é avaliado através da identidade das espécies com maior valor de importância (VI) estrutural e de suas possíveis conexões fitogeográficas, bem como através de indicadores de diversidade alfa e beta. Na segunda abordagem, comunidades são definidas estatisticamente (Multivariada, Análise do Valor Indicador das Espécies) com base na composição e abundância de espécies (área basal dos troncos), testando-se a hipótese de que comunidades distintas devem diferir pelo menos na diversidade específica, fertilidade do solo e ou produtividade primária (produção de serrapilheira PS). O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata, localizado na borda sudeste do Planalto Meridional Brasileiro (29o30’S; 50o11’W). Cinco sítios de 100m x 100m (dois sítios no planalto, dois na encosta e um na borda planalto-encosta) foram selecionados, onde em cada sítio as árvores (DAP>10 cm) foram medidas e determinadas em vinte e uma unidades amostrais de 100m2 (regularmente distribuídas). Sessenta e seis espécies foram levantadas, no conjunto Cabralea canjerana e Myrcia retorta tiveram os maiores valores de importância. A primeira caracteriza a encosta e a segunda o planalto, sendo ambas co-dominantes no sítio da borda do planalto-encosta. Riqueza e diversidade foram maiores nessa borda, menor no planalto e intermediária na encosta. A beta-diversidade apresenta-se maior com medidas de abundância do que apenas com a composição de espécie, em função da diferenciação das dominantes, caracterizando comunidades discretas, indicando ao mesmo tempo um contínuo gradiente florístico. As análises de ordenação e agrupamento foram utilizadas com dois tamanhos de unidade amostral (100 m2 e 500 m2), das quais somente a última apresentou padrões interpretáveis, similares aos obtidos fitossociologicamente nos sítios, onde dois principais tipos de vegetação apresentam afinidades fitogeográficas e riqueza de espécies peculiares. Os subgrupos refletiram processos histórico-ecológicos mais recentes, como a perturbação antrópica e condições locais especiais. A determinação de espécies com valores indicadores significativos é útil para a diferenciação ecológica dos tipos de comunidades. Apenas uma comunidade diferiu significativamente das demais na fertilidade do solo, devido à condição especial topográfica e litológica. A produção de serrapilheira destas florestas foi similar aos valores médios das florestas brasileiras tropicais e subtropicais. Conclui-se que, na zona de transição estudada, tende a ter um ecótono da vegetação associado à transição geomorfológica planalto-encosta. Algumas considerações sobre o alcance metodológico de detecção de biodiversidade e das perspectivas de pesquisas integradas sobre os processos ecossistêmicos são apresentadas. / This thesis searches to detect patterns of the arboreal species coexistence on a transition zone of two phyto-ecological regions, Mixed and Dense Rainforests, contributing to the knowledge of ecological processes on the local to regional scale. The work is divided in two approaches; the first is a phytosociological inventories aiming to answer if in this zone exists a set of local communities with similar floristic-structural patterns, or not, and what are their phytogeographical affinities; the second tests the hypothesis that the communities types statistically defined have indicator species and differs in specific diversity attributes, soil fertility and the primary productivity (litterfall). The study was carried out at CPCN Pró-Mata, a research center located on the southeastern border of the Meridional Brazilian Plateau (29o30’S; 50o11’W). Five sites of 100 x 100m (two plateau sites, two slope sites, and one plateau-slope site) were selected; the trees (DBH>10cm) were measured and determined and twenty-one sampling units of 100m2 (regularly distributed), in each site. Sixty-six species were surveyed. Cabralea canjerana and Myrcia retorta had the highest importance value indexes. The first species characterizes the slope; the second species characterizes the plateau; and both are co-dominant at the slope-plateau site. Richness and diversity (Shannon index) were higher at slope-plateau transition, lower at the plateau and intermediate at the slopes. The Beta diversity shows that the sharpness between slope and plateau communities is more associated to species abundance than to species composition only. The Ordination and Cluster analyses were used with two sized sampling units (100 m2 and 500m2), which only the latter showed interpretable patterns, similar to those phytosociological results, where emerges the two main vegetation types indicated the broader regional floristic affinities and its influence on species richness. The sub-groups reflected more recent local historical-ecological processes, mainly identified as anthropic disturbance regime and special local conditions. The Indicator Species Analysis was very responsive to the present objective helping to define the best indicative species and ecological context. Soils differ significantly only for one group, differentiated by special topographic condition and lithologic origin. The annual litterfall of these forests were equivalent among sites and they are similar to register for average the tropical and subtropical Brazilian forests. Conclude that in this transition zone trends to have a vegetation ecotone is associated to the geomorphologic transition slope-plateau. Then, communities types statistically defined reflect hierarchically phytoecological regional affinities and particular ecological conditions. Some considerations about methodological biodiversity detection integrated to researches about ecosystem process are shown.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-07T14:18:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EriveltonTomazzoniGoncalves.pdf: 514129 bytes, checksum: 16d68cb85838c6e25971df9dbe3e7cf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:18:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EriveltonTomazzoniGoncalves.pdf: 514129 bytes, checksum: 16d68cb85838c6e25971df9dbe3e7cf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Nenhuma / A variação espacial da abundância das espécies pode ser determinada por uma série de causas históricas e ambientais. Visando a identificação de grupos florísticos e a sua relação com um conjunto de variáveis edáficas e climáticas (ambientais), do espaço geográfico (histórico) na estruturação da composição arbórea ao longo de formações ombrófilas e estacionais do extremo sul do bioma Mata Atlântica-Brasil, extraiu-se da literatura dados de composição e abundância da flora arbórea (Dap >9.5 cm), de 52 unidades amostrais com cerca de 1 ha de extensão. As comunidades foram caracterizadas através de sete variáveis climáticas, nove variáveis edáficas, três estruturais, além da diversidade Jost, altitude e suas coordenadas geográficas. Análises de ordenação foram empregadas para síntese dos descritores edafo-climáticos e características estruturais (PCA), na estruturação florística entre as parcelas (NMDS) e posterior correlação com os fatores ambientais. Através de análise de agrupamento hierárquico identificou-se grupos florísticos com utilização de espécies indicadoras, as quais foram classificadas quanto aos seus corredores migratórios. Com o uso do teste G, avaliou-se a independência das rotas históricas de dispersão com a composição das espécies indicadoras dos grupos florísticos. Fatores relacionados ao nicho das espécies, como a temperatura, precipitação total e secundariamente a drenagem, fertilidade e profundidade do solo são consistentes com a distribuição da composição arbórea. Do mesmo modo a longitude configurou-se um forte preditor desta variação florística formando um gradiente ao longo dos corredores de dispersão tropicais, bem como os grupos florísticos obtidos apresentaram espécies indicadoras dependentes dos seus contingentes de origem. Identificou-se um gradiente estrutural de variação de área basal, altura média e densidade entre Florestas Ombrófilas Mistas e Florestas Estacionais, ao contrário da diversidade. Os grupos florestais exibem diferentes graus de separação entre si. As Florestas Estacionais e a Floresta Ombrófila Densa formam um gradiente florístico contínuo ao longo de dois corredores migratórios de modo a consistir um bloco único. A Floresta Ombrófila Mista constitui um grupo dissimilar a estas formações com uma subdivisão marcada por espécies indicadoras exclusivas. Fatores ambientais e históricos são responsáveis tanto pela divisão entre grupos, que podem ser de forma abrupta ou gradativa, quanto pela diferenciação interna destas formações. / The spatial variation of species abundance can be determined by a series of historical and environmental causes. In order to identify floristic groups and their relationship to a set of soil and climatic variables (environmental), the geographic area (historical) in structuring the composition of trees along formations and seasonal rainforests from southern Atlantic forest, Brazil drew from the literature data on the composition and abundance of tree flora (DBH> 9.5 cm) of 52 sample units with about 1 ha in extension. The communities were characterized using seven climate, nine soil and three structural variables, as well as the Jost diversity, altitude and geographic coordinates. Ordination analysis were employed for the synthesis of soil, climatic and structural descriptors (PCA), the floristic structure between plots (NMDS) and subsequent correlation with environmental factors. Through hierarchical cluster analysis identified himself with floristic groups using indicator species, which were classified according to their migratory corridors. By using the G test, we evaluate the independence between the historic routes of dispersion and the composition of indicator species groups. Factors related to the niche of the species, such as temperature, total precipitation, and secondarily drainage, fertility and soil depth, are consistent with the distribution of the composition tree. Likewise the longitude is a strong predictor of floristic variation forming a gradient along the corridors of dispersal tropical flora, and the groups obtained were dependent indicator species of origin of their contingents Unlike the diversity, it was identified a structural gradient of basal area variation, average height and density between Araucaria forest and seasonal forests,. The forestry groups exhibit different degrees of separation between themselves. Seasonal forests and form a dense rain forest floristic gradient along two continuous migration corridors in order to consist a single block. The Araucaria forest is a group dissimilar to these formations with a subdivision marked by unique indicator species. Environmental and historical factors are responsible for both, the division between groups that may be abrupt or gradual, as well as the internal differentiation of these formations.

The selection of an inappropriate regime by policy makers can thwart the effective implementation of public policy and lead to implementation failure. Competing values in the implementation process have a significant impact on the results of implementation, and the regime selected for implementation implies the choice of one value over another. Stoker has argued that on the one hand central leadership is valued for consistency, benefits of scale, co-ordination and cost sharing (instrumental model); and on the other, diffuse authority is valued as knowledge is particular and situational, and the task of analysis is to understand the problems, perspectives and interactions of implementation participants at the contact point between public programs and their clients (accommodation model). This study examines the implementation regime chosen by the Victorian Government for the introduction of a modern internal auditing function into the Victorian Public Service, using the Bureau of Internal Audit within its Department of Management and Budget. The selection of the Department of Management and Budget for the introduction of Internal Audit as a managerial accountability mechanism indicates that the instrumental model was held by the Victorian Government to be the most important in implementation. It is argued that use of a top-down central agency leadership approach resulted in implementation failure. Three propositions suggesting the mechanisms by which this result is brought about are examined: that lack of co-ordinated planning at the outset will result in inadequate definition of client needs as part of policy formulation; that intraorganisational conflict during the implementation success, as individual participants are likely to exercise their veto; and the increasing the number of participants contributes to complexity, so that they should only be involved in implementation when their presence is absolutely required. It is argued that the essential task of implementation is to create an environment where participants are likely to co-operate to achieve predetermined public policy goals; and that the introduction of a modern internal auditing approach into the Victorian Public Service required a more participatory implementation regime in order to facilitate policy outcomes and prevent implementation failure. It is also argued that the dominance of economic reform over accountability in Victoria restricted the ability of the Bureau of Internal Audit to implement change to internal audit practices within Victorian Government departments. The selection of an instrumental model of implementation by the Department of Management and Budget is examined in the context of the environment that existed in Victoria between 1982-1987; and while some of the values which Stoker associates with the top-down approach to policy making were observed, an alternative view to the development of internal auditing in the Victorian Public Service can be sustained.

<p>Internationellt sker en utveckling mot att genomföra insatser samordnat med resurser från flera politikområden - både civila och militära. Behovet har uppstått ur insikten att hållbar utveckling i en region kräver användning av olika resurser för att uppnå synergier. Samverkan och samordning mellan civila och militära aktörer enligt syftet ovan brukar i moderna ordalag beskrivas som comprehensive approach. Det praktiska arbetet på fältnivån med samverkan för att uppnå synergier i kontexten comprehensive approach kan sägas innebära samma sak som civil-militärt samverkan.</p><p>Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att med fokus på det svenska PRT Mazar-e Sharif, förstå de svårigheter som finns vid samverkan mellan civila och militära aktörer, med målet att öka synergier av nationella resurser. Med utgångspunkt från tidigare forskning om militär-civil samverkan samt comprehensive approach, skapas en analysmodell med ett urval av identifierade faktorer, för att beskriva samverkan empiriskt främst utifrån intervjusvar från nyckelaktörer – chefer eller stabschefer samt civila rådgivare. Slutligen jämförs dessa faktorer med de orsaker som framkommer i den empiriska undersökningen.</p><p>Resultatet i undersökningen visar att samverkan är svårt och att aktörerna på fältnivån pragmatiskt försöker samverka. De nödvändiga faktorerna inte är utformade för att underlätta samverkan vilket skapar problem.  Att med dessa problem även få en effektiv synergi av Sveriges resurser i enlighet med tanken i CA, genom samverkan på fältnivån, blir därför svårt. </p> / <p>There is an international trend towards operations coordinated with resources from several political areas – with both civilian and military components. This trend is driven from the recognition that sustainable development in a region requires the use of a variety of resources, coordinated in order to achieve synergies. Co-operation and co-ordination between civil and military actors in the context above, frequently is described as comprehensive approach. The practical work at the field level with co-operation in order to achieve co-ordination in the context of comprehensive approach can be said to be the same thing as civil-military co-operation.</p><p>The overall purpose of this survey is, with focus on the Swedish PRT Mazar-e Sharif, to understand the difficulties involved in the co-operation between civilian and military actors, with the aim of achieve synergies of national resources. By using an analytical model, created by a sample of identified factors based on previous research on military-civilian co-operation and comprehensive approach, the survey describe the co-operation mainly based on interview responses from key actors – Commanding Officer or Chief of Staff and civilian advisers. Finally these factors are compared with the reasons expressed in the empirical investigation.</p><p>The results of the survey show that co-operation is difficult and the actors at the field level pragmatic attempt to co-operate. The necessary factors are not designed to facilitate this, which creates problems. These problems with co-operation at field level also could have a negative impact to achieve synergy of Sweden's resources in accordance with the spirit of the CA.</p>

This investigation was undertaken to examine effects of motor skill intervention in children with motor difficulties consistent with developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) diagnosed in child health care before school entrance, to analyse the parents' descriptions of their children, and to follow up the children's motor status in a short-term perspective. Thirteen studies on the effects of motor skill intervention were submitted to a meta-analysis (Study I). Thirty-seven children who at age 5 to 6 years were diagnosed as having motor difficulties consistent with DCD were enrolled in an experimental investigation of effects of group motor skill intervention on motor skills (Study II) and on self-perceived competence (Study III). The parents' descriptions of their children were obtained at an interview (Study IV). The children's motor status was re-examined when they were 7 to 8 years old (Study V). Motor skill intervention, using the Specific Skills approach, in a group setting or in a home programme, 3 to 5 times per week, was found beneficial for children with DCD who were older than 5 years of age. The non-specific group motor skill intervention influenced the number of children with borderline motor difficulties who changed to having no motor difficulties, and seemed to enhance awareness of motor competence. Parents whose children had definite motor difficulties were more inclined to support their children in physical activity, and reported worry and uncertainty. The children had not changed their motor status at the age of 7 to 8 years. The children with definite motor difficulties, in particular, continued to have these difficulties. Children who when 5 to 6 years old have motor difficulties and who score at the 5th percentile or below at the Movement ABC motor test, seem to need active support in joyful motor learning situations to reduce unwillingness and displeasure.